(field culture). Patriarchal life was pastoral. After the conquest of Canaan, lands were meted and bounded, and landmarks held sacred (Deut. 19:14). The valley soils of Palestine were fertile; natural waters abundant (Deut. 8:7); rain plentiful (Deut. 11:14; Jer. 5:24; James 5:7). The grains grown were wheat, barley, rye, and millet. Orchards produced the vine, olive, and fig. Gardens grew beans, fitches, pease, lettuce, endive, leeks, garlic, onions, melons, cucumbers, cabbage, and so forth. The implements were the plow, harrow, and hoe, but these were crude. Grains were cut with the sickle, and the sheaves were threshed by treading with oxen, usually drawing sleds; while winnowing was done in sheets before the wind. Lands rested once in seven years (Lev. 25:1-7). The poor were allowed to glean (Lev. 19:9-10; Deut. 24:19).