(To end of Pentateuch.)
There are four words used in the original of the Old Testament for the words which have been rendered in the English authorized version " nation," " people," etc., etc.
Arranged alphabetically they stand thus:-
1. אמָּח f. ummah; 2. גּוֹ goh'y; 3. לאם, m. l'ohm;
4.עٕם, c. gahm.
In our English translation these are rendered variously.. Thus we find for 1, ummah, nation, people ' for 2, goh'y, Gentile, heathen, nation, people; for 3, V ohm, nation, people; and, for 4, kahm, folk, men, nation, people.
This, and the fact of the popular use of the second of them, goh-im, when in the plural for the Gentiles (who are commonly called by the Jews the goh-im), and of the fourth of them kahm, for Israel, the people of Jehovah,—make a few remarks desirable.
I may observe, in passing, that Scripture presents-and that, therefore, those who derive their thoughts from Scripture about the things of God's government and kingdom upon this postdiluvian earth, often allude to -divisions of the people of it.
1. The family of Noah was divided into three heads in Gen. 9, and the generations or races flowing from these three heads are given to us in the tenth chapter: these races, with their characteristic names, re-appear in the closing scenes of prophecy, as in Ezek. 38 and 39., etc. The Gentile politicians of to-day, too; calculate upon a war of races as likely to take place ere long.
2. Then we get gammi (my people), the people of Jehovah, the nation which He was-pleased to take up, by the hand of Moses, as the center and chief means of illustrating His government upon earth, the people whose King and God upon earth He was and will hereafter- be. (Compare Deut. 32:7,8,9.)
In contrast with them, as a nation, though, when they failed, in oppressive connection with Israel, were the four great kingdoms of the heathen or goh-im as in Daniel
There are nations extern to these though connected with them.
And 5. There are the nations in the uttermost parts of the earth, to whom, in the latter day, blessing will flow from Israel.
It may be that many subordinate questions may arise through ignorance as to details connected with these things, and from want of understanding in Scripture as to God's dealing with the subdivisions of the families of the Patriarchs; as, for example of Abraham, with his two wives and concubine and their three sons Ishmael, and Isaac, and Midian; and of Isaac and his two sons Esau and Jacob. For the Ishmaelites and Midianites, Edomites and Amalekites have their places in the scenes before us as well as the children of Lot-the Ammonites and Moabites; and many of them come into the scene in the latter day. But there is no question as to the existence of them both in the historic and the prophetic page.
Our subject of study, however, now, is the use in Scripture of the four Hebrew words, ummah, goh'y, l'ohm, kahm, and their plurals. I turn now to them.
1. אמּח ummah, f., though found in the singular in
Chaldee as we shall see, occurs in Hebrew only in the
plural forms, masculine and feminine, ummim, m., and nation, Egypt.. f. ummohth. I shall cite these according to the words by which they are represented in our authorized English Bible. -
Gen. 25:16 (f.). twelve princes according to their nations (ummohth), [said of Ishmael's sons].
Num. 25:15 (f.). He (was) head over peoples (ummohth) [Zur, father of the Midianitish woman, Cozbi, slain by Phinehas].
Psa. 117:1 (in.). Praise, all ye peoples (ummim)
[query, of whom].
In Chaldee, in Dan. 3:29, we do find ummah, the singular form, Ezra 4:10: And the rest of the nations (f. emphatic and pl.) (whom the great and noble Asnapper brought over, and set in the cities of Samaria).
Dan. 3:4. O people, nations (f. emph. and pl.), and languages.
Dan. 3:7. All the people, the nations (f. emph. pl.), and the languages.
Dan. 3:29. That every people, nation, (ummah, f.), and language.
Dan. 4:1, and v. 19, and vi. 25, and vii. 14, all people, nations (f. emph. pl.) and language:.
[The passages in Daniel refer to all whom the word of Nebuchadnezzar could reach.]
From these eleven occurrences we must form our judgment about the application and meaning of the word.
In ten of the passages, it is used:-once of Ishmaelites, once of Midianites, and eight times of the peoples who were within reach of the word of Nebuchadnezzar, head of gold of the monster-image of Daniel. This is a very low use for a word. It is never met with as used of what is high or noble, according to the Divine mind. And it has no words which are cognate to it, or derived from it, in the Hebrew or Chaldee of the Old Testament which could help us to its meaning; nor from its con. nections with what was in a sense antagonistic to Israel, could it suitably be used to describe the people of the lands in the uttermost parts of the earth, to whom, in the latter day, Israel (as the center of God's government on the earth) will send out blessing; nor is it so used.
Leaving the word goh'y till we can examine it in juxtaposition with 'gem, I now turn to l' Ariz, and its plural l'ummim.
Gen. 25:23. And the Lord said to her (Rebekah); Two nations (goh-im, pl.) (are) in thy womb, and two manner [or sort] of peoples (l' urnmim, pl.), shall be separated from thy bowels and (the one) [manner or sort of] people, (l'ohm), shall be stronger than (the other) [manner or sort of] people (l'ohm).
Gem 27. 29 [Isaac blessing Jacob]. Let peoples (gammim, pl.), serve thee and [manners or sorts of] nations (l'ummim, pl.) bow down to thee: be lord [a mighty man] over thy brethren.
Observe, this would not run the source of the division of people back to Shem, Ham and Japhet, so as to make the word to be equivalent to what we call the races of people, in connection with the Noahic earth, who constitute the whole human family. The subdivision here alluded to took place in the family of Isaac, type of the heir of promise, not earlier; and the heads of this subdivision are brought before us in Rom. 9 All God's ways and subdivisions are to be noted.
The word occurs fourteen times in the Psalms: viz., 2. 1, and 7. 7, and 9. 8, and 44. 2, 14, and 47. 3, and 57. 9, and 65. 7, and 67. 4, 4, and cv. 44, and 108. 3, and 148. 2, and 149. 7. I shall render it throughout these places in the Psalter uniformly. But of this, I will speak, lower down. Here I only note that a race of men as distinguished from another race derived from the same source as itself, as were Edom and Israel, is, I judge, the meaning of the word: identity of origin but contrast in character, habit, prospect, and end are supposed. Let the reader bear this in mind in connection with this word, and that its habitual use is of that which is the offset from that which remains the channel of blessing and testimony.
The word occurs also in seventeen other references: I will give them with any remarks that may occur to me.
Prov. 11:26. He that withholdeth corn, the people (l'ohm), shall curse him: but blessing (shall be) upon the head of him that selleth (it) [query: is the curse of the mob here set in contrast with the blessing of Jehovah].
Prov. 14:28. In the multitude of people (gahm) (is) the king's honor: but in the want of people (l'ohm) is the-destruction of the prince.
Prov. 14:34. Righteousness exalteth a nation (goh'y): but sin (is) a reproach to any peoples (l'ummim, pl.)
Prov. 24:24. He that saith to the wicked: Thou (art) righteous; him shall the peoples (gammim, pl.) curse, nations (l'ummim, pl.) shall abhor him.
Isa. 17:12. Woe to the multitude of many peoples (gammim, pl.) and to the rushing of nations (l'ummim, pl.)
Isa. 17:13. The nations (l'ummim, pl.) shall rush like the rushing of many waters.
Isa. 34:1. ('Tis in the day of vengeance, v. 4, 6, 8, on Bozrah and Idumea.) Come near, ye nations (goh-im, pl.) to hear, and hearken, ye peoples (l'ummim, pl.): let the earth [or land] hear, and the fullness thereof..... the world and all its produce.
Isa. 41:1. Let the peoples (l'ummim, pl.) renew their strength: (Cyrus is in prospect)... [the indignation of Jehovah (is) upon all the heathen (goh-im, pl.)]
Isa. 43:3,4. I gave Egypt (for) thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee... I have loved thee (Israel): therefore will I give men (Adam) for thee, and peoples (l'ummim, pl.) for thy life.
Isa. 43:9. Let all the nations (goh-im, pl.) be gathered... let the peoples (l'ummim, pl.) be assembled.
Isa. 49:1. Listen, O isles,... and hearken, ye peoples
(l'ummim), (Cyrus is in prospect).
Isa. 51:4. Hearken to me, my people (gammi),..give ear, my nation (l'ohm); my judgment
... a light of the peoples (gammim, pl )
Isa. 4:4,5. David... a witness to the peoples (l'ummim, pl.)... and commander to the peoples (l'ummim, pl.) Thou shalt call a nation (goh'y) and nation (goh'y, singular), that knew thee not.
Isa. 60:2,3. Darkness shall cover the earth.... gross darkness the peoples (l'ummim, pl.);... the Gentiles (goh-im, pl.) shall come to thy light.
Jer. 51:58. [Note the goh-im in ver. 44, and gammi, my
people in ver. 45],-(in Babylon)-... the peoples (gammim,
pl.) shall labor in vain, and the folk (l'ummim, pl.) in—the fire.
Hab. 2:13. the peoples (gammim, pl.) shall labor... and the peoples (l'ummim, pl.) shall weary themselves.
I come now to goh’y and gahm, the second and the fourth word out of the four, the use and meaning of which we are considering. And first, I will look at them according to the occurrences of them in Scripture.
The Pentateuch gives the outline of Israel's past, present, and future, as that nation which is the chief means of illustrating Jehovah's government and worship upon earth; and as their separation from among the nations, their always abiding distinct from them, and their return into the place of power above them all is traced in these books (from the commencement down to the expected end) we may as well begin with this portion of the word of God.
In the following list of occurrences I mark off, by A, those of goh’y, goh-im; and by B, those of gahm gammim:—A. Goh’y B. Gahm
Gen. 10:5. The sons of Japheth... By these were the isles [or separate spots] of the Gentiles [goh-im, pl.] divided in their lands;... in their nations [id.]
Gen. 10:20. The sons of Ham... after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, in their nations [id.].
Gen. 10:31. The sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations [id.]. (32.) These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations in their nations (id.): and by these. were the nations (id.) divided in the earth after the flood.
Note, here, how from the first this word was used to designate something like a family clan inhabiting a district. The. first division of the family of man upon the Noahic earth was into the three heads: Japheth, Ham and Shem; and secondly, there was a subdivision of each of their families, going out; the sons formed clans.
For instance,—Japheth had Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech and Tiras-his sons;
Gomer had Ashkenaz, Riphath and Togarmah as his sons.
Javan had Elishah, and- Dodanim as
his sons. These went out into the separate spots of the clans and possessed lands.
So we have, also, the names of the heads under Ham, and under Shem; and their sons and the places occupied by their families where their clans grew up.
B. The first occurrence of kahm comes in here.
Gen. 11:6. The Lord said (at the tower of Babel), Behold the people (is) one, and they have all one language.
Observe, here, the races of men were still one people ("gahm).
Gen, 12. 2, 3. The Lord had said to Abram. I will make of thee a great (goh’y) nation... and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed.
Gen. 14:1,9. Tidal king of nations (goh-im).
Gen. 14:16. Abram.... brought again... Lot, and his goods,... and the people (kahm).
Gen. 15:14. And also that nation (goh'y) [Egypt]. Gen. 17:4. Thou (Abram) shalt be a father of a multitude of nations (goh-im), (5) for a father of a great multitude of nations (goh-im) have I made thee. (6.) I will make nations (goh-im) of thee.
Gen. 17:14. That soul shall be cut off from his people (kahm).
A. and B. Gen. 17:16. I will bless her (Sarah), and she shall become nations (goh-im); kings of peoples (gammim) shall be of her.
A. Gen. 17:20. I will make of him (Ishmael) a great nation (goh’y), and compare 21. 13 and 18. 'Gahm-the people, 19. 4, of Sodom;- 23. 7, 11,
12, 13, of Heth;- 32. 7, and 35. 6 of Jacob;- 33. 15, of Esau;- 41. 40, 55, and 42. 6, and 47. 21, 23, of Egypt.
Gen. 18:18. Abraham shall become a... nation (goh'y)... the nations (goh-im) of the earth shall be blessed. Compare 22. 18.
Gen. 20:4. A righteous nation (goh'y) (Abimelech's).
Gathered to his people (gahm), (i.e., buried), 25. 8, Abraham, and, 17, Ishmael, and 35. 29, Isaac, and 49. 29, 33, Jacob.
Gen. 25:23. Two nations (goh-im) in thy womb (Rebekah's), Edomites and Israelites (each of them called a l' ohm,) the two (l'ummim).
Gen. 26:4. In thy seed (Isaac), shall all the nations (goh-im) of the earth be blessed.
Gen. 26:10, one of the people (gahm), might lightly have lien with her (Rebekah), so ver. 11.
Gen. 27:29. (Isaac blesses Jacob). Let people (pl. gammim) serve thee, and nations (l'ummim) bow down to thee: and xxviii. 3, that thou mayest be an assembly of peoples (pl. gammim). Compare
B. Gen. 34:16. (Jacob's sons, to Shechem), we will be one people (gahm), and verse 22.
Gen. 35:11. (God's promise to Jacob), a nation (goh'y), and an assembly of nations (goh-im), shall be of thee. Compare xlvi. 3 A.
* Remark these three references, 27. 29, and 28. 3, and 35. 11:- Peoples (gammim) to serve Jacob; l'ummim (a nation and its offsets) to bow down to him ( 27. 29), who was to become an assembly of peoples (gammim) ( 28. 3);—a nation (goh'y), and an assembly of nations (goh-im), 35. 11.
The peoples of the nation, whether viewed in its lineal stream or in its offset streams, is not the same thing as the nation and nations of the peoples.)
Gen. 48. 19. (Jacob blessing Joseph's sons).
He shall become a people (gahm) but
his seed shall become the fullness of nations (goh-im). Also, B. Gen. 48:4 (gammim).
Gen. 49:10. (Jacob blessing Judah) until Shiloh come; and to him shall
the gathering of the people (pl., gammim) be
Gen. 49:16. Dan shall judge his people (gahm).
Gen. 1. 20. To save much people (kahm) alive.
Writing as an inquirer, and communicating to others for their judgment, the fruits of research (for I am not now teaching the truth of God) I pause, here, feeling that the light gleaned suffices to enable me fairly to present an outline which, by stating it here, may be tested in our further study of the subject.
1. The family of Noah was divided into three families under Japheth, Ham and Shem. These families, however, (broken up as to places of settlement,) seem each to have retained its own individuality. The three races of men, and the history of man, and God's prophecies of the time when He will, toward the end, take up openly the government of the earth in Israel, connect themselves with this.
2. It has been said by a historian lately, that the irruption of the hordes of wild unsubdued humanity has been one instrument in the hands of divine government too much overlooked. The ummah seem to be much such.
3. Twins at a birth may be strongly contrasted in characters, habits, ways, and may be destined to become, the one the channel of testimony for God, and the other of the lawlessness of man when (though outwardly born, and standing • in the channel of testimony), he neither knows God, nor owns him. Such an offset from what was of God ever starts aside, and is in conflict with, and a sore to, that which God keeps for Himself. Such, I think, are the l'ummim.
4. Goh' y. A body of people may be corporate in some sense, without forming what we should call a nation. A family is under government, and has a corporate unity; as that of Noah and that of Abraham. A clan, as were the descendants of each of Noah's sons, must
have become, like other clans, a body corporate, though the rule in a clan is rather that of a family or large colony than that of a nation. So would it be in a combination of nations under one supreme head; it would be a body corporate under one government, or under the government of one.
This was what Napoleon I. aimed at in Europe, and what prophecy shows us is in prospect for the earth. Rev. 13-tyranny over many nations (if the beast and false prophet are in power), or of blessed absolute rule from God (if the Lord Jesus is reigning).
5. But the people is a term presenting rather the subject matter of such-a family, families, clan, nation..
The peoples (in the plural) would be the aggregates or collections of these, subject to such various ruling powers.
As to words, I hold that, without any question, context and occurrences must decide the meanings and the shades of meaning in every language. Passow's labors as followed out by Liddell and Scott, in their Greek-English Lexicon, is an illustration of this principle. But if this is true as to classical Greek, much more must it be true as to Hebrew and Chaldee, and as to Greek as used for and in Scripture. The extent, too, to which context rules in the Hebrew language is peculiar, and (consequent thereon) the value of the occurrences of words as showing the shades of their meaning in the Old Testament. In the New Testament Greek, context and occurrences therein should be considered as of primary importance; and the LXX. or Greek Old Testament, which already existed in the days of Christ and His apostles, may well take precedence of the stores of classical lore.
Having given a specimen above of my mode and manner of getting at the force of a word, I now add a lexicographical extract presenting a different mode and manner.
If I took the established system of lexicography as my guide, I should begin with the respective roots [each of them of three letters, and each a verb] of these four words, ummah, goh'y, l'ohm and kahm:-
1. From אמֵם an unused (or non-existent) word- the primary idea of which, to join together, is supposed to be the meaning-is derived unmet, a people.
2. From גָוָה also unused- of which to flow together is supposed to be the primary idea-is derived goh'y, a people, properly a confluence of men.
3. From לָאַם, also unused-the primary idea of which—is said to be to agree, be congruent,-is derived l'ohm a people, nation.
4. From עָמֵם which does occur [Ezek. 28:3, and 31. 8, but in the sense "to hide;" and Lam. 4:1, hoph., "become dim " perhaps, " caused to be hidden" (as to their excellency)]-the primary idea of which is to gather together, collect-is derived kahm, a people.
So that, according to supposed derivation, the primary ideas of these several four words are:-
1.. ummah, a people as joined together; no word related to it is found in Hebrew.
2. goh'y, a people as flowed together; gah'y, a valley is said to be related to it.
3. l'ohm, a people agreeing by congruency; no word related to it is found.
4. gahm, a people gathered together: gummah conjunction, communion, is said to be related to it, and to be used adverbially as " together," and prepositionally as " with, at, near."
To have to learn 1,800 roots, a large percentage of which does not occur in the Hebrew or Chaldee of Scripture, even if they all do occur, as they are said by some to do in Arabic, Aramaic or Syriac, is a painful task. Then, too, it is unnatural to suppose action and being in a state, etc., to be the root of such words as " father, mother, people." The human mind can express itself better by the names of things than of actions, of being in a state,
etc. So I judge. I cannot, as a humble Bible student, find God and His uses of words, or His meaning of words, in such a process-as I do in my own system of studying His word and His use of words that I may know His meaning of them.
To return now to the occurrences of A., goh'y, and B., gahm, in the rest of the Pentateuch.
In. Exodus goh'y occurs but six times.
B. The greater number of citations show the word used of the people belonging or attached to some one-as, a, Pharaoh's people, people of Egypt:-
Ex. 1:9,22; and 5. 16., and 8. 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 21, 23, 29, 31; and 9. 14, 15; and 11. 3; and 14. 6.
b. Of Israel, Jehovah's " my people."
Ex. 1:9,20; and 3. 7, 10, 12, 21; and 4. 16, 21, 30, 31; and 5. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 10, 12, 22, 23, 23; and 6. 7, and 7. 4, 14, 16; and 8. 1, 8, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 32, and 9. 1, 7, 13, 17; and 10. 3, 4; and 11. 2, 3, 8; and 12. 27, 31, 33, 34, 36; and 13. 3, 17, 17, 18, 22; and 14. 5, 5, 13, 31; and 15. 13, 16, 16, 24; and 16. 4, 27, 30; and17. 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6; and 18. 1, 10, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26; and 19. 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25; and 20. 18, 18, 20, 21; and 22. 25, 28; and 23. 11; and 24. 2, 3, 3, 7, 8; and 30. 33, 38; and 31. 14; and 32. 1, 1, 3, 6, 17, (the people), 21, 22, 25, 28, 30, 31, 34, 36; and 36. 5, 6.
Observe, now, these juxtapositions of the two words.
1. A. Ex. 9:24, since Egypt became a nation (goh'y).
B. 27, (Pharaoh says) I and my people (gahm), are wicked.
2. B. 19. 5, treasure unto me above all peoples (pl., gammim).
A. 19. 6, a kingdom of priests and an holy nation(goh’y),
3. B. Israel, Moses's wicked people (gahm), 32. 7, 9, 9; and 33. 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 10, 12 3, and 34. 9.
I will make of thee a great nation (goh'y),32. 10.
Nay, says Moses they are thy people (gahm), 32. 11, 12; and 33. 13, 16, 16.
A. B. Consider that this nation (goh'y), is thy people (gahm).3 3. 13.
B.A. 34. 10, 10, 10. before all thy people (gahm, of Moses)... in all the earth, nor in all the nations (goh-im), all the people (gahm), aiming whom thou art, and 24, all the nations (goh-im).
These can hardly be said to be classified:- B. 15. 14. The peoples (gammim, pl.) shall hear. B. 33. 16. all the people on the face of the earth
(read the verse.)
B.17. 13. Amalek's people; 32. 7, 9, 9; Israel, as Moses's.
21. 8. Any strange people; and 23. 27.
LEVITICUS.
Goh'y.-As a matter of fact, this word occurs in Leviticus in the singular but once, and in the plural but six times.
A. Lev. 18:24. The nations (goh-im) are defiled which I cast out before you.
28. It spued out the nations before you.
20. 23. Ye shall not walk in the manners of the nation (goh'y) which I cast out.
44. The heathen that are round about you.
33. Scatter you among the heathen.
38. Perish among the heathen.
45. In the sight of the heathen.
B. gahm.
1. Notice " the people " used as of a class or order, inside of Israel in contrast with priests, Levites, rulers.
Lev. 4.3. If the priest sin according to the sin of the people;
27. If any one of the common people (i.e., people of the land) sin. Compare xx. 2, 1.
9. 7. Make an atonement for thyself, and for the people, and offer the offering of the people, so 15, 15, 18, 22, 23, 23, 24; and 10. 3; and 16. 15, 24, 24, 33.
2. Of Israel.
Lev. 17:4. Cut off from among his people, so 10, and 18. 29; and 19. 8; and 20. 3, 5, 6, 17, 18; and 23. 30.
3. Of people other than Israel.
Lev. 20:24. I the Lord... separated you from (other) peoples (pl. gammim).
26. I.. severed you from (other) peoples (pl.) that ye should be mine.
4. Jehovah's.
Lev. 26:12. I will be your God, and ye shall be for a people to me.
5. Peoples (gammim, pl.) is used of the Israelites as round about one of themselves who is under judgment.
Lev. 7:20,21,25,27. Cut off from his peoples; so 17. 9; and 19. 8; and 21. 1, 4, 15; and 23. 29. Compare as, in contrast.
A. 28. 24, 28. the nations, the nations.
B. 28., 29. their people (see above?)
A. 20. 23. the nation cast out before you.
B. 20. 24, 26 (see above, 3.)
A. 26. 33, 38, 45. heathen.
B. 26. 12. my people (see above, 4)
IN NUMBERS
The word Goh' y occurs but five times; viz.:-
Num. 14:12. will make of thee (Moses) a greater nation.
15. the nations which have
23. 9. (Israel) shall not be reckoned among the nations (goh-im).
24. 8. (it) shall eat up the nations.
20. Amalek (was) the first of the nations. The following are the occurrences of gahm.
1. The people Israel.
Num. 5:21. A curse among thy people (the adulteress); so 27, and ix. 13.
11. 1. (when) the people complained, it displeased the Lord; so 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 24, 29, 32,
33, 33, 34, 35; and 12. 15, 16; and 13. 30; and 14. 1, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 19, 39; and 15. 26 (and the stranger among thee), so 30; and 16. 47, 47, and 20. 1, 3; and 21. 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 16, 18; and 22. 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, 17, 41; and 23. 9, 24; and 24. 14; and
25. 1, 2, 2, 4; and 31. 3; and 33. 15; and 33. 14.
2. "The people " as of Canaan, ere Israel came thither.
Num. 13:18. (Moses sent spies to Canaan to see
what were) the people of it; (Anak), so
28, 31, 32; and 14. 9; of Edom, 20.
20; of Arad, 21. 2; of Sihon, 21. 23;
of Chemosh, 21. 29; of Og, 21. 33,
34, 35; of Balak, 22. 5; 24. 14; of Balaam, 24. 14.
3. Jehovah's people.
Num. 16:41. Ye have killed Jehovah's people.
4. 20. 24. Aaron shall be gathered unto his peoples; so Moses, 24. 13; and 31. 2.
5. 31. 32. The prey which the men of war had caught.
Observe the contrasts:-
B. Num. 14:11. How long will this people (gahm) provoke me. I will smite them (Israel rebellious) and
xiv. 12. make of thee a greater and mightier
nation (goh'y).
13. Then the Egyptians shall hear, for
thou broughtest this people (gahm) from among them.
15. if thou kill this people (gahm) as one man, then
A. 15, the nations (goh-im) will say, because
he was not able to bring this people (gahm)) into the land, he slew them.
Again:-
A. 23. 9; and B. 23. 9, 24; and 24. 8.
The people (gahm) shall dwell alone, and shall not be
reckoned among the nations (goh-im). 24, the people (gahm' shall rise up as a great lion.
Num. 24:8. it shall eat up the nations (goh-im).
IN DEUTERONOMY
The word Goh'y, A., occurs forty-four times. We muss look at these occurrences in the way we did as to those of Genesis.
1st, gahm is used of:-
B. the people, a, of Israel.
Deut. 2:4. Command thou the people; so 16; and 28; and iv. 10, 20; (a people of inheritance); and v. 28; and 10. 11, 15; and 13. 9; and 14. 2, 21, a holy people, a peculiar people... above all the nations (pl. gammim)... on the earth, so 28. 9: and 16. 18; and 17. 13, 16; and 20. 2, 5, 8, 9, 9; and 21. 8, 8; and 27. 1, 9 (of the Lord), 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26; and 28. 9; and 31. 12,16; and 32. 44.
Of Canaan, Anak.
Deut. 1:28, people greater and taller than we; and called goh-im, A., 8. 20.
Of the Emims, 2. 10.
Of the Zamzummim, 2. 21.
Of all nations, ii. 25.
4. 19.
Of Sihon, 2. 32, 33.
Of Og, 3. 1, 2, 3.
Any people, 4. 33; and 6. 14; and 7. 16, 19; and 8. 7.
Of a class in Israel, 17. 7; and 18. 3. the priest's due from the people.
k. Of the mass of any people, 20. 1, 11, 16.
1. Of all peoples (pl.) of the earth, 28. 10, 37.
m. Of any people, 28. 32, 33.
Contrasts of the two words.
I. B. Deut. 4:6. In the sight of the nations (gammim).
A. 4. 6. this great nation (goh'y) is a wise
and understanding, B. people (gahm)
A. 7, 8. For what nation (goh'y) is so
great and wise; and 6 (gahm).
B. Deut. 4:27. Scatter you among the nations
(gammim),
A. and few in number among the
heathen (goh-im).
B.- Deut. 4:33. Did (ever) people (gahm) hear the
voice of God.
A. 4. 34. God... take a nation (goh'y)
from the midst of another nation (goh'y).
A. 38. To drive out nations (goh-im) before
thee.
4. A. Deut. 7:1. Bath cast out many nations (goh-im)
.
.. seven nations (goh-im) greater than thou.
B. 6. Thou (art) an holy people(gahm)... a
special people (gahm) to himself, above all peoples (pl. gammim).
7. The Lord did not set his love on you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any peoples (pl. gammim)... for ye were the fewest, the fewest of all peoples (pl.)
Thou shalt be blessed above all peoples (pl.)
17. If thou shalt say... these nations
(pl. goh-im) are mightier than I; how can I dispossess them.
19. So shall the Lord... do unto all
the peoples (gammim).
A. 22. Thy God will put out those nations
(pl. goh-im).
v. A. Deut. 9:1. Go in to possess nations (pl. goh-im).
B. 2.. a people great and tall, the children
of the Anakims.
4, 5. for the wickedness of these nations
(goh-im).
6. thou (art) a stiffnecked people.
thy people which thou (Moses) hast brought.
I have seen the people... it (is) a stiffnecked people.
A. Deut. 9.14. I will make of thee a nation (goh'y) mightier... than they.
destroy not thy people.
look not to the stubbornness of this people.
29. they are thy people.
6. A. Goh'y is used of the nations (goh-im)-
of Canaan, 11. 23, 23; and 12. 2, 29, 30; and 15. 6, 6; and 17. 14; and 18. 9, 14; and 19. 1; and 20. 15.
of the earth, 28. 1, 12, 65.
of one which is to be the scourge-nation, 28. 36, 49, 49, 50.
Compare the contrasts of A 20. 15. And 20. 16 B.
vu. A. Deut. 26:5. A. Syrian ready to perish (was) my father, and he went down into Egypt... and became a great nation (goh'y). (19) to make thee high above all nations.
B. 15. bless thy people Israel. (18) his
peculiar people; (19) an holy people.
8. Compare B. 28. 64; and 28. 65 A.
B. Scatter you among all peoples (pl. gammim),
A. and among those nations (goh-im).
9. Compare B 29. 13. a people to himself (gahm)... God... of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
A. 16, 18, 24. through the nations (goh-im);
the gods of the nations; all nations;
10. A. 30. 1. to mind among all the nations
(goh-im).
B. 3. from all the nations (gammim).
11. A. 31. 3. he will destroy these nations (of
Canaan).
B. 7. thou (Joshua) must go with this
people.
12. B. 32. 6. O foolish people (gahm).
8. When the Most High divided to
the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam,
he set the bounds of the peoples (pl. gammim) according to the number of the children of Israel. (9). For the Lord's portion (is) his people (gahm).
B. Deut. 32.21. They have moved me to jealousy with (that which is) not. God, I will move them to jealousy with (those which are) not a people (gahm),
A. with a foolish nation (goh'y).
28. They (Israel) are a nation void of counsel,
36. the Lord shall judge his people,
43. Rejoice, O ye nations (goh-im), with his people (gahm) merciful...to his people.
50, 50. gathered to his people.
13. Throughout 33. gahm alone is used; as ver. 3, he loved the people; (5) the heads of the people. (7). Judah, and bring him to his people.
17. He (Joseph) shall push the people (pl.) together to the ends of the earth... the ten thousands of Ephraim, and the thousands of Manasseh.
19. (Zebulun) they shall call the peoples (pl.) unto the mountain.
21. (Gad) he came with the heads of the people.
29. Israel... people saved of the Lord.
I remark here, First, That to suppose that the word goh'y is a word of low use, and applied only to what is mean, or that it is equivalent to heathen or to Gentile, is a mistake which has no warrant for it in Scripture. See in proof of this:-
Gen. 12:2. I will make of thee (Abram) a great nation.
18. 18. become a great... nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him.
See also, 20. 4; and 21. 13, 18; and 35. 11; and, 46. 3. Ex. 19:6; and- 32. 10; and 33. 13.
Num. 14:12. Deut. 4:6,7,8,34.
A body, or a people—under a government is, I conceive,
the primary idea of it. That governments in the plural-would stand in contrast with the one body of people whom He Jehovah par excellence governed, is clear, and so the word in the plural is used of all bodies of individuals under government of the nations, in contrast with
Jehovah's nation, Israel.
When the word goh'y is applied to Israel, then,' Israel
is looked at merely as a whole body under government, instead of as a congregation in association with Himself their God and King. That this is a cold, chilly way of their God and King speaking of them, when in disobedience, may be true.
Secondly. That all the words kindred to and of the
same family as gahm present the idea of conjunction with,
nearness to, association around, etc. As, for instance,
1. The word עמֵּה f.goommah, as translated-over against,
Ex. 25:27; and 28. 27; and 37. 14, etc.; answerable to, Ex. 38:18; hard by the backbone, Lev. 3:9; threw stones at him, 2 Sam. 16:13; ward against ward, 1 Chron. 25:8, etc.; in all points as he came, so shall he go, Eccl. 5:16; face strong against... face,.. forehead... against... forehead, Ezek. 3:8; the wheels
were beside them, 10. 19, etc.
2.עם gim, with, near, at, by, etc.
Gen. 18:23. Destroy the righteous with the wicked?
24. 12. show kindness unto my master Abraham.
25. 11. Isaac dwelt by the well Lahai-roi.
31. 24. speak not to Jacob.
Deut. 8:5. Consider in thine heart.
9. 7. rebellious against the Lord.
Josh. 7:2. beside Beth-aven,
22. 7. among their brethren.
Judg. 20:38. the men of Israel and (m. with).
1 Sam. 2:21. Samuel grew before the Lord.
16. 12. ruddy (and) withal of a beautiful.
2 Sam. 6 accompanying (m. with) the ark.-
21. 4. no silver nor gold of Saul.
2 Chron. 21:19. fell out by reason of his sickness.
Neh. 5:18. yet fur all this required not I
Job 9:26. passed away as the swift ships;
Psa. 72:5. as long as the sun and moon endure
(lit. with the sun and before the moon).
73. 5. neither are they plagued like (m. with)
other men.
Ecc. 2. 16. no remembrance of the wise more than of the fool.
3. So again, עָמִיח gah-meeth, mh is rendered ten times.
neighbor, twice another, and once (Zech., 13. 7), " the man that is my fellow."
This last passage out of the thirteen occurrences of the word is greatly to be noted as expressive of fellowship.
If asked for definitions, I should say as to goh'y:-
1st. " A mass of persons, manifestly one under a government of its own;" and 2, as to gahm, " The people. or persons who form such a manifest mass or body."
As to 1. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob,—the heads of the nation Israel, are looked at in Scripture very much in their individual characters (perhaps the place assigned to each of them as types led. to this), yet each of them was in-his day the head of a powerful clan; then the family for it was (so far as the channel of testimony was concerned) one, went down into Egypt and waxed great.
As to 2. A_ people, and the character of-each in it, is-formed by its religion as to the Supreme Being, and by its policy with regard to one another, and to those outside, hence in thought and habit, fears and hopes, one.
It is important to learn and to bear in mind the ways of God,-and His ways, not only in His dealings with ourselves as individuals, but His ways with the Church, with Israel, and with the Gentiles: with the Church, as in one aspect, divine and heavenly (that is in Christ), and, in another aspect, pervertedly human and worldly, spoiled by Satan in man's hand. But we may look at the subject a little more abstractedly in connection with what has been the channel of His testimony from the beginning. His actions bring before us:-The mass, selection, and rejection; election and selection; out of the mass a channel chosen afresh and so on.
Adam and Eve; Abel slain for his good works, by. Cain, the murderer, head of the world which enjoys itself out of God's presence; Seth; Seth, a pedigree; Enoch walked with God, and was taken to God; Noah who found grace before the Lord,-Noah walked with God and was passed through the deluge from the earth that was to that which now is.
Adam and Eve had Seth for the channel of God's testimony. Abel had died a martyr,- Cain was the murderer, head of a wicked world deluding itself by self-enjoyment, out of God's presence;-and Adam "begat sons and daughters," Gen. 5:4.
Seth had Enos, and Enos had Cainan, etc., etc., down to Lamech. Each head in the pedigree (save one) had this testimony, " and he died:" "Enoch walked with God; and he was not, for God took him." Seth and all of them begat sons and daughters.
Noah was son of Lamech. Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord; walked with God, and was passed with his wife, three sons, and their wives, through the deluge from the earth which was on to that which now is. Shem, Ham, and Japheth were Noah's three sons, whose families became the stock of the earth which was to witness and be a witness of God's patience in providence (in spite of man's sin, viii. 21, 22), Noah failed, ix., and -Ham; but Shem stood as the line chosen for the channel of testimony down to Abram; though the city and Tower of Babel marked the sin of all in his day, and the disbelief in God as revealed in 8. 21, 22.
Abram subject of a call from the Lord-possessor of earthly and heavenly promises-had three sons, Ishmael, Isaac, Midian, each of them, like Shem, Ham, and Japheth, heads of families, and other children too.
Lot was near kinsman of Abram and became the father of Moab and Ammon. But the channel of testimony and blessing ran through Isaac and his younger son by Rebecca, Jacob, (leaving his first-born, Esau, to become the head of Edom and, Gen. 36:12,16, of Amalek).
The principles of Headship, lineal descent (sovereign wisdom and love making its choice of what to do therewith and therein), the channel still continued (though side channels might open out on either side from it half way between the masses (of which the destiny no one knew save God) and the channel of testimony;- these things ought to be marked if we would have the intelligence becoming those taught of God—and be prepared for the scenes of the latter day in which it all results.
APPENDIX I.
1 may present, here, as gleaned in my own looking through the rest of the Old Testament (the Psalms excepted, which will be found elsewhere) the following.
JOSHUA.
I. Compare in 3. 16, B. and the people ('gahm), passed over, and 17 A. until all the people (goh'y) were passed clean over.
That is, B. is the people (‘gahm) of the national body (goh’y)
A. is the national body (goh'y) of the people (gahm). Just as we say,-the sheep of a flock pass over till the whole flock of sheep is passed clean over; the soldiers of a company cross over, till all the company of soldiers is safe over.
iv. 1. A. when all the people (goh'y) were clean passed over.
2. B. take you twelve people (gahm), out of every tribe a man.
v. 4. B. all the people (gahm) that came out of Egypt; (5) all the people... were circumcised: but all the people that were born.
In the above, the thought is distributive, and so gahm is used; in what follows, it is collective, and so goh'y is found.
A. ver. 6. all the people (goh'y) that were men of war.
8. had done circumcising all the people (goh'y).
10. 7. B. he and all the people (gahm) of war, (and see ver. 21 and 33).
13. A. until the people (goh'y) had avenged
themselves upon their enemies.
17. 14. B. I (tribe of Joseph) am a great people, so 15, 17.
23. 3, 4, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, A. the nations expelled before Israel.
Note also, as to B. the difference between "people" (gahm) Israel, and "peoples" (gammim).
24. 16. the people (gahm) (Israel)... said: (17) among all the peoples (gammim), through whom we passed... (18,) Brave out from before us all the peoples.
FROM JUDGES.
2. 12. B. [Israel] followed other gods, of the gods of
the peoples... round about them.
20. A. this people (goh'y) has transgressed (the whole
was inculpated).
2. 21. I will not henceforth drive out any more from before them of the nations which Joshua left (so ver. 23).
B. in. 18. he sent away the people that bare the present.
v. 14. Benjamin among thy people, so ver. 18.
IN RUTH
Goley does not occur. But we read of the Lord's people, and of Naomi's, Orpah's, Ruth's and Boaz's, etc.
IN 2 SAMUEL
Notice 7. 23. What one nation (goh'y) in the earth is like thy people (gahm)... whom God went to redeem for a people (gahm) to himself, and to make him a great name... before thy people (gahm), which thou redeemedst... from the nations (goh-im), and B. (24); for thou hast confirmed to thyself thy people Israel (to be) a people (gahm) to thee forever.
22. 48. bringeth down the peoples (gammim, pl.) under me.
50. I will give thanks to thee among the heathen (goh-im).
IN 1 KINGS
Notice-
B. 3. 9. able to judge this thy so great a people
4. 31. his fame was in all nations.
5. 7. a wise son over this great people.
A. 6. 2. (Solomon loved many strange wives) of the nations.
14. 24. the abominations of the nations.
18. 10. no nation or kingdom; 10.
2 KINGS.
A. 6. 18. Smite this people (goh’y)... with blindness (collective).
B. 16. 15. the burnt offering of all the people of
the land (distributive).
Note, here, as to the goh-im:-
A. 16. 3. the abominations of the heathen (goh-im), whom the Lord cast out from before the children of Israel (the seven nations, Deut. 7:1.)
but A. 17. 24, 26, 29, 33, 41. the goh-im were not only the seven nations (as referred to, 16. 3), but nations moved by Shalmaneser to the land.
any of the four empires, as such;-yet compare Zech. 1:21. and see as to the use of the word in the prophets as to the separate heads of these four monarchies.
I CHRONICLES.
A. 16. 24. his glory among the heathen (goh-im),
his marvelous works among the nations (gammim, peoples).
A.& B. 17. 21. what one nation' (goh'y) in the earth (is) like thy people (gahm) Israel, whom God went to redeem (to be) his own people (gahm).
by driving out nations (goh-im) from before thy people (gahm).
2 CHRONICLES.
6. 33. that all the people (pl. peoples) of the earth may know thy name.
B. 33. as cloth thy people Israel.
B. 33. 15. no god of any nation... was able to deliver his people.
EZRA.
3. 1. the people [Israel]... gathered together as one man.
B. 3. because of the people (peoples) of those
countries.
B. 9. 1. The people of Israel, and the priests, and the Levites, have not separated themselves
from the people (pl. peoples) of the lands.
NEHEMIAH.
10. 28. the rest of the people [Israel]... from
the peoples of the lands.
ESTHER.
3. 8. a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed among the peoples.
PROVERBS.
B. 14. 28. see under l'ohm.
A. 14. 34. ”
B. 24.. 24. “
B. 28.. 15. a roaring lion, and a ranging bear:-a wicked ruler over a poor people.
B. 30. 25. ants (are) a people not strong.
26. conies (are but) a feeble folk.
ISAIAH.
A. 2. 2. all nations shall flow unto it.
B. 3. And many peoples shall go and say.
A. 4. he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many (B.) peoples.
A. 28. 2. Go... to a nation scattered and peeled,
B to a people terrible from their beginning.
A. a nation meted out and trodden down; so
ver. 7.
A. 26. 2. the righteous nation which keepeth the truth.
B. 42. 6. I give thee for a covenant of the people
A. (Israel), for a light of the Gentiles;Comp. 49. 7 and 8, with 6.
43. 21. this people have I formed for myself.
B. 42. 10. prepare ye the way of the people (Israel)
... lift up a standard for the peoples;.. (12) they shall call them (Israel), The Holy people, The redeemed of the Lord.
A. 46. 8. a nation (Israel)... born at once... (12) the glory of the Gentiles (ver. 18) all nations... shall come and see my glory.
JEREMIAH.
B. 13. 11. as the girdle cleaveth to the loins of a man, so have I caused to cleave unto me the whole house of Israel, and the whole house of Judah, saith the Lord; that they might be unto me for a people, and for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory; but they would not hear.
27. 13. die, thou and thy people (B.).. as the Lord hath spoken against that nation (A.) that will not serve the king of Babylon.
31. 36. if those ordinances (sun, moon, stars, etc.) depart from before me,... then.. Israel also shall cease from being a nation (A.) before me forever.
33.. 24. Considerest thou not what this people (B.) have spoken, saying, The two families which the Lord hath chosen, he bath even cast them off? thus they have despised my people (B.), that they should be no more a nation (A.) before them.
[Compare with Ezek. 37:21.]
EZEKIEL.
2. 3. Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation (A.) that hath [lit. to rebellious nations (gohim) that have] rebelled against me.
3. 6. not to many peoples (B.) of a strange speech.
37. 21, 22. I will take the children of Israel from among the heathen (goh-im), whither they
be gone, and I will gather them on every side, and bring them into their own land; and I will make them one nation (lit. for one goh'y) in the land upon the mountains of Israel; and one kin.: shall be king-to them all; and they shall be no more two nations (lit. for two goh-im), neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms any more at all. [Note this passage well.]
23. so shall they be my people (ammi), and [ will be their God.
Dan. 12:1. at that time shall Michael stand... for thy people (B.).. since there was a nation (A.)... and at that time thy people (B.) shall be delivered.
Hos. 1:9,10. and ii. 1, 23. lo-ammi and ammi.
Note that never occurs in the Chaldee parts of he
Bible.
In conclusion, I believe that if our translators had always rendered,—lst, " Goh'y " by nation, and the plural of it by nations; and 2ndly, " "Gahm" by people, and the plural of it by peoples, they would have made the translation of more value, and more easy to be understood.
These are the 2nd and the 4th of the four words about which our inquiry commenced. The 1st of the four, " Ummah," might be, perhaps, fairly rendered by folk, and the plural by folks.
As to the 3rd, The great difficulty is to find any word in English which could be made to serve in English as its representative. The meaning is clear enough. What had been God's channel of promise and testimony, actually, at certain points, split in twain-forked off into two lines. Each of these was a " l'ohm," a branch, in the forked family. One only of them, however, was acknowledged as the line of promise,-the other put forward pretensions and had a history in connection with the true thing, and has still a being, and will have a future, but the branched family has but one of its branches owned as the real thing. Israel will be alone in its glory. Coalesce,
in wickedness, it and all the branches and the goh-im may as in Psa. 2:1. See also Isa. 8 and ix. -
As it may be of interest to some minds to look at the outline of the occurrences in another form, I add this. abstract.
The book of GENESIS gives us the origin of things down here on earth,-of (pretty nearly) all that we meet with.
It has 50 chapters, and is contained in 37 pages (Bagster's).
Ummah occurs 1, and goh'y 26, and l'ohm 4, and kahm 33 times.
In EXODUS we learn of the redemption of a people out of bondage, and the pitching of the tabernacle of worship and government.
It has 40 chapters, and is contained in 30 pages. Ummah occurs 0, and goh'y 6, and l'ohm 0, and kahm 173 times.
LEVITICUS. The book of sacrificial service, of the Priesthood, Levites and People-in their worship.
It has 27 chapters and 23 pages.
Ummah occurs 0, and goh'y 7, and l'ohm 0, and kahm 41 times.
NUMBERS presents the camp in the wilderness. It has 36 chapters, and occupies 32 pages.
Ummah, occurs 1, and goh'y 5, and l'ohm 0, and k ahnz 87 times.
DEUTERONOMY presents the grounds on which Israel, having lost all in self-righteousness, will, through the second giving of the law, gain all, viz., through the obedience of faith.
It contains 34 chapters in 27 pages.
Ummah occurs 0, and goh'y 44, and l'ohm 0, and gahm 107 times.
*** Any one who has read the foregoing article carefully will see that the translators of our authorized English version practically assumed that there was no difference between goh'y and 'gahm, a mistake which detracts from the value of their work.
APPENDIX II. THE OCCURRENCES IN THE PSALMS.
2. 1. Why do the goh-im rage, and the /'ummim imagine a vain thing?
8. Ask of me, and I shall give thee the goh-im for thine inheritance, and the uttermost
parts of the earth for thy possession.
3. 6. I will not be afraid of ten,thousands of the gahm that have set themselves against b
me round about.
8. Salvation belongeth unto the Lord: thy blessing is upon thy gahm.
7. 7. So shall the congregation of the l'ummim compass thee about: for their sakes, therefore, return thou on high.
8. The Lord shall judge the gammim: judge me, O Lord, according to my righteousness.
9. 5. Thou hast rebuked the goh-im, thou hast destroyed the wicked, thou hast put out their name forever and ever.
8. And he shall judge the world in righteousness, he shall minister judgment to the l’ummim in uprightness.
11. Sing praises to the Lord, which dwelleth in Zion: declare among the gammim his doings.
15. The goh-im are sunk down in the pit that they made.
17. The wicked shall be turned into hell, and
all the goh-im that forget God.
Arise, O Lord; let not man prevail: let the goh-im be judged in thy sight.
Put them in fear, O Lord: that the goh-im
may know themselves to be but men.
10. 16. The Lord is King forever and ever: the
goh-im are persihed out of his land.
14. 4. Have all the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my gahm as they eat bread.
7. O that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion when the Lord bringeth back the captivity of his gahm.
18. 27. For thou wilt save the afflicted gahm; but wilt bring down high looks.
43. Thou hast delivered me from the strivings of the goh-im: and thou hast made me the head of the goh-im,: a gahm whom I have not known shall serve me.
47. It is God that avengeth me, and subdueth the gammim under me.
49. Therefore will I give thanks unto thee, O Lord, among the goh-im, and sing praises unto thy name.
22. 6. But I am a worm, and no man: a reproach of men, and despised of the gahm.
All the ends of the world shall... turn unto the Lord: and all the kindreds of the goh-im shall worship before thee.
For the kingdom is the Lord's: and he is governor among the goh-im.
31. They shall come, and shall declare his righteousness unto a gahm, that shall be born, that he path done this.
28. 9. Save thy gahm, and bless thine inheritance.
29. 11. The Lord will give strength unto his gahm; the Lord will bless his gahm with peace.
33. 10. The Lord bringeth the counsel of the goh-im to naught: he maketh the devices of the gammim of none effect.
12. Blessed is the goh'y whose God is the Lord; and the gahm whom he has chosen for his own inheritance.
35. 18. I will give thee thanks in the great congregation: I will praise thee among a great gahm.
43. 1. Judge me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly goh'y: O deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man.
44. 2. How thou didst drive out the goh-im with thine hand, and plantedst them; how thou didst afflict the l'ummim, and cast them out.
11. Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat; thou hast scattered us among the goh-im.
12. Thou sellest thy gahm for naught, and lost not increase thy wealth by their price.
14. Thou makest us a byword among the goh-im, a shaking of the head among the l'ummim.
45. 5. Thine arrows are sharp in the heart of the king's enemies; whereby the gammim fall under thee.
10. Hearken, O daughter, and consider, and incline thine ear; forget also thine own gahm, and thy father's house.
12. And the daughter of Tire shall be there with a gift; even the rich among the gahm shall entreat thy favor.
17. I will make thy name to be remembered in all generations: therefore shall the gammim praise thee forever.
46. 6. The goh-im raged, the kingdoms were moved: he uttered his voice, the earth melted.
10. Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted among the goh-im, I will be exalted in the earth.
97. 1. O clap your hands, all ye gammim; shout unto God with the voice of triumph..
3. He shall subdue the gammim under us, and the l’ummim under our feet.
8. God reigneth over the goh-im: God sitteth upon the throne of his holiness.
9. The princes of the gammim are gathered together, even the gahm of the God of Abraham.
49. 1. Hear this, all ye gammim; give ear, all ye inhabitants of the world.
100. 4. He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that he may judge his
gahm.
7. Hear, O my gahm, and I will speak; O Israel, and I will testify against thee:
I am God, even thy God.
53. 4. Have the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my gahm as they eat bread: they have not called upon God.
6. O that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! When God bringeth back the captivity of his gahm, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad.
56. 7. Shall they escape by iniquity? in thine anger cast down the gammim, O God.
57. 9. I will praise thee, O Lord, among the gammim: I will sing unto thee amongst
the l’ummim.
59. 5. O Lord God of hosts, the God of Israel, awake to visit all the goh-im: be not merciful to any wicked transgressors.
8. But thou, O Lord, shalt laugh at them; thou shalt have all the goh-im in derision.
11. Slay them not, lest my gahm forget: scatter them by thy power; and bring them down, O Lord our shield.
60. 3. Thou hast showed thy gahm, hard things, and thou hast made us to drink the
wine of astonishment.
62. 8. Trust in him at all times; O gahm, pour out your heart before him: God is a
refuge for us.
65. 7. Which stilleth the noise of the seas, the noise of their waves, and the tumult of
the l’ummim.
66. 7. He ruleth by his power forever; his eyes behold the goh-im: let not the rebellious exalt themselves.... 66. 8. O bless our God, ye gammin and make the voice of his praise to be heard.
67. 2. That thy way may be known upon earth, thy saving health among all goh-im.
3. Let the gammim praise thee, O God; let all the gammim praise thee.
4. 0 let the l’ummim be glad, and sing for joy: for thou shalt judge the gammim righteously, and govern the l'ummim upon earth.
5. Let the gammim praise thee, O God; let all the gammim praise thee.
68.. 7. O God, when thou wentest forth before thy gahm, when thou didst march through the wilderness.
22. The Lord said, I will bring again from Bastian; I will bring my people again from the depths of the sea.
30. Rebuke the company of spearmen, the multitude of the bulls, with the calves of the gammim, till every one submit himself with pieces of silver: scatter thou the gammim that delight in war.
35. The God of Israel is he that giveth strength
and power unto his gahm.
72. 2. He shall judge thy gahm with righteousness, and thy poor with judgment.
The mountains shall bring peace to the gahm, and the little hills, by righteousness.
He shall judge the poor of the gahm, he shall save the children of the needy, and shall break in pieces the oppressor.
11. Yea, all kings shall fall down before him:
all goh-im shall serve him.
17. And men shall be blessed in him: all goh-im shall call him blessed.
73. 10. Therefore his gahm return hither; and waters of a full cup are wrung out to them.
74. 14. Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, and gavest- him to be meat to the gahm inhabiting the wilderness.
18. Remember this, that the enemy hath reproached, O Lord, and that the foolish gahm have blasphemed thy name.
77. 14. Thou hast declared thy strength among the gammim.
15. Thou hast with thine arm redeemed thy gahm, the sons of Jacob and Joseph.
20. Thou leddest thy gahm like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron.
78. 1. Give ear, O my gahm, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth.
20. Can he give bread also? can he provide flesh for his gahm?
52. But made his own gahm to go forth like sheep, and guided them in the wilderness like a flock.
55. He cast out the goh-im also before them, and divided them an inheritance by line, and made the tribes of Israel to dwell in their tents.
62. He gave his gahm over also unto the sword; and was wroth with his inheritance.
71. From following the ewes great with young, he brought him to feed Jacob his gahm, and Israel his inheritance.
79. 1. O God, the goh-im are come into thine in-" heritance; thy holy temple have they defiled; they have laid Jerusalem on heaps.
6. Pour out thy wrath upon the goh-im that have not known thee, and upon the kingdoms that have not called upon thy name.
10. Wherefore should the goh-im say, Where is their God? let him be known among the goh-im in our sight by the revenging of the blood of thy servants which is shed.
79. 13. So we thy gahm and sheep of thy pasture will give thee thanks forever: we will show forth thy praise to all generations.
80. 4. O Lord God of hosts, how long wilt thou be angry with the prayer of thy gahm?
. 8.. Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the goh-im, and planted it.
81. 8. Hear, O my gahm, and I will testify unto thee: O Israel, if thou wilt hearken unto me.
11. But my gahm would not hearken to my voice; and Israel would none of me.
13. O that my gahm had hearkened unto me, and Israel had walked in my ways!
82. 8. Arise, O God, judge the earth: for thou shalt inherit all goh-im.
83. 3. They have taken crafty counsel against thy kahm, and consulted against thy hidden ones.
4. They have said, Come, and let us cut them off from being a goh'y, that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance.
85.2. Thou hast forgiven the iniquity of thy gahm thou hast covered all their sin.
6. Wilt thou not revive us again: that thy gahm may rejoice in thee?
8. I will hear what God the Lord will speak: for he will speak peace unto his gahm, and to his saints.
86. 9. All goh-im whom thou hast made shall come and worship before thee, O Lord; -and shall glorify thy name.
6. The Lord shall count, when he writeth up the gammim, that this man was born there.
89. 15. Blessed is the k gahm that knoweth the joyful sound; they shall walk, O Lord, in the light of thy countenance.
19. I have laid help upon one that is mighty; I have exalted one chosen out of the gahm.
50. Remember, O Lord, the reproach of thy servants; how I do bear in my bosom the reproach of all the mighty gammim.
94. 5. They break in pieces thy k a km, O Lord, and afflict thine heritage.
8. Understand, ye brutish among the gahm: and ye fools, when will ye be wise?
10. He that chastiseth the goh-im, shall not he correct.
14. For the Lord will not cast off his k a km, neither will he forsake his inheritance.
95. 7. We are the gahm of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand.
10. It is a gahm that do err in their heart, and they have not known my ways.
96. 3. Declare his glory among the goh-im, his wonders among all the gammim.
5. For all the gods of the gammim are idols;
but the Lord made the heavens.
7. Give unto the Lord, O ye kindreds of the gammim, give unto the Lord glory and strength.
10. Say among the goh-im the Lord reigneth; the world also shall be established that it shall not be moved; he shall judge the gammim righteously.
13. He cometh to judge the earth: he shall judge the world with righteousness, and the gammim with his truth.
97. 6. The heavens declare his righteousness, and all the gammim see his glory.
98. 2. His righteousness hath he openly showed in the sight of the goh-im.
9. With righteousness shall he judge the world, and the gammim with equity.
99. 1. Let the gammim tremble: he sitteth between the cherubims; let the earth be moved.
2. The Lord is great in Zion, and he is high above all the gammim. _
100. 3. Know ye that the Lord he is God; it is he that hath made us, and not we ourselves: we are his k ohm, and the sheep of his pasture.
102. 15. So the goh-im shall fear the name of the Lord, and all the kings of the earth thy glory.
18. This shall be written for the generation to come: and the gahm which shall be created shall praise the Lord.
22. When the gammim are gathered together, and the kingdoms, to serve the Lord.
105. 1. O give thanks unto the Lord; call upon his name: make known his deeds among the gammim.
13. When they went from one gohy to another goh'y, from one kingdom to another "gahm.
20. The king sent and loosed him; even the ruler of the gammim, and let him go free.
24. And he increased his gahm greatly; and made them stronger than their enemies.
25. He turned their heart to hate his gahm, to deal subtilly with his servants. .
40. The nation asked, and he brought quails, and satisfied them with the bread of heaven.
43. And he brought forth his gahm, with joy, and his chosen with gladness:
44. And he gave them the lands of the goh-im; and they inherited the labor of the l’ummim.
106. 4. Remember me, O Lord, with the favor that thou bearest unto thy gahm; O visit me with thy salvation;
106. 5. That I may see the good of thy chosen, that I may rejoice in the 'gladness of thy gahm, that I may glory with thine inheritance.
27. To overthrow their seed also among the goh-im, and to scatter them in the lands.
34. They did not destroy the k minim, concerning whom the Lord commanded them;
35. But were mingled among the goh-im, and learned their works.
40. Therefore was the wrath of the Lord kindled against his gahm, insomuch that he abhorred his own inheritance.
41. And he gave them into the hand of the goh-im; and they that hated them ruled over them.
47. Save us, O Lord our God, and gather us from among the goh-im, to give thanks unto thy holy name, and to triumph in thy praise.
48. Blessed be the Lord God of Israel from everlasting to everlasting: and let all the gahm say Amen.
32. Let them exalt him also in the congregation of the gahm, and praise him in the assembly of the elders.
108. 3. I will praise thee, O Lord, among the gammim, and I will sing praises to thee among the gammim.
110. 3. Thy gahm shall be willing in the day of thy power, in the beauties of holiness from the dew of the morning: thou hast the dew of thy youth.
6. He shall judge among the goh-im, he shall fill the places with dead bodies; he shall wound the heads over many countries.
6. He hath skewed his gahm the power of his works, that he may give them the heritage of the goh-im.
9. He hath sent redemption to his gahm he bath commanded his covenant forever.
113. 4. The Lord is high above all goh-im, and his glory above the heavens.
8. That he may set him with princes, even with princes of his gahm,
114.. 1. When Israel went out of Egypt, the house of Jacob from a gahm of strange language.
115. 2. Wherefore should the goh-im say, Where is now their God?
116. 14. I will pay my vows unto the Lord now in the presence of all his gahm.
117. 1. O praise the Lord, all ye goh-im: praise him all ye ummim.
118. 10. All goh-im compassed me about: but in the name of the Lord will I destroy them.
2. As the mountains are round about Jerusalem, so the Lord is round about his gahm from henceforth even forever.
2. Then said they among the goh-im, The Lord hath done great things for them.
135. 10. Who smote great goh-im and slew mighty kings.
12. And gave their land for an heritage, an heritage unto Israel his gahm.
For the Lord will judge his gahm, and repent himself concerning his servants.
The idols of the goh-im are silver and gold, the work of men's hands.
136. 16. To him that led his gahm through the wilderness: for his mercy endureth forever.
144. 2. My shield, and he in whom I trust; who subdueth my gahm under me.
15. Happy is that k akin that is in such a case: yea, happy is that gahm whose God is the Lord.
147. 20. He hath not dealt so with any goh' y: and as for his judgments, they have not known them.
148. 11. Kings of the earth, and all l'ummim; princes and all judges of the earth.
148. 14. He also exalteth the horn of his gahm, the praise of all his saints, even of the children of Israel, a gahm near unto him. Praise ye the Lord.
149. 4. For the Lord taketh pleasure in his Gahm: he will beautify the meek with salvation.
7. To execute vengeance upon the goh-im, and punishment upon the l'ummim.
I incline to translate 'gahm, in the singular, always as people; the same word in the plural, gammim, as peoples.
The word goh’y singular, as a nation; and its plural, goh-im, as nations.
The word l'ohm in the singular does not occur in the Psalms, the plural l'ummim does and might for distinction's sake be read "gentiles."