Principal Names and Subjects

From: Bible Handbook: New Testament By: Walter Biggar Scott

• 2.3 hr. read • grade level: 8

Abba.

This is held to be a Chaldaic form of ‘Ab’, father; but in the New Testament we find it joined with the word 'father:' thus in Mark 14:36³⁶And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee; take away this cup from me: nevertheless not what I will, but what thou wilt. (Mark 14:36) the Lord addressed God as ‘Abba, Father;' and in Rom. 8:15¹⁵For ye have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father. (Romans 8:15) the Christian is said to receive the Spirit of adoption, whereby he cries 'Abba, Father.' So also in Gal. 4:6⁶And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. (Galatians 4:6). It is not clear what is the force of this expression; but some suppose that it is Father, Father, in a double language appropriate to Jew and Gentile. It expresses confidence and the consciousness of relationship, and is not simply a term of respect.

Abomination of Desolation

Matt. 24:15¹⁵When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand:) (Matthew 24:15); Mark 13:14¹⁴But when ye shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not, (let him that readeth understand,) then let them that be in Judea flee to the mountains: (Mark 13:14).-This was spoken of by Daniel, and will be seen "standing in the 'holy place.' " An idol is called in the O. T. an ‘abomination,' and this abomination will bring great desolation upon the Jews and Jerusalem in a future day.

Abraham's Bosom

Luke 16:22²²And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried; (Luke 16:22).-This is said to be a metaphorical expression in use among the Jews to signify the place of the blessed after death.

Accuser

κατήγορος.-One of the names or characters of Satan, Rev. 12:10¹⁰And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night. (Revelation 12:10).

Adoption

υίοθεσία, sonship.-The blessed relationship to which Christians were predestinated by the Father, Eph. 1:5⁵Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, (Ephesians 1:5); which they could only receive through redemption, Gal. 4: 5, and which contemplates association with Christ in the glorified state, Rom. 8:23, 29²³And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body. (Romans 8:23)
²⁹For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. (Romans 8:29); the believer meanwhile receiving the spirit of adoption, whereby he cries Abba, Father Rom. 8:15¹⁵For ye have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father. (Romans 8:15).

Advocate

παράκλητος, 1 John 2:1¹My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: (1 John 2:1).-The Greek word is the same that in John's Gospel is translated 'comforter,' when referring to the Holy Spirit. The blessed Lord looks after the Christian's interest, manages his affairs, above, as the Holy Ghost does for him down here.

Alabaster

ἀλάβαστρον, Matt. 26:7⁷There came unto him a woman having an alabaster box of very precious ointment, and poured it on his head, as he sat at meat. (Matthew 26:7); Mark 14:3³And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head. (Mark 14:3); Luke 7:37³⁷And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, (Luke 7:37).-The eastern alabaster was a hydro-sulphate of lime, and was much used for making vessels to hold perfume. The boxes or flasks were called alabasters; thus 'alabaster box' is simply the word 'alabaster,' and the woman in breaking the box may have simply opened the flask by breaking the seal.

Allegory

άλληγορέω, literally 'other' and 'to speak,' Gal. 4:24²⁴Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar. (Galatians 4:24). The things had actually taken place, and Paul was allegorizing them to describe another subject. Thus an ‘allegory’ has been defined as ‘a description of one thing under the image of another.'

Alleluia or Hallelujah

Rev. 19:1-6¹And after these things I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia; Salvation, and glory, and honor, and power, unto the Lord our God: ²For true and righteous are his judgments: for he hath judged the great whore, which did corrupt the earth with her fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hand. ³And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up for ever and ever. ⁴And the four and twenty elders and the four beasts fell down and worshipped God that sat on the throne, saying, Amen; Alleluia. ⁵And a voice came out of the throne, saying, Praise our God, all ye his servants, and ye that fear him, both small and great. ⁶And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying, Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth. (Revelation 19:1‑6).—It is the same in Hebrew and in Greek, and signifies, 'praise to Jah or Jehovah.' It is a word of praise in heaven as well as on earth.

Aloeἀλόη.-

One of the most resinous of woods, very fragrant, and thus suitable for embalming: John 19:39³⁹And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight. (John 19:39).

Alpha

Rev. 1:8, 11; 21:6; 22:13⁸I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty. (Revelation 1:8)
¹¹Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea. (Revelation 1:11)
⁶And he said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely. (Revelation 21:6)
¹³I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. (Revelation 22:13).-The first letter of the Greek alphabet, and is only used in conjunction with Omega, the last. They are explained in Rev. 1:8,11⁸I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty. (Revelation 1:8)
¹¹Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea. (Revelation 1:11) to mean ‘the beginning and the ending’, ‘the first and the last,' and should be compared with Isa. 41:4,⁴Who hath wrought and done it, calling the generations from the beginning? I the Lord, the first, and with the last; I am he. (Isaiah 41:4) 'I Jehovah, the first, and with the last; I am he.' It points out the eternity of Jehovah, and is applied both to God and to Christ.

Altar

Luke 2:51⁵¹And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject unto them: but his mother kept all these sayings in her heart. (Luke 2:51); 1 Cor. 10:18¹⁸Behold Israel after the flesh: are not they which eat of the sacrifices partakers of the altar? (1 Corinthians 10:18); Heb. 7:13¹³For he of whom these things are spoken pertaineth to another tribe, of which no man gave attendance at the altar. (Hebrews 7:13).-The place of offering the sacrifices or incense. The altar in the N.T. is applied: a, to the Jewish altar, Matt. 23:18, 19, 20, 35¹⁸And, Whosoever shall swear by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is upon it, he is guilty. ¹⁹Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift? ²⁰Whoso therefore shall swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. (Matthew 23:18‑20)
³⁵That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar. (Matthew 23:35); b, metaphorically to the Christian's altar, Christ, Heb. 13:10: c, altars in heaven, both the golden altar of incense, Rev. 8:3; 9:13,³And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. (Revelation 8:3)
¹³And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice from the four horns of the golden altar which is before God, (Revelation 9:13) from whence judgment came, and the altar under which were the souls of the martyrs who cried for the avenging of their blood, Rev. 6:9⁹And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: (Revelation 6:9).

Ambassador

πρεσβεύω, literally, ‘to be old’, 2 Cor. 5:20²⁰Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us: we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God. (2 Corinthians 5:20); Eph. 6:20²⁰For which I am an ambassador in bonds: that therein I may speak boldly, as I ought to speak. (Ephesians 6:20).-Ambassadors, did not in Old or New Testament times reside in a foreign country, but were used as special messengers on an embassage, as in 2 Sam. 10; Luke 14:32³²Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace. (Luke 14:32). The apostles were such.

Ambassage

Luke 14:32³²Or else, while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and desireth conditions of peace. (Luke 14:32).-See Ambassador.

Amen

ἀμην, Matt. 6:13¹³And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. (Matthew 6:13);1 Cor. 14:16¹⁶Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks, seeing he understandeth not what thou sayest? (1 Corinthians 14:16); 2 Cor. 1:20²⁰For all the promises of God in him are yea, and in him Amen, unto the glory of God by us. (2 Corinthians 1:20); Rev. 1:18; 3:14; 5:14,¹⁸I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death. (Revelation 1:18)
¹⁴And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; (Revelation 3:14)
¹⁴And the four beasts said, Amen. And the four and twenty elders fell down and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever. (Revelation 5:14) &c. -The word is the same in both Hebrew and Greek. It is used by our Lord as an affirmation, 'Verily, verily.' All the promises are 'yea and Amen.' It signifies also assent or desire, ‘it is so’, ‘let it be’. How shall “the unlearned say Amen at thy giving, of thanks?” It is often found at the end of a benediction. In Rev. 3:14¹⁴And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; (Revelation 3:14) it occurs as a title of the Lord, as the One who fulfills and verifies all the promises. The word is added at the end of many of the Epistles without good authority.

Amethyst

ἀμἐθυστος.-A variety of quartz, of a pale purple color, Rev. 21:20²⁰The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. (Revelation 21:20). It occurs in the LXX in Ex. 28:19; 36:29¹⁹And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. (Exodus 28:19)
²⁹And they were coupled beneath, and coupled together at the head thereof, to one ring: thus he did to both of them in both the corners. (Exodus 36:29) (39:12); Ezek. 28:13¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13).

Anathema Maranatha.-

'Anathema' is a Greek word untranslated in 1 Cor. 16:22,²²If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema Maranatha. (1 Corinthians 16:22) but translated 'accursed' in Rom. 9:3³For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh: (Romans 9:3); 1 Cor. 12:3³Wherefore I give you to understand, that no man speaking by the Spirit of God calleth Jesus accursed: and that no man can say that Jesus is the Lord, but by the Holy Ghost. (1 Corinthians 12:3); Gal. 1: 8, 9.-'Maranatha' is an Aramaic word, signifying ‘the Lord cometh’: cf. Mal. 4:5, 6⁵Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord: ⁶And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers, lest I come and smite the earth with a curse. (Malachi 4:5‑6).

Anchor

ἄγκυρα, Acts 27:29, 40²⁹Then fearing lest we should have fallen upon rocks, they cast four anchors out of the stern, and wished for the day. (Acts 27:29)
⁴⁰And when they had taken up the anchors, they committed themselves unto the sea, and loosed the rudder bands, and hoised up the mainsail to the wind, and made toward shore. (Acts 27:40); Heb. 6:19¹⁹Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within the veil; (Hebrews 6:19).-The anchors of the ancients are known by the coins to have been much the same as the common form now in use. The anchor is used by Paul as a beautiful symbol of Hope, which is both ‘sure and steadfast’; but to be this it must enter within the veil, where Christ already has entered for us.

Angel

ἄγγελος, to tell or deliver a message, hence the term 'angel' often denotes not so much a kind of creature as an office, namely, a messenger or representative, fulfilled by the Lord Himself, by men, or by spiritual beings. When Peter was delivered from prison, they said 'It is his angel;' and our Lord said of the little children, 'Their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven.' The addresses to the seven churches in the Revelation are written to the angel of each church, to the representative of each church, as though each assembly was embodied in a single representative. An angel appeared both to Mary and to Zacharias to announce the birth of the Lord and of John the Baptist. Angels ministered to the Lord after his temptation, and also in the garden of Gethsemane. They also appeared at the empty tomb to announce His resurrection. They are also sent forth to minister for those who shall be heirs of salvation, Heb. 1:14¹⁴Are they not all ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation? (Hebrews 1:14). They have been and will still be used of God in pouring out judgments on the earth (see the Revelation). Two angels are referred to by name: Gabriel, Luke 1:19, 26¹⁹And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to show thee these glad tidings. (Luke 1:19)
²⁶And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, (Luke 1:26); and Michael, Jude 9⁹Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee. (Jude 9).; Rev. 12:7⁷And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, (Revelation 12:7). Doubtless the Lord is alluded to in Rev. 10. as a 'mighty angel.' We also read of fallen angels, those who, not keeping their first estate, are reserved in chains, for the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and 'his angels,' Matt. 25:41⁴¹Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: (Matthew 25:41); Jude 6⁶And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. (Jude 6).

Anise

ἄνηθον, Matt. 23:23²³Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. (Matthew 23:23).-Generally believed to be the 'dill,' and is so translated in most versions. It is a small umbelliferous plant, grown for its aromatic fruits, and used for seasoning and for medicine.

Anoint.-

I, ἀλείφω, 'to anoint with oil,' as on the head and feet, Matt. 6:17¹⁷But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and wash thy face; (Matthew 6:17); John 12:3³Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odor of the ointment. (John 12:3); and those about to be healed, Mark 6:13¹³And they cast out many devils, and anointed with oil many that were sick, and healed them. (Mark 6:13); James 5:14¹⁴Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord: (James 5:14). 2, χοίω, ἐγχρίω, ἐπιχρίω, to anoint,' John 9:6, 11⁶When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and he anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay, (John 9:6)
¹¹He answered and said, A man that is called Jesus made clay, and anointed mine eyes, and said unto me, Go to the pool of Siloam, and wash: and I went and washed, and I received sight. (John 9:11); Rev, 3:18; also employed in the sense of ‘setting apart’, as by the Holy Ghost, and is applied to the Lord, Luke 4:18,¹⁸The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, (Luke 4:18) from Isa. 61:1¹The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me; because the Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound; (Isaiah 61:1).; Heb. 1:9⁹Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore God, even thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. (Hebrews 1:9); Acts 4:27; 10:38²⁷For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together, (Acts 4:27)
³⁸How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him. (Acts 10:38); and to Christians, 2 Cor. 1:21: cf. 1 John 2:27²⁷But the anointing which ye have received of him abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach you: but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him. (1 John 2:27). 3, μυρίξω, to anoint with aromatics, is employed by the Lord in reference to His burial, Mark 14:8⁸She hath done what she could: she is come aforehand to anoint my body to the burying. (Mark 14:8). See Article Sepulchers, Tombs, and Burials, just before “Money and Measures”.

Antichrist.

See Index.

Apostle

ἀπόστολος, 'a sent one.'-Always translated 'apostle,' except in John 13:16,¹⁶Verily, verily, I say unto you, The servant is not greater than his lord; neither he that is sent greater than he that sent him. (John 13:16) 'he that is sent;' and in 2 Cor. 8:23²³Whether any do inquire of Titus, he is my partner and fellowhelper concerning you: or our brethren be inquired of, they are the messengers of the churches, and the glory of Christ. (2 Corinthians 8:23); Phil. 2:25,²⁵Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother, and companion in labor, and fellowsoldier, but your messenger, and he that ministered to my wants. (Philippians 2:25) ‘messenger.' The term is primarily applied to the twelve chosen by the Lord to accompany Him during His ministry on earth. Their names were: Simon Peter, Andrew, James and John, sons of Zebedee; Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, called Levi; James, son of Alphזus; Judas, called Lebbזus and Thaddaeus; Simon the Canaanite, called Zelotes; and Judas Iscariot, Matt. 10: 2; Mark 3:14¹⁴And he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that he might send them forth to preach, (Mark 3:14); Luke 6:13¹³And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles; (Luke 6:13). When Judas had fallen, another had to be chosen to fill his place, one who had accompanied the Lord all the time that He had gone in and out among them: Matthias was chosen. Thus the number twelve was again complete: their names are written on the twelve foundations of the walls of the heavenly Jerusalem, Rev. 21:14¹⁴And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. (Revelation 21:14). Paul was also an apostle, for he had seen 'Jesus Christ our Lord,' 1 Cor. 9:1¹Am I not an apostle? am I not free? have I not seen Jesus Christ our Lord? are not ye my work in the Lord? (1 Corinthians 9:1). He was emphatically 'the apostle of the Gentiles,' Rom. 11:13,¹³For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office: (Romans 11:13) and also the apostle to whom was revealed the mystery of the church, Eph. 3:4-6⁴Whereby, when ye read, ye may understand my knowledge in the mystery of Christ) ⁵Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit; ⁶That the Gentiles should be fellowheirs, and of the same body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel: (Ephesians 3:4‑6). In 2 Cor. 11:13,¹³For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ. (2 Corinthians 11:13) 'false apostles' are named; and in Rev. 2:2²I know thy works, and thy labor, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars: (Revelation 2:2) were some who said they were apostles, and were not such. See Offices and Gifts in the Church, page 152.

Apparel.

See Garments.

Appeal

Acts 25:11¹¹For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar. (Acts 25:11).-This was the privilege of a Roman citizen to appeal from an inferior tribunal to the judgment of the emperor. Pliny mentions having sent some Christians to Rome, who also had appealed to Caesar.

Appearing of Jesus. I

, ἐπιάνεια, 1 Tim. 6:14¹⁴That thou keep this commandment without spot, unrebukeable, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ: (1 Timothy 6:14); 2 Tim. 4:1, 8¹I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom; (2 Timothy 4:1)
⁸Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing. (2 Timothy 4:8); Titus 2:13,¹³Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; (Titus 2:13) translated ‘appearing’; and 2 Thess. 2:8,⁸And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming: (2 Thessalonians 2:8) 'brightness.' 2, ἀποκάλυψις, 1 Peter 1:7⁷That the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth, though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honor and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ: (1 Peter 1:7). This is the only place where it is translated ‘appearing’; in 1 Cor. 1:7⁷So that ye come behind in no gift; waiting for the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ: (1 Corinthians 1:7) it is ‘coming’; but it is mostly 'revelation,' as in Rev. 1:1,¹The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to show unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John: (Revelation 1:1) ‘The revelation of Jesus Christ,' which accounts for that book being often called 'The Apocalypse.' ‘Appearing' is the revelation or manifestation of the Lord on His return to this earth. This should ever be distinguished from His coming to fetch the saints, which is the hope set before the Christian, and for which he should be always looking: cf. Luke 12:36³⁶And ye yourselves like unto men that wait for their lord, when he will return from the wedding; that when he cometh and knocketh, they may open unto him immediately. (Luke 12:36); John 14: 2, 3; 1 Cor. 15:51-57⁵¹Behold, I show you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, ⁵²In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. ⁵³For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. ⁵⁴So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory. ⁵⁵O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? ⁵⁶The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law. ⁵⁷But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. (1 Corinthians 15:51‑57); 1 Thess. 4:15-18¹⁵For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep. ¹⁶For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: ¹⁷Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. ¹⁸Wherefore comfort one another with these words. (1 Thessalonians 4:15‑18).

Archangel

1 Thess. 4:16¹⁶For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: (1 Thessalonians 4:16); Jude 9⁹Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee. (Jude 9).-In Jude the archangel Michael, when contending about the body of Moses, did not bring a railing accusation against Satan, to teach us that we should not speak evil of dignities on earth. The coming of the Lord will be accompanied with archangel's voice. The word itself implies that there are degrees in the angel world. See Principality.

Ark of the Covenant

Heb. 9:4⁴Which had the golden censer, and the ark of the covenant overlaid round about with gold, wherein was the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tables of the covenant; (Hebrews 9:4).-The ark in the tabernacle and the temple of the O. T. It is here mentioned as having contained "the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tables of the covenant." The ark was not in the temple in N. T. times. It was perhaps carried away to Babylon. Josephus says in his time, in the holy of holies ‘there was nothing at all’. ('Wars,' 5:5, 5.)

Armor.

The word in Rom. 13:12¹²The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armor of light. (Romans 13:12) and 2 Cor. 6:7⁷By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armor of righteousness on the right hand and on the left, (2 Corinthians 6:7) is ὅπλον, which is 'arms' rather than 'armor.' For this dark night we need the arms of light; and the apostle could appeal to the Corinthians that among other things he had the arms of righteousness. In Luke 11:22²²But when a stronger than he shall come upon him, and overcome him, he taketh from him all his armor wherein he trusted, and divideth his spoils. (Luke 11:22) and Eph. 6:11-17¹¹Put on the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. ¹²For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. ¹³Wherefore take unto you the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand. ¹⁴Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness; ¹⁵And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; ¹⁶Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. ¹⁷And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God: (Ephesians 6:11‑17) it is πανοπλία, the full armor, which among the Romans consisted of shield, sword, lance, helmet, greaves, and breastplate. Christ took all the armor from the strong one, Satan; and the Christian, amid the fiery darts of that same enemy in the heavenlies, needs the whole armor. Contrast the full armor needed for the situation in Ephesians with the simple 'breastplate of faith and love,' and for a helmet 'the hope of salvation' needed for the wilderness, in 1 Thess. 5:8⁸But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. (1 Thessalonians 5:8).

Artscurious.—See Divination.

Ascension.

Christ ascending to heaven is plainly stated in Mark 16:19¹⁹So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God. (Mark 16:19); Luke 24:50⁵⁰And he led them out as far as to Bethany, and he lifted up his hands, and blessed them. (Luke 24:50); John 20:17¹⁷Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God. (John 20:17); Acts 1:9⁹And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight. (Acts 1:9); Eph. 4:10,¹⁰He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all things.) (Ephesians 4:10) &c. Though the apostles Matthew and John were present at the ascension it is to be remarked that neither of them relates it in their gospels. Matthew leaves Christ on earth, for as Messiah He will again appear. Of John, the Lord said, "If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?" John 21:22²²Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou me. (John 21:22).

Ashes.

Ashes were cast on the head when mourning, Matt. 11:21²¹Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. (Matthew 11:21); Luke 10:13¹³Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon, which have been done in you, they had a great while ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. (Luke 10:13). Paul also refers to the ashes of the red heifer sprinkling the unclean, Heb. 9:13¹³For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the flesh: (Hebrews 9:13); Num. 19:2-19²This is the ordinance of the law which the Lord hath commanded, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they bring thee a red heifer without spot, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came yoke: ³And ye shall give her unto Eleazar the priest, that he may bring her forth without the camp, and one shall slay her before his face: ⁴And Eleazar the priest shall take of her blood with his finger, and sprinkle of her blood directly before the tabernacle of the congregation seven times: ⁵And one shall burn the heifer in his sight; her skin, and her flesh, and her blood, with her dung, shall he burn: ⁶And the priest shall take cedar wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast it into the midst of the burning of the heifer. ⁷Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp, and the priest shall be unclean until the even. ⁸And he that burneth her shall wash his clothes in water, and bathe his flesh in water, and shall be unclean until the even. ⁹And a man that is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer, and lay them up without the camp in a clean place, and it shall be kept for the congregation of the children of Israel for a water of separation: it is a purification for sin. ¹⁰And he that gathereth the ashes of the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: and it shall be unto the children of Israel, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among them, for a statute for ever. ¹¹He that toucheth the dead body of any man shall be unclean seven days. ¹²He shall purify himself with it on the third day, and on the seventh day he shall be clean: but if he purify not himself the third day, then the seventh day he shall not be clean. ¹³Whosoever toucheth the dead body of any man that is dead, and purifieth not himself, defileth the tabernacle of the Lord; and that soul shall be cut off from Israel: because the water of separation was not sprinkled upon him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet upon him. ¹⁴This is the law, when a man dieth in a tent: all that come into the tent, and all that is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days. ¹⁵And every open vessel, which hath no covering bound upon it, is unclean. ¹⁶And whosoever toucheth one that is slain with a sword in the open fields, or a dead body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days. ¹⁷And for an unclean person they shall take of the ashes of the burnt heifer of purification for sin, and running water shall be put thereto in a vessel: ¹⁸And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or a grave: ¹⁹And the clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean on the third day, and on the seventh day: and on the seventh day he shall purify himself, and wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be clean at even. (Numbers 19:2‑19); typical of the application of the sufferings of Christ by the word to the heart and conscience, to cleanse the Christian in his walk.

Ass.

The ass of the East is a far superior animal to those in Europe, and is much used as a beast of burden. The animal has been honored by bearing the Lord when He was presented in Jerusalem as Zion's king; Matt. 21: 2, &c.

Assembly

. 1, συναγωγή, James 2:2,²For if there come unto your assembly a man with a gold ring, in goodly apparel, and there come in also a poor man in vile raiment; (James 2:2) the word mostly translated ‘synagogue’. 2, ἐκκλησία, Acts 19:32, 39, 41,³²Some therefore cried one thing, and some another: for the assembly was confused; and the more part knew not wherefore they were come together. (Acts 19:32)
³⁹But if ye inquire any thing concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a lawful assembly. (Acts 19:39)
⁴¹And when he had thus spoken, he dismissed the assembly. (Acts 19:41) referring to the people assembled in the theater: it is elsewhere always translated 'church:' though its meaning is 'assembly.' 3, πανήγυρις, Heb. 12:23,²³To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, (Hebrews 12:23) 'general assembly.' This should be joined to verse 22, and read, ' to an innumerable company of angels, the general assembly,' (the word ‘and' separating the subjects); the 'church of the first born' which follows is distinct.

Atonement

καταλλαγή, Rom. 5:11¹¹And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement. (Romans 5:11).-This should have been translated 'reconcilation,' as it is in 2 Cor. 5:18, 19,¹⁸And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation; ¹⁹To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation. (2 Corinthians 5:18‑19) and 'reconciling' in Rom. 11:15¹⁵For if the casting away of them be the reconciling of the world, what shall the receiving of them be, but life from the dead? (Romans 11:15). So that the word ‘atonement' may be said not to occur in the New Testament. The doctrine is there, which in short is, that the death of Christ is sacrificial: the Savior dying instead of the sinner: life is given and accepted as a sacrifice for life forfeited. The sins of the believer are imputed to the Savior; this is substitution, and the sinner is cleared of his guilt through faith in the atoning death of Christ. See Propitiation.

Augustus' Band

Acts 27:1¹And when it was determined that we should sail into Italy, they delivered Paul and certain other prisoners unto one named Julius, a centurion of Augustus' band. (Acts 27:1).-Supposed to be a sort of bodyguard to the Emperor, or a ‘king's own’ guard.

Authority.

See Power.

Baptism.

The following are alluded to in the N. T.: 1, John's baptism, the baptism of repentance, Matt. 3:7⁷But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? (Matthew 3:7); Luke 3:3,³And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; (Luke 3:3) &c. 2, Christian baptism, Rom. 6:3³Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? (Romans 6:3); Eph. 4:5⁵One Lord, one faith, one baptism, (Ephesians 4:5); Col. 2:12¹²Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead. (Colossians 2:12); 1 Peter 3:21: "buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God." Col. 2:12¹²Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead. (Colossians 2:12). 3, Baptized by the Holy Spirit into one body, 1 Cor. 12:13¹³For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. (1 Corinthians 12:13); Acts 1:5; 11:16⁵For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence. (Acts 1:5)
¹⁶Then remembered I the word of the Lord, how that he said, John indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost. (Acts 11:16). 4, The sufferings of the Lord, Mark 10:38, 39³⁸But Jesus said unto them, Ye know not what ye ask: can ye drink of the cup that I drink of? and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? ³⁹And they said unto him, We can. And Jesus said unto them, Ye shall indeed drink of the cup that I drink of; and with the baptism that I am baptized withal shall ye be baptized: (Mark 10:38‑39). 5, Baptism of fire, Matt. 3:11¹¹I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: (Matthew 3:11); Luke 3:16,¹⁶John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: (Luke 3:16) which is judgment. 6, The doctrine of baptisms (in the plural), Heb. 6:2,²Of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment. (Hebrews 6:2) Jewish washings, which the Jewish believers were to leave.

Barbarian

βάρβαρος, Acts 28.4; Rom. 1:14¹⁴I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise. (Romans 1:14); 1 Cor. 14:11¹¹Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me. (1 Corinthians 14:11); Col, 3:11. In the N. T. this refers to those who were not Greeks or Romans, or did not understand the Greek language. Thus in Rom. 1:14,¹⁴I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise. (Romans 1:14) Tyndale had "To the Grekes, and to them which are no Grekes;" Cranmer, ‘Vngrekes.' In Col. 3. ‘Barbarian' is supposed to refer to those who did not speak Greek, and ‘Scythian' to those beyond the north eastern boundaries of the Roman empire.

Barley

κριθή.-In Palestine, this is used as food for horses, and is mixed with wheat for bread by the poor; bread made all of barley is the commonest food. In Rev. 6:6⁶And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine. (Revelation 6:6) its value is one-third of wheat; when the Lord fed the 5,000 it was by multiplying the barley loaves, John 6:9-13⁹There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two small fishes: but what are they among so many? ¹⁰And Jesus said, Make the men sit down. Now there was much grass in the place. So the men sat down, in number about five thousand. ¹¹And Jesus took the loaves; and when he had given thanks, he distributed to the disciples, and the disciples to them that were set down; and likewise of the fishes as much as they would. ¹²When they were filled, he said unto his disciples, Gather up the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost. ¹³Therefore they gathered them together, and filled twelve baskets with the fragments of the five barley loaves, which remained over and above unto them that had eaten. (John 6:9‑13).

Basket.

1, κόφινος, a light hand basket, Matt. 14:20; 16:9²⁰And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the fragments that remained twelve baskets full. (Matthew 14:20)
⁹Do ye not yet understand, neither remember the five loaves of the five thousand, and how many baskets ye took up? (Matthew 16:9); Mark 6: 43; 8:19¹⁹When I brake the five loaves among five thousand, how many baskets full of fragments took ye up? They say unto him, Twelve. (Mark 8:19); Luke 9:17¹⁷And they did eat, and were all filled: and there was taken up of fragments that remained to them twelve baskets. (Luke 9:17); John 6:13¹³Therefore they gathered them together, and filled twelve baskets with the fragments of the five barley loaves, which remained over and above unto them that had eaten. (John 6:13). 2, σπυρίς, a larger basket used for corn, fish, &c., and in which Paul was let down by the wall, Matt. 15:37; 16:10³⁷And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets full. (Matthew 15:37)
¹⁰Neither the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many baskets ye took up? (Matthew 16:10); Mark 8:8, 20⁸So they did eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets. (Mark 8:8)
²⁰And when the seven among four thousand, how many baskets full of fragments took ye up? And they said, Seven. (Mark 8:20); Acts 9: 25. 3, σαργάνη, supposed to refer to its being made of wicker work, 2 Cor. 11:33³³And through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped his hands. (2 Corinthians 11:33).

Beast.Θηρίον.

In James 3:7⁷For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of things in the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind: (James 3:7) used in distinction from birds and serpents; used of 'wild beasts' in Mark 1:13¹³And he was there in the wilderness forty days, tempted of Satan; and was with the wild beasts; and the angels ministered unto him. (Mark 1:13); Acts 10:12; 11:6¹²Wherein were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. (Acts 10:12)
⁶Upon the which when I had fastened mine eyes, I considered, and saw fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. (Acts 11:6); Rev. 6:8⁸And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth. (Revelation 6:8); and 'venomous beast' in Acts 28:4, 5⁴And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live. ⁵And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm. (Acts 28:4‑5); used symbolically of the Cretans, Titus 1:12¹²One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said, The Cretians are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies. (Titus 1:12); and of the head of the future Roman power, and of Antichrist in Rev. 13:1,11¹And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. (Revelation 13:1)
¹¹And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon. (Revelation 13:11). 2, ζῶον, something 'alive,' an animal. Used of beasts of sacrifice, Heb. 13:11¹¹For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. (Hebrews 13:11); also the ‘natural brute beasts,' 2 Peter 2:12¹²But these, as natural brute beasts, made to be taken and destroyed, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and shall utterly perish in their own corruption; (2 Peter 2:12); Jude 10¹⁰But these speak evil of those things which they know not: but what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in those things they corrupt themselves. (Jude 10); and for the four living creatures in Rev. 4: 6-9; 5:6, 8, 11, 14,⁶And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne and of the four beasts, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as it had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent forth into all the earth. (Revelation 5:6)
⁸And when he had taken the book, the four beasts and four and twenty elders fell down before the Lamb, having every one of them harps, and golden vials full of odors, which are the prayers of saints. (Revelation 5:8)
¹¹And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round about the throne and the beasts and the elders: and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; (Revelation 5:11)
¹⁴And the four beasts said, Amen. And the four and twenty elders fell down and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever. (Revelation 5:14) &c. 3, κτῆνος animals as 'property,' Luke 10:34³⁴And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. (Luke 10:34); Acts 23:24²⁴And provide them beasts, that they may set Paul on, and bring him safe unto Felix the governor. (Acts 23:24); 1 Cor. 15:39³⁹All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds. (1 Corinthians 15:39); Rev. 18:13¹³And cinnamon, and odors, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men. (Revelation 18:13). 4, τετράπους, ‘four-footed,' Acts 10:12; 11:6¹²Wherein were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. (Acts 10:12)
⁶Upon the which when I had fastened mine eyes, I considered, and saw fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. (Acts 11:6); Rom. 1:23²³And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things. (Romans 1:23). 5, σφάγιον, a 'slaughtered beast,' Acts 7:42⁴²Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness? (Acts 7:42). 6, θηριομαχέω, 'to fight with a θηρίον,' 1 Cor. 15. 32; Paul's fighting with beasts most probably refers to the adversaries who contended with him at Ephesus.

Bed.

I, κράββατος, a common bed, like a thick-padded quilt, which could be easily rolled up and carried, Mark 2:4, 9, 11, 12,⁴And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay. (Mark 2:4)
⁹Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk? (Mark 2:9)
¹¹I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house. ¹²And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion. (Mark 2:11‑12) &c. It is also translated 'couch' in Acts 5:15¹⁵Insomuch that they brought forth the sick into the streets, and laid them on beds and couches, that at the least the shadow of Peter passing by might overshadow some of them. (Acts 5:15). 2, κλίνη, that on which persons 'recline,' Matt. 9: 2. It might be placed on a raised frame, under which a candle, or rather a small flat lamp, could be placed, and frame and all be called ‘a bed' or a couch, Luke 5:19, 24¹⁹And when they could not find by what way they might bring him in because of the multitude, they went upon the housetop, and let him down through the tiling with his couch into the midst before Jesus. (Luke 5:19)
²⁴But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins, (he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go into thine house. (Luke 5:24); Mark 4:21,²¹And he said unto them, Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick? (Mark 4:21) &c. 3, κοίτη, on which 'to lie,' Luke 11:7⁷And he from within shall answer and say, Trouble me not: the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot rise and give thee. (Luke 11:7); Heb. 13:4⁴Marriage is honorable in all, and the bed undefiled: but whoremongers and adulterers God will judge. (Hebrews 13:4). 4, στρώννυμι 'smoothing the bed,' Acts 9:34³⁴And Peter said unto him, Eneas, Jesus Christ maketh thee whole: arise, and make thy bed. And he arose immediately. (Acts 9:34).

Beginning

άρχή.—Besides the ordinary meaning of this as the commencement of anything, it has special reference to: a, Eternity, John 1:1, 2,¹In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. ²The same was in the beginning with God. (John 1:1‑2) b, Satan has sinned, and been a murderer from the beginning (perhaps of his fall, or the record of scripture), 1 John 3:8⁸He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested, that he might destroy the works of the devil. (1 John 3:8); John 8:44,⁴⁴Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. (John 8:44) c, Beginning of the creation, Mark 10:6⁶But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female. (Mark 10:6); Heb. 1:10¹⁰And, Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the foundation of the earth; and the heavens are the works of thine hands: (Hebrews 1:10); 2 Peter 3:4⁴And saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation. (2 Peter 3:4). d, Christ is called ‘the beginning of the creation of God,' the Head of the new creation, Rev. 3:14¹⁴And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; (Revelation 3:14). e, Beginning of Christianity, 1 John 1:1; 2:7,¹That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the Word of life; (1 John 1:1)
⁷Brethren, I write no new commandment unto you, but an old commandment which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment is the word which ye have heard from the beginning. (1 John 2:7) &c. f, αἰών, Acts 15. 18; Eph. 3:9: literally, 'throughout the ages,' eternity.

Belial

2 Cor. 6:15¹⁵And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? (2 Corinthians 6:15).-From the O. T. this appears to be an expression signifying a personification of wickedness; 'sons of Belial,' 'men of Belial,' wicked men, Deut. 13:13¹³Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known; (Deuteronomy 13:13); 1 Kings 21:10¹⁰And set two men, sons of Belial, before him, to bear witness against him, saying, Thou didst blaspheme God and the king. And then carry him out, and stone him, that he may die. (1 Kings 21:10). So in 2 Cor. 6. 15 it stands in contrast to Christ.

Believers.

Those who believed the gospel, Acts 5:14¹⁴And believers were the more added to the Lord, multitudes both of men and women.) (Acts 5:14); 1 Tim. 4:12¹²Let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an example of the believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity. (1 Timothy 4:12). The believers were a class of persons: they believed the record God gave of His Son and of His work, in contrast to unbelievers or infidels: cf. 2 Cor. 6:15¹⁵And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? (2 Corinthians 6:15).

Beryl

βήρυλλος, Rev. 21:20²⁰The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. (Revelation 21:20).-Perhaps a variety of chalcedony, of a yellow color, but there are various opinions concerning this stone. The eighth foundation of the heavenly Jerusalem. It occurs in the LXX in Ex. 28:20; 36:20²⁰And the fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper: they shall be set in gold in their inclosings. (Exodus 28:20)
²⁰And he made boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood, standing up. (Exodus 36:20) (39:13); Ezek. 28:13¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13).

Bierσορός.-

Probably the same light frame referred to under Bed: Luke 7:14¹⁴And he came and touched the bier: and they that bare him stood still. And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise. (Luke 7:14). In the O. T. the Hebrew word mittah is translated ‘bier' and 'bed.'

Bishop.

See Offices and Gifts in the Church, page 152.

Blasphemy.

The word 'blasphemy' is really a Greek word, βλασφημία. It has in scripture a much wider sense than that in which it is now used, and is not confined to speaking evil of God; it may refer to any evil speaking or reviling. It is used in this sense of God in Rev. 13:6; 16:9, 11, 21,⁶And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven. (Revelation 13:6)
⁹And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory. (Revelation 16:9)
¹¹And blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds. (Revelation 16:11)
²¹And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great. (Revelation 16:21) &c.; of the Lord Jesus in James 2:7⁷Do not they blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called? (James 2:7); 1 Peter 4:14¹⁴If ye be reproached for the name of Christ, happy are ye; for the spirit of glory and of God resteth upon you: on their part he is evil spoken of, but on your part he is glorified. (1 Peter 4:14); and of the Holy Ghost in Mark 3:29²⁹But he that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal damnation: (Mark 3:29). Paul uses the same word as to himself, translated 'being defamed' in 1 Cor. 4:13,¹³Being defamed, we entreat: we are made as the filth of the world, and are the offscouring of all things unto this day. (1 Corinthians 4:13) and ‘evil spoken of’ in 1 Cor. 10:30: cf. 1 Tim. 6:1¹Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed. (1 Timothy 6:1); Titus 2:5⁵To be discreet, chaste, keepers at home, good, obedient to their own husbands, that the word of God be not blasphemed. (Titus 2:5); 3:2; Jude 8⁸Likewise also these filthy dreamers defile the flesh, despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities. (Jude 8). There may be many sins against the Holy Spirit (cf. Acts 7:51⁵¹Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye. (Acts 7:51)), but it was blasphemy against Him—and that only—that the Lord declared could not be forgiven.

Bondman-Woman, -Maid.-

See Servant.

Book.

The books mentioned in the N. T. were rolls of parchment or skins prepared for writing on. Those for the synagogue had a roller fastened at each end, by which the reader could by holding a roller in each hand unroll the book as he read. In a usual way the rolls would be written on one side only, but the one mentioned in Rev. 5:1¹And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a book written within and on the backside, sealed with seven seals. (Revelation 5:1) was written on the back also, because of the fullness of the subject. This form of book explains the 'seals' spoken of in this passage. A portion of the book had been rolled up, and a seal affixed; then another portion rolled up, and another seal, until there were seven seals applied. Opening a seal would reveal only a section of the roll. Papyrus was also used for writing on, 2 John 12: it is supposed to be alluded to by ‘books' in 2 Tit. 4:13, because of the ‘parchments' being named separately.

Bottles

Matt. 9. 17; Mark 2:22²²And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles. (Mark 2:22); Luke 5:37, 38³⁷And no man putteth new wine into old bottles; else the new wine will burst the bottles, and be spilled, and the bottles shall perish. ³⁸But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are preserved. (Luke 5:37‑38).—The putting of new wine into new bottles, because the elasticity of the new leather allowed fermentation of the wine, clearly shows that the bottles alluded to were made of skins. The skins of kids and goats were used, and the hair was left on the outside, and the inside was tanned. Such bottles are still used in the East. The lesson taught by the Lord was, that the new order of things introduced by Christ could not be put into the forms of the old order: there must be a new life given: a new creation. Bottles were also made of earthenware by the potter.

Bottomless Pit.

See Deep.

Brass.

What metal is actually referred to is doubtful. Brass is really a compound of metals, and it is known that in the early Egyptian era a sort of bronze was used which was a compound. Whether it is this or another compound, or simply copper, that is referred to in the N. T. is not known. It is χαλκός and is referred to as money in Matt. 10:9⁹Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, (Matthew 10:9); as a sonorous substance in 1 Cor. 13:1¹Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. (1 Corinthians 13:1); as a commodity of merchandise in Rev. 18:12¹²The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12); and (χάλκεος) as a metal of which idols were made, in Rev. 9:20²⁰And the rest of the men which were not killed by these plagues yet repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood: which neither can see, nor hear, nor walk: (Revelation 9:20). In Rev. 1:15; 2:18¹⁵And his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters. (Revelation 1:15)
¹⁸And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write; These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass; (Revelation 2:18) it is χαλκολίβανον, supposed to be 'fine or glowing brass or copper.' The feet of the Lord are like this, because He is represented as acting in judgment and treading the winepress of God's wrath.

Bread.

Often used in scripture to denote food in general. Loaves in the East were made of wheaten flower or barley, leavened, and baked in flat cakes. As a rule they were made every day sufficient for the family, and if a visitor arrived fresh bread was made. See Oven. In allusion to the manna of the O. T. our Lord declared that He was the true bread, the bread of life, the bread of God, the bread that came down from heaven, the living bread: "He that eateth this bread shall live forever." John 6.

Breastplate

.See Armor.

Bride Bridegroom.-

Besides the use of these names in a natural way, Rev. 18:23,²³And the light of a candle shall shine no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and of the bride shall be heard no more at all in thee: for thy merchants were the great men of the earth; for by thy sorceries were all nations deceived. (Revelation 18:23) they are also referred to Christ and the church. John the Baptist, referring to a simple fact, says, "He that hath the bride is the bridegroom," which is true also of Christ; and adds, in reference to himself, "the friend of the bridegroom rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom's voice." John 3:29²⁹He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom's voice: this my joy therefore is fulfilled. (John 3:29). The Lord refers to Himself as the bridegroom, and to His disciples as the "children of the bridechamber:" they were not yet in the position of the bride, Matt. 9:15,¹⁵And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is with them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast. (Matthew 9:15) &c. In Matt. 25. Christ is still the Bridegroom, and His saints are the virgins who have gone forth to meet Him. The holy city, new Jerusalem, is seen prepared as a bride adorned for her husband: she is the Lamb's wife. The bride is not seen walking in the city, she is the city symbolically, Rev. 21:2, 9²And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. (Revelation 21:2)
⁹And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come hither, I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. (Revelation 21:9). The Spirit and the bride respond to the Lord, and say, Come.

Building, Builders.a,

The Jewish rulers were the builders who refused Christ as ‘the stone,' Matt. 21:42⁴²Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes? (Matthew 21:42); Acts 4:11¹¹This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner. (Acts 4:11); 1 Pet. 2:7⁷Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner, (1 Peter 2:7). b, The saints are God's building, 1 Cor. 3:9⁹For we are laborers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building. (1 Corinthians 3:9). They are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ being the chief corner stone: cf. Eph. 2:20-22²⁰And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; ²¹In whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord: ²²In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit. (Ephesians 2:20‑22); 1 Peter 2:5⁵Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. (1 Peter 2:5); Col. 2:7⁷Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving. (Colossians 2:7). c, Man also builds. Paul was a master-builder, or architect, who laid the foundation; he cautioned others to take heed what they built thereon, or their work might be burnt up, 1 Cor. 3:10-15¹⁰According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. ¹¹For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ. ¹²Now if any man build upon this foundation gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble; ¹³Every man's work shall be made manifest: for the day shall declare it, because it shall be revealed by fire; and the fire shall try every man's work of what sort it is. ¹⁴If any man's work abide which he hath built thereupon, he shall receive a reward. ¹⁵If any man's work shall be burned, he shall suffer loss: but he himself shall be saved; yet so as by fire. (1 Corinthians 3:10‑15) There is a continual building up of souls, which the saints are exhorted to do; this is often referred to as 'edifying' (the Greek words are the same). 1 Cor. 14:5, 12, 26⁵I would that ye all spake with tongues, but rather that ye prophesied: for greater is he that prophesieth than he that speaketh with tongues, except he interpret, that the church may receive edifying. (1 Corinthians 14:5)
¹²Even so ye, forasmuch as ye are zealous of spiritual gifts, seek that ye may excel to the edifying of the church. (1 Corinthians 14:12)
²⁶How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation. Let all things be done unto edifying. (1 Corinthians 14:26); Eph. 4:12,16,29,¹²For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: (Ephesians 4:12)
¹⁶From whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love. (Ephesians 4:16)
²⁹Let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth, but that which is good to the use of edifying, that it may minister grace unto the hearers. (Ephesians 4:29) &c. When things have got to their worst, we are to be building up ourselves on our most holy faith: Jude 20²⁰But ye, beloved, building up yourselves on your most holy faith, praying in the Holy Ghost, (Jude 20).

Burial.

See Sepulchers, in article on “Sepulchers, Tombs and Burials” just before “Money and Measures”.

Bushel.

See Money and Measures.

Calling

καλέω,κλῆσις.-` Calling' is used in various connections. It is our social position in 1 Cor. 7:20²⁰Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called. (1 Corinthians 7:20). In a christian connection, 'many are called,' as in invitations, but few chosen, Matt. 22:14¹⁴For many are called, but few are chosen. (Matthew 22:14). In an absolute sense, the gifts and calling of God are without repentance, Rom. 11:29²⁹For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance. (Romans 11:29). "Whom he called, them he also justified," Rom. 8:30³⁰Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified. (Romans 8:30). The saints are saints by calling; the apostles were apostles by calling, Rom. 1:1,7¹Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God, (Romans 1:1)
⁷To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. (Romans 1:7). We read of the ‘high calling,' Phil. 3:14¹⁴I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. (Philippians 3:14); the 'holy calling,' 2 Tim. 1:9⁹Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began, (2 Timothy 1:9); and the 'heavenly calling,' Heb. 3:1¹Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling, consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Christ Jesus; (Hebrews 3:1). We are to give diligence to make our calling and election sure, 2 Peter 1:10¹⁰Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your calling and election sure: for if ye do these things, ye shall never fall: (2 Peter 1:10).

Camel

κύμηλος.-The camel is wonderfully suited by God for traveling in the East. The stronger ones are used for carrying burdens, and can carry 5 to 7 cwt, The smaller ones are for riding, and can on a necessity travel 100 miles in 24 hours. They can live upon very little, the hump gradually decreasing in size when they have but little food. The hair is used for clothing, Matt. 3:4⁴And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey. (Matthew 3:4); Mark 1:6,⁶And John was clothed with camel's hair, and with a girdle of a skin about his loins; and he did eat locusts and wild honey; (Mark 1:6) &c.

Camp

Heb. 13:11, 13¹¹For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. (Hebrews 13:11)
¹³Let us go forth therefore unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach. (Hebrews 13:13); Rev. 20:9⁹And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them. (Revelation 20:9).—In the last reference the allusion is to the gathering together of the saints, when Satan stirs up the final attack upon them. In Hebrews the reference is to Judaism and its religious system, extending however to any religious system connected with the world in distinction from the heavenly character of the church of God, The bodies of the sin-offering were burned without the camp of Israel, Lev. 4:12, 21¹²Even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn him on the wood with fire: where the ashes are poured out shall he be burnt. (Leviticus 4:12)
²¹And he shall carry forth the bullock without the camp, and burn him as he burned the first bullock: it is a sin offering for the congregation. (Leviticus 4:21). Jesus also suffered "without the gate" of Jerusalem and its then earthly system. "Let us therefore go forth unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach."

Candle,

Candlestick,λύχνος, λυχνία, Matt. 5:15¹⁵Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house. (Matthew 5:15); Rev. 1:12,13, 20,¹²And I turned to see the voice that spake with me. And being turned, I saw seven golden candlesticks; ¹³And in the midst of the seven candlesticks one like unto the Son of man, clothed with a garment down to the foot, and girt about the paps with a golden girdle. (Revelation 1:12‑13)
²⁰The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:20) &c.‒The word λύχνος is translated 'light' in Matt. 6:22²²The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light. (Matthew 6:22); Luke 12:35³⁵Let your loins be girded about, and your lights burning; (Luke 12:35); John 5:35³⁵He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. (John 5:35); 2 Peter 1:19¹⁹We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts: (2 Peter 1:19); Rev. 21:23,²³And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof. (Revelation 21:23) The words are better translated 'lamp' and ‘lampstand,' though there is another Greek word for 'Lamp,' which see. The modern candles were not known in N. T. times.

Captain

See Roman Governors and Officers, just after “Money and Measures”.

Castaway.

See Reprobate.

Censer.

The vessel in which coals from the altar were carried, on which incense was sprinkled, Heb. 9:4: used metaphorically for the vessel in which the prayers of the saints are offered on the altar with much incense, followed by judgments on the earth, Rev. 8:3, 5³And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. (Revelation 8:3)
⁵And the angel took the censer, and filled it with fire of the altar, and cast it into the earth: and there were voices, and thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake. (Revelation 8:5).

Centurion.

See Roman Officers, just after “Money and Measures”.

Chalcedony

χαλκηδών, Rev. 21:19¹⁹And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; (Revelation 21:19).-There are several varieties of chalcedony, differing in color and bearing different names; the general shade is a pale, yellowish gray. The word does not occur in the LXX.1

Christ,

The,χριστός, the Anointed.-It is the same as Messiah, which is a Hebrew word, and also signifies 'the Anointed.' Messias occurs in John 1:41; 4:25,⁴¹He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. (John 1:41)
²⁵The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. (John 4:25) and is interpreted 'the Christ.' He was foretold in Psa. 2:2²The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the Lord, and against his anointed, saying, (Psalm 2:2) as 'his anointed,' which is ‘his Messiah.' In Dan. 9:25, 26,²⁵Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. ²⁶And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. (Daniel 9:25‑26) the Messiah the Prince shall be cut off and have nothing (margin). This was the one looked for by the Jews and the Samaritans, but who came as the humble Jesus of Nazareth. In many places in the A. V. where it is simply 'Christ,' as if that were His name, it should be ' the Christ,' the anointed one. In 1 Cor. 12:1¹Now concerning spiritual gifts, brethren, I would not have you ignorant. (1 Corinthians 12:1)2 The Head and the body form one whole, 'the Christ.'

Christian

Acts 11:26; 26:28²⁶And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. (Acts 11:26)
²⁸Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. (Acts 26:28); 1 Peter 4:16¹⁶Yet if any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf. (1 Peter 4:16). -Antioch prided itself upon 'giving names,' and was the first to call the disciples 'Christians,' as those who followed Christ. King Agrippa used the same term. The giving of the name may have been overruled by God: it is certainly very appropriate, and is adopted by Peter, as led by the Holy Spirit.

Chrysolite

χρυσόλιθος, Rev. 21:20²⁰The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. (Revelation 21:20).-Probably the ancient topaz of a golden or yellow color. The word occurs in the LXX in Ex. 28:20; 36:20²⁰And the fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper: they shall be set in gold in their inclosings. (Exodus 28:20)
²⁰And he made boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood, standing up. (Exodus 36:20) (30:13); Ezek. 28:13¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13).

Chrysoprasus

χρθσόπρασος, Rev. 21:20²⁰The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. (Revelation 21:20). -Supposed to be a variety of chalcedony of a green shade. The word does not occur in the LXX.

Church.

In Acts 19:37³⁷For ye have brought hither these men, which are neither robbers of churches, nor yet blasphemers of your goddess. (Acts 19:37) occurs 'robbers of churches,' but it should be 'robbers of temples:' no building was called a church. The word for church is έκκλησία, and simply means ‘assembly.' This is evident from Acts 19:32, 39, 41,³²Some therefore cried one thing, and some another: for the assembly was confused; and the more part knew not wherefore they were come together. (Acts 19:32)
³⁹But if ye inquire any thing concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a lawful assembly. (Acts 19:39)
⁴¹And when he had thus spoken, he dismissed the assembly. (Acts 19:41) where the same word is applied to those gathered in the theater. It is also used of the assembly or congregation of Israel in the wilderness in Acts 7:38³⁸This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us: (Acts 7:38). Everywhere else it refers to God's assembly. The church is said to be ' the body ' of Christ, Eph. 1:22,23²²And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church, ²³Which is his body, the fulness of him that filleth all in all. (Ephesians 1:22‑23); Col. 1:18, 24¹⁸And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence. (Colossians 1:18)
²⁴Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body's sake, which is the church: (Colossians 1:24). It is also the 'house of God,' 1 Tim. 3:15,¹⁵But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. (1 Timothy 3:15) in which there may be those who are professors only. It is compared to a great house in which are vessels both to honor and to dishonor, 2 Tim. 2:20,²⁰But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honor, and some to dishonor. (2 Timothy 2:20) so that judgment will have to begin at the house of God, 1 Peter 4:17¹⁷For the time is come that judgment must begin at the house of God: and if it first begin at us, what shall the end be of them that obey not the gospel of God? (1 Peter 4:17). Collectively there is but one church—one body, embracing every Christian on earth indwelt by the Holy Spirit, and containing none but Christians; but distributively we read of 'churches.' In any one city we read of only ' a ' church, as at Jerusalem, Acts 8. 1; but there were churches in districts, as in Judaea, in Galatia, Gal. 1:2,22,²And all the brethren which are with me, unto the churches of Galatia: (Galatians 1:2)
²²And was unknown by face unto the churches of Judea which were in Christ: (Galatians 1:22) and in Asia, Rev. 1:4⁴John to the seven churches which are in Asia: Grace be unto you, and peace, from him which is, and which was, and which is to come; and from the seven Spirits which are before his throne; (Revelation 1:4). Each local assembly was called ' a church,' though it really formed a part of the one church, and was in no sense a separate church. The church was formed by the baptism of the Holy Ghost at Pentecost, Acts 1:5;2:4⁵For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence. (Acts 1:5)
⁴And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. (Acts 2:4); 1 Cor. 12:13¹³For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. (1 Corinthians 12:13); Eph. 2:22²²In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit. (Ephesians 2:22); so that the church did not commence until then, which agrees with our Lord speaking of it as a future thing in Matt. 16:18¹⁸And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. (Matthew 16:18); and its doctrine was still a hidden mystery, until Paul afterward declared it. Eph. 3:3-7³How that by revelation he made known unto me the mystery; (as I wrote afore in few words, ⁴Whereby, when ye read, ye may understand my knowledge in the mystery of Christ) ⁵Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit; ⁶That the Gentiles should be fellowheirs, and of the same body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel: ⁷Whereof I was made a minister, according to the gift of the grace of God given unto me by the effectual working of his power. (Ephesians 3:3‑7). This shows the heavenly character of the church as the body of Christ, of which He is the Head in heaven, and that it is distinct from the Old Testament saints, and also from the saints who will be called after the church has left the earth.

Circumcision.

This was a rite peculiarly Jewish, so that the terms circumcised and uncircumcised are constantly used to denote Jews and Gentiles. It was concluded in the council at Jerusalem that circumcision was not binding on Gentile believers, and the Galatians are severely blamed for putting themselves under the law; if they trusted in circumcision Christ would profit them nothing. What it typified is explained in Col. 2:11: "Ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ." In Phil. 3:2,²Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. (Philippians 3:2) it stands in contrast to ‘concision,' which is a 'cutting,' an improving of the flesh: circumcision teaches cutting off: "Ye are dead.... mortify therefore your members which are on the earth." Col. 3:3,5³For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God. (Colossians 3:3)
⁵Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth; fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry: (Colossians 3:5).

Citizen

In Luke 15:1-5; 19:14¹Then drew near unto him all the publicans and sinners for to hear him. ²And the Pharisees and scribes murmured, saying, This man receiveth sinners, and eateth with them. ³And he spake this parable unto them, saying, ⁴What man of you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness, and go after that which is lost, until he find it? ⁵And when he hath found it, he layeth it on his shoulders, rejoicing. (Luke 15:1‑5)
¹⁴But his citizens hated him, and sent a message after him, saying, We will not have this man to reign over us. (Luke 19:14); Acts 21:39³⁹But Paul said, I am a man which am a Jew of Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, a citizen of no mean city: and, I beseech thee, suffer me to speak unto the people. (Acts 21:39) the term applies to those simply dwelling in the same city, and having civil rights. The chief captain did not suppose Paul was a Roman citizen, or he would not have ordered him to be scourged, Acts 22:29²⁹Then straightway they departed from him which should have examined him: and the chief captain also was afraid, after he knew that he was a Roman, and because he had bound him. (Acts 22:29). The saints’ ‘citizenship’ is in heaven, as Phil. 3: 20 may well be translated. The word is πολίτευμα.

Cloak.

See Garments.

Coals Of' Fire

Rom. 12:20²⁰Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head. (Romans 12:20).-The expression occurs also in Prov. 25:21, 22²¹If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink: ²²For thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and the Lord shall reward thee. (Proverbs 25:21‑22). The allusion seems to be melting and conquering an enemy by returning good for evil. A ' fire of coals,' John 18:18; 21:9¹⁸And the servants and officers stood there, who had made a fire of coals; for it was cold: and they warmed themselves: and Peter stood with them, and warmed himself. (John 18:18)
⁹As soon then as they were come to land, they saw a fire of coals there, and fish laid thereon, and bread. (John 21:9). Mineral coals are not known in Palestine; charcoal is still commonly used.

Coat.

See Garments.

Colony

Acts 16:12¹²And from thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days. (Acts 16:12).-A Roman colony was a place inhabited by persons transplanted from Rome, and governed by Roman laws.

Comforter.

See Advocate.

Coming of the Lord.

See Appearing.

Commendation, Letters Of

2 Cor. 3:1¹Do we begin again to commend ourselves? or need we, as some others, epistles of commendation to you, or letters of commendation from you? (2 Corinthians 3:1)-an Evident Intimation That Such Letters Are Needful When a Christian Goes to a Place Where He Is Unknown.

Communion.

See Fellowship.

Concision.

See Circumcision.

Confession.

See Profession.

Confirming.,

1. ἐπιστηρίξω, 'to fix firmly, establish.' A mission fulfilled by Paul and others, among the converts, by bringing the word home to their souls, by which they were established in the faiths Acts 14:22; 15:32, 41²²Confirming the souls of the disciples, and exhorting them to continue in the faith, and that we must through much tribulation enter into the kingdom of God. (Acts 14:22)
³²And Judas and Silas, being prophets also themselves, exhorted the brethren with many words, and confirmed them. (Acts 15:32)
⁴¹And he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches. (Acts 15:41). 2. βεβαιόω, ' to confirm, establish, verify,' Mark 16:20²⁰And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen. (Mark 16:20); Rom. 15:8⁸Now I say that Jesus Christ was a minister of the circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm the promises made unto the fathers: (Romans 15:8); Cor. 1:6, 8; Heb. 2:3³How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him; (Hebrews 2:3).

Conscience

συνείδησις, literally, ' joint knowledge.' It is the faculty God has given to every man since the fall by which he knows good and evil: cf. Gen. 3:22²²And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever: (Genesis 3:22); and for the disobeying of which, if he has no other light, he will be judged: cf. Rom. 2:15¹⁵Which show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) (Romans 2:15). The Christian has a 'purged ' conscience, the effect once for all of the work of Christ in respect of his sins; so that he has no more conscience of sins, Heb. 9. 14; 10:2. God will never impute sins to him. As a practical thing, Paul said, “I exercise myself to have always a conscience void of offense toward God and toward men," Acts 24:16¹⁶And herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence toward God, and toward men. (Acts 24:16). A ' good' conscience and a ' pure' conscience are named as what should characterize a Christian; whereas those who depart from the faith have a 'seared' conscience, and lose the fine sensibilities which the faith imparts. Others may have a ' weak' conscience through not apprehending Christian liberty. Conscience takes knowledge of acts, not of nature. When the sin in us is allowed to produce sins, then only is the conscience defiled.

Corban

Mark 7:11¹¹But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; he shall be free. (Mark 7:11) ‘Corban' is a Hebrew word, and is here translated ' a gift,' a consecrated gift. The Jews had allowed a son to say to his parent, ‘It is a consecrated gift, I cannot give it to you,' thus setting aside, by their traditions, his duty to his parents.

Corn`Corn of Wheat,'

Mark 4:28²⁸For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear. (Mark 4:28); John 12:24,²⁴Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. (John 12:24) &c.-Various words are used, signifying the breadstuffs of Palestine. The reference to the Lord is rather ' grain of wheat,' `the grain of wheat' must die or He could not produce the fruit He wished. There could be no living association of man with Him except on the resurrection side of the cross. The grain dies and brings forth ' much fruit.'

Cornerstone, Head of the Corner, Chief Corner-Stone

Matt. 21:42⁴²Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes? (Matthew 21:42); Mark 12:10¹⁰And have ye not read this scripture; The stone which the builders rejected is become the head of the corner: (Mark 12:10); Luke 20:17¹⁷And he beheld them, and said, What is this then that is written, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner? (Luke 20:17); Acts 4:11¹¹This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner. (Acts 4:11); 1 Peter 2:7⁷Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the same is made the head of the corner, (1 Peter 2:7).-Christ, though He had been rejected by the Jewish builders, is proclaimed as ‘head of the corner,' being a quotation from Psa. 118:22²²The stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner. (Psalm 118:22). Eph. 2:20²⁰And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; (Ephesians 2:20); 1 Peter 2:6⁶Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded. (1 Peter 2:6) speak of Him as the ‘chief corner-stone.' In Ephesians this is in connection with the foundation, and in Peter it is said to be 'laid,' so that the ‘chief corner-stone' may refer to a part of the foundation, and the 'head of the corner' to a top stone; agreeing with Christ being the 'first and the last,' the 'beginning and the ending' of God's plan of building up an edifice to His glory in the salvation of poor sinners.

Council, Counselor.-

See Sanhedrim, in “The Synagogue and the Sanhedrim”, shortly before “The Four Gospels”

Covenant, New Covenant.-

Except in Rom. 1:31,³¹Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: (Romans 1:31) ‘covenant breakers,' the word is διαθήκη: in the A. V. it is nearly as often translated ‘testament' as 'covenant,' with the same meaning. It is better always translated ‘covenant,' except in Heb. 9:16, 17¹⁶For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator. ¹⁷For a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is of no strength at all while the testator liveth. (Hebrews 9:16‑17). As an English word, 'covenant' implies an agreement between two or more; but in scripture it is the will and purpose of one—God. It was so with Israel: God stated His covenant, as His will concerning them, the blessing was conditional on their keeping it. The new covenant is future, when God will take up Israel again for blessing, Heb. 8:8⁸For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah: (Hebrews 8:8). God is not said to make a covenant with the church. Christ is the mediator of the new covenant, Heb. 8:6; 9:15; 12:24⁶But now hath he obtained a more excellent ministry, by how much also he is the mediator of a better covenant, which was established upon better promises. (Hebrews 8:6)
¹⁵And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance. (Hebrews 9:15)
²⁴And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel. (Hebrews 12:24); and Paul speaks of himself and others as being "able ministers of the new covenant," 2 Cor. 3:6⁶Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. (2 Corinthians 3:6). In Gal. 4. two covenants are spoken of; one made at mount Sinai, the other the "Jerusalem which is above and is free, which is our mother," Gal. 4:26²⁶But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all. (Galatians 4:26). From the above it will be seen that the new covenant 'is yet to be made with Israel, though some of its blessings are anticipated in the new order of things brought in by Christ, in contrast to the old order under the law: it brings blessings to us who are in the church, and will bring many and varied blessings to Israel by-and-by. Two things will characterize it: a knowledge of God as Jehovah, and the forgiveness of sins.

Creation, New Creatureκτίσις.-

In Mark 10:6; 13:19⁶But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female. (Mark 10:6)
¹⁹For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the beginning of the creation which God created unto this time, neither shall be. (Mark 13:19); Rom. 1:20²⁰For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: (Romans 1:20); 2 Peter 3:4⁴And saying, Where is the promise of his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of the creation. (2 Peter 3:4) reference is made to the creation of Gen. 1. In Col. 1:15¹⁵Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature: (Colossians 1:15) our Lord is spoken of as 'the first born of every creature,' and in Rev. 3:14¹⁴And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; (Revelation 3:14) as the 'beginning of the creation of God.' In Rom. 8:19, 20, 21, 39¹⁹For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God. ²⁰For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope, ²¹Because the creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. (Romans 8:19‑21)
³⁹Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Romans 8:39) every created thing is referred to as suffering from the effects of the sin of man, and as groaning for relief. In 2 Cor. 5:17¹⁷Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. (2 Corinthians 5:17) and Gal. 6:15¹⁵For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature. (Galatians 6:15) the Christian is said to be a ' new creation;' he is a new creation in Christ in contrast to the first creation in Adam, although until his body is redeemed he has not quite done with the first creation in its life, duties, and relationships. In all the above passages, 'creation ' is the better word. In 1 Tim. 4:4⁴For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving: (1 Timothy 4:4); James 1:18¹⁸Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures. (James 1:18); Rev. 5:13; 8:9¹³And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever. (Revelation 5:13)
⁹And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed. (Revelation 8:9) it is κτίσμα, ' creature.'

Creator

Rom. 1:25²⁵Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen. (Romans 1:25); 1 Peter 4:19¹⁹Wherefore let them that suffer according to the will of God commit the keeping of their souls to him in well doing, as unto a faithful Creator. (1 Peter 4:19).-One of the titles of God, but which also belongs to Christ, for all things were created by Him and for Him: Col. 1:16¹⁶For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: (Colossians 1:16).

Cross, the.

The well-known instrument used in crucifixion. It is used as a symbol of the sacrifice of the Lord: 'the death of the cross,' Phil. 2:8⁸And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. (Philippians 2:8); ‘the blood of his cross,' Col. 1:20²⁰And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven. (Colossians 1:20); 'preaching of the cross,' 1 Cor. 1:17,18¹⁷For Christ sent me not to baptize, but to preach the gospel: not with wisdom of words, lest the cross of Christ should be made of none effect. ¹⁸For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God. (1 Corinthians 1:17‑18). It was that on which atonement for sins was made. Jews and Gentiles were united into one body by the cross, Eph. 2:16¹⁶And that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having slain the enmity thereby: (Ephesians 2:16). The cross makes nothing of man, and was the symbol of shame to the Lord, Heb. 12:2²Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. (Hebrews 12:2); and of the shame and self-denial that lie in the Christian's path, Matt. 10:38; 16:24³⁸And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me. (Matthew 10:38)
²⁴Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me. (Matthew 16:24); Mark 8:34³⁴And when he had called the people unto him with his disciples also, he said unto them, Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me. (Mark 8:34); Luke 9:23²³And he said to them all, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me. (Luke 9:23); Gal. 5:11; 6:12¹¹And I, brethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution? then is the offence of the cross ceased. (Galatians 5:11)
¹²As many as desire to make a fair show in the flesh, they constrain you to be circumcised; only lest they should suffer persecution for the cross of Christ. (Galatians 6:12).

Crown.

The symbol of victory or royalty. 1, στέφανος. In derision they put a crown of thorns upon the Lord, Matt. 27:29²⁹And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews! (Matthew 27:29). The twenty-four elders, typical of the redeemed, have on their heads ‘crowns of gold,' Rev. 4:4, 10⁴And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold. (Revelation 4:4)
¹⁰The four and twenty elders fall down before him that sat on the throne, and worship him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, (Revelation 4:10). The woman in Rev. 12:1¹And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars: (Revelation 12:1) had on her head a crown of twelve stars, pointing to Israel and the twelve tribes. The Christian is said to receive 'a crown of righteousness,' 2 Tim. 4:8⁸Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing. (2 Timothy 4:8); 'the crown of life,' James 1:12¹²Blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord hath promised to them that love him. (James 1:12); Rev. 2:10¹⁰Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. (Revelation 2:10); and ‘a crown of glory,' 1 Peter 5:4⁴And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away. (1 Peter 5:4). It may be but one crown, looked at from different aspects: the warning to the saint is, "hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown," Rev. 3:11,¹¹Behold, I come quickly: hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown. (Revelation 3:11) The apostle Paul declared that the saints at Philippi and at Thessalonica were his ' crown,' Phil. 4:1¹Therefore, my brethren dearly beloved and longed for, my joy and crown, so stand fast in the Lord, my dearly beloved. (Philippians 4:1); 1 Thess. 2:19¹⁹For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even ye in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming? (1 Thessalonians 2:19). 2, διάδημα, better translated ' Diadem it is only worn by the Lord, Rev. 19:12¹²His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself. (Revelation 19:12); by Satan as the 'great red dragon,' Rev. 12:3³And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads. (Revelation 12:3); and by the beast, the head of the future Roman power, Rev. 13:1¹And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. (Revelation 13:1).

Crucifixion.

The most painful and degrading death; scripture says, 'Cursed is every one that hangeth upon a tree,' Gal. 3:13¹³Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree: (Galatians 3:13). The Romans nailed the hands to the cross piece of wood, and the feet to the upright beam. The crucified sometimes lived for two days. Breaking the legs was requested by the Jews that the bodies might be the sooner buried.

Crystal

Rev. 4:6; 21:11; 22:1,⁶And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four beasts full of eyes before and behind. (Revelation 4:6)
¹¹Having the glory of God: and her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like a jasper stone, clear as crystal; (Revelation 21:11)
¹And he showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb. (Revelation 22:1) glass ‘like unto crystal,' and 'clear as crystal.' The word is κρύσταλλος, and means 'ice,' and then 'crystal' from its resemblance to ice. The same word is used in the LXX to mean both ' ice ' and 'crystal,' Job 6:16¹⁶Which are blackish by reason of the ice, and wherein the snow is hid: (Job 6:16) and Ezek. 1:22²²And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature was as the color of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above. (Ezekiel 1:22).

Cubit.

See Money and Measures.

Cummin

Cup.

This is often taken as a symbol of what was in the cup: cf. I Cor. 10:16. It is also used by the Lord in reference to what He had to endure in putting away sin, Matt. 20:22; 26:39,²²But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able. (Matthew 20:22)
³⁹And he went a little further, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt. (Matthew 26:39) &c.

Curious Arts.

See Divination.

Custom, Receipt of Custom.-

Kings of the earth took ' custom' of tributary people, strangers, Matt. 17:25,²⁵He saith, Yes. And when he was come into the house, Jesus prevented him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon? of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute? of their own children, or of strangers? (Matthew 17:25) and which Christians are exhorted to pay, Rom. 13:7⁷Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor. (Romans 13:7). A tribute was paid by the Jews to the Romans, and the ‘receipt of custom' was the office where such payments were received.-See Tribute.

Cymbal.

A piece of metal formed somewhat like a plate, two of which were struck together. The sounds are disagreeable and inharmonious when heard without other instruments. The word for 'tinkling' is translated 'wailed' in Mark 5:38³⁸And he cometh to the house of the ruler of the synagogue, and seeth the tumult, and them that wept and wailed greatly. (Mark 5:38). The allusion is to the words a professed Christian may utter without the love of God in his heart, 1 Cor. 13:1¹Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. (1 Corinthians 13:1).

Damnable

ἀπώλεια, from ‘to destroy,' 2 Peter 2:1,¹But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. (2 Peter 2:1) 'destructive' heresies.

Damnation.

See Judgment.

Darkness.

a, The supernatural darkness at the crucifixion: as if Nature itself shuddered at the spectacle of its Creator being nailed to a cross, and would cover His shame from the cruel gaze of His enemies, Matt. 27:45,⁴⁵Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land unto the ninth hour. (Matthew 27:45) &c. b, The great future judgment on the earth, when ' the sun shall be turned into darkness,' Acts 2:20²⁰The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come: (Acts 2:20). c, The abode of the lost, in contrast with the light in which God dwells, Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30¹²But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. (Matthew 8:12)
¹³Then said the king to the servants, Bind him hand and foot, and take him away, and cast him into outer darkness; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. (Matthew 22:13)
³⁰And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. (Matthew 25:30); 2 Peter 2:4, 17⁴For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment; (2 Peter 2:4)
¹⁷These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever. (2 Peter 2:17); Jude 6,13⁶And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. (Jude 6)
¹³Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever. (Jude 13). d, The kingdom and power of Satan, Luke 22:53⁵³When I was daily with you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is your hour, and the power of darkness. (Luke 22:53); Eph. 6:12¹²For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. (Ephesians 6:12); Col. 1:13¹³Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: (Colossians 1:13). e, The spiritual condition of fallen man is darkness, Matt. 4:16¹⁶The people which sat in darkness saw great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung up. (Matthew 4:16); Luke 1:79⁷⁹To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace. (Luke 1:79); John 3:19¹⁹And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were evil. (John 3:19); Eph. 5:8,⁸For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord: walk as children of light: (Ephesians 5:8) f The sad condition of one brought into the light, if he abides not in the light, Matt. 6:23²³But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23); Luke 11:34,35³⁴The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is evil, thy body also is full of darkness. ³⁵Take heed therefore that the light which is in thee be not darkness. (Luke 11:34‑35). All these stand in strong contrast to the Lord as the true light, which coming into the world lighteth every man.

Day of the Lord.

The time when Christ will come to the earth in judgment, 1 Thess. 5:2²For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. (1 Thessalonians 5:2); 2 Peter 3:10¹⁰But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up. (2 Peter 3:10).

Dayspring

Luke 1:78⁷⁸Through the tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us, (Luke 1:78).-Christ as the dawn, the true light, come into the dark world.

Day Star

2 Peter 1:19¹⁹We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts: (2 Peter 1:19). The day star arises in the heart when the coming of Christ as the bright and morning star becomes by faith a bright hope in the soul.

Deacon-

See Offices in the Church, just before “The books of the New Testament, briefly considered”

Death.

a, The dissolution of soul and body, the wages of sin, Rom. 5:14¹⁴Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. (Romans 5:14); 1 Cor. 15:22²²For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive. (1 Corinthians 15:22). b, The spiritual condition of fallen man, John 5:24²⁴Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life. (John 5:24); Eph. 2:1¹And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins; (Ephesians 2:1). c, The working of the law in a renewed soul struggling for liberty, Rom. 7:10¹⁰And the commandment, which was ordained to life, I found to be unto death. (Romans 7:10). d, The standing of the Christian as to the law, sin, and the elements of the world, by dying with Christ, Rom. 6:8⁸Now if we be dead with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with him: (Romans 6:8); Col. 2:20²⁰Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances, (Colossians 2:20). e, Death personified, the last enemy to be destroyed, 1 Cor. 15:26²⁶The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death. (1 Corinthians 15:26). f. The death of the Christian is often called ' falling asleep,' Acts 7:60⁶⁰And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep. (Acts 7:60); 1 Cor. 15:6,18⁶After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep. (1 Corinthians 15:6)
¹⁸Then they also which are fallen asleep in Christ are perished. (1 Corinthians 15:18); 1 Thess. 4:13, 15¹³But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. (1 Thessalonians 4:13)
¹⁵For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep. (1 Thessalonians 4:15). The Second Death-the eternal doom of the wicked, and the casting into the lake of fire of Death and Hades, Rev. 2:11; 20:6, 14; 21: 8¹¹He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death. (Revelation 2:11)
⁶Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years. (Revelation 20:6)
¹⁴And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. (Revelation 20:14).

Dedication

Feast of the, John 10:22²²And it was at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it was winter. (John 10:22).-We do not read of this in the O. T.; but it doubtless refers to the dedication of the altar after its desecration by Antiochus Epiphanes, about B.C. 166. See note in “Connection of the Old Testament with the New”.

Deep.

Besides the ordinary meaning of ‘profound,' John 4:11¹¹The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water? (John 4:11); Cor. 2:10, and for ' the sea,' Luke 5:4⁴Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. (Luke 5:4); 2 Cor. 11:25,²⁵Thrice was I beaten with rods, once was I stoned, thrice I suffered shipwreck, a night and a day I have been in the deep; (2 Corinthians 11:25) the word ἄβυσσος is translated ' deep ' in Luke 8:31³¹And they besought him that he would not command them to go out into the deep. (Luke 8:31); Rom. 10:7,⁷Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.) (Romans 10:7) and ‘bottomless pit' in Rev. 9:1, 2, 11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1, 3:¹And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given the key of the bottomless pit. ²And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit. (Revelation 9:1‑2)
¹¹And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. (Revelation 9:11)
⁷And when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall overcome them, and kill them. (Revelation 11:7)
⁸The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Revelation 17:8) the abode of evil spirits, not the same as the 'lake of fire,' Rev. 19:20; 20:10²⁰And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone. (Revelation 19:20)
¹⁰And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. (Revelation 20:10). It is the place in which Satan will be confined during the thousand years of the millennium.

Destruction.

1,ἀπώλεια, from ' to destroy,' overthrow, ruin, Matt. 7:13¹³Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: (Matthew 7:13); Rom. 9:22²²What if God, willing to show his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction: (Romans 9:22); Phil. 3:19¹⁹Whose end is destruction, whose God is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.) (Philippians 3:19); 2 Peter 2:1; 3:16¹But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. (2 Peter 2:1)
¹⁶As also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction. (2 Peter 3:16). Also translated ‘perdition, perish, die, waste, pernicious ways, damnation.' 2, ὄλεθρος, ‘destruction,' 1 Cor. 5:5⁵To deliver such an one unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus. (1 Corinthians 5:5); 1 Thess. 5:3³For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child; and they shall not escape. (1 Thessalonians 5:3); 2 Thess. 1:9⁹Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power; (2 Thessalonians 1:9); 1 Tim. 6:9⁹But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. (1 Timothy 6:9). 3, καθαίρεσις from 'to take down or away’, ‘destroy:' 2 Cor. 10:8; 13:10⁸For though I should boast somewhat more of our authority, which the Lord hath given us for edification, and not for your destruction, I should not be ashamed: (2 Corinthians 10:8)
¹⁰Therefore I write these things being absent, lest being present I should use sharpness, according to the power which the Lord hath given me to edification, and not to destruction. (2 Corinthians 13:10). Translated 'pulling down,' 2 Cor. 10:4⁴(For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;) (2 Corinthians 10:4). 4, σύντριμμα, from ' to break, break in pieces:' Rom. 3:16¹⁶Destruction and misery are in their ways: (Romans 3:16). In none of the above Greek words, nor in the passages, is there the thought of ‘annihilation,'or ceasing to exist.

Devil.

διάβολος, from 'to strike through,' and figuratively to stab with accusation; accuser. Except in John 6:70,⁷⁰Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil? (John 6:70) where Judas is said to be a devil, this word refers to the great evil spirit—a real person—whose name is Satan. He tempted our parents in the garden of Eden, and has been and is the great enemy of God, of His people, and of all mankind. He tempted the Lord; is the constant tempter of mankind generally; and seeks to corrupt the kingdom of Christ. He sowed the tares among the wheat, Matt. 13:39,³⁹The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels. (Matthew 13:39) and endeavors to ensnare with his devices all God's children. Christ annulled his power for believers, Heb. 2:14,¹⁴Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same; that through death he might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil; (Hebrews 2:14) and the promise is given that if they resist him he will flee from them, James 4:7⁷Submit yourselves therefore to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. (James 4:7). The place of endless torment was prepared for him and his angels. Matt. 25:41,⁴¹Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: (Matthew 25:41) into which he will be finally cast, Rev. 20:10¹⁰And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. (Revelation 20:10). The Greek word is translated ' false accuser' in 2 Tim. 3:3³Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, (2 Timothy 3:3); Titus 2:3³The aged women likewise, that they be in behavior as becometh holiness, not false accusers, not given to much wine, teachers of good things; (Titus 2:3); and ‘slanderer' in 1 Tim. 3:11¹¹Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. (1 Timothy 3:11). 2, δαιμόνιον, δαίμων,, always translated ' devil,' but should have been ' demon,' in distinction from Satan, though the demons are his agents: wicked spirits, of whom Beelzebub was the prince. In the latter day some give heed to the teaching of demons. 1 Tim. 4:1¹Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; (1 Timothy 4:1) In the temples of the heathen were tables of demons, because the sacrifices were really offered to demons, 1 Cor. 10:20, 21²⁰But I say, that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God: and I would not that ye should have fellowship with devils. ²¹Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord's table, and of the table of devils. (1 Corinthians 10:20‑21). They were the wicked spirits who possessed mankind, as in the following: 3, δαιμονίζομαι ' possessed by demons.' The instances recorded prove that they were real beings, though spirits, for they spake, and answered the Lord, though the voice used may have been that of the possessed, Matt. 8:31³¹So the devils besought him, saying, If thou cast us out, suffer us to go away into the herd of swine. (Matthew 8:31); Luke 8:30, 31³⁰And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him. ³¹And they besought him that he would not command them to go out into the deep. (Luke 8:30‑31). They are said to believe, no doubt referring to the facts of scripture, James 2. 19; and they feared that the Lord (whom they call Son of God) would torment them before the time, Matt. 8:29²⁹And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us before the time? (Matthew 8:29). They were powerful, and could only be driven out by One stronger than Satan—either by the Person of the Lord Himself or by those empowered by Him, Luke 8:29²⁹(For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For oftentimes it had caught him: and he was kept bound with chains and in fetters; and he brake the bands, and was driven of the devil into the wilderness.) (Luke 8:29); Acts 19:16¹⁶And the man in whom the evil spirit was leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded. (Acts 19:16).

Dinner

ἄριστον, ' early meal ' It was used for ' breakfast,' or any morning meal. It appears to be used in the N. T. for any meal: Matt. 22:4⁴Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. (Matthew 22:4) (in Luke 14:16¹⁶Then said he unto him, A certain man made a great supper, and bade many: (Luke 14:16) the same feast is called ' supper '); Luke 11:37, 38; 14:12³⁷And as he spake, a certain Pharisee besought him to dine with him: and he went in, and sat down to meat. ³⁸And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not first washed before dinner. (Luke 11:37‑38)
¹²Then said he also to him that bade him, When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither thy kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbors; lest they also bid thee again, and a recompence be made thee. (Luke 14:12); John 21:12, 15¹²Jesus saith unto them, Come and dine. And none of the disciples durst ask him, Who art thou? knowing that it was the Lord. (John 21:12)
¹⁵So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs. (John 21:15).

Disciple

μαθητής in, from μαθέω to learn, and hence ‘a learner' or 'follower of a teacher.' It is applied, a, to the followers of John the Baptist, Matt. 9:14,¹⁴Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not? (Matthew 9:14) &c. b, the followers of the Pharisees, Matt. 22:16¹⁶And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians, saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not the person of men. (Matthew 22:16); Mark 2:18¹⁸And the disciples of John and of the Pharisees used to fast: and they come and say unto him, Why do the disciples of John and of the Pharisees fast, but thy disciples fast not? (Mark 2:18). c, the twelve apostles. Matt. 10:1; 11:1¹And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease. (Matthew 10:1)
¹And it came to pass, when Jesus had made an end of commanding his twelve disciples, he departed thence to teach and to preach in their cities. (Matthew 11:1); Luke 6:13; 9:1,¹³And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles; (Luke 6:13)
¹Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power and authority over all devils, and to cure diseases. (Luke 9:1) &c. d, the followers of Christ generally, John 6:60, 61, 66⁶⁰Many therefore of his disciples, when they had heard this, said, This is an hard saying; who can hear it? ⁶¹When Jesus knew in himself that his disciples murmured at it, he said unto them, Doth this offend you? (John 6:60‑61)
⁶⁶From that time many of his disciples went back, and walked no more with him. (John 6:66); Acts 1:15,¹⁵And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples, and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and twenty,) (Acts 1:15) &c. The title belonged in an emphatic way to those who were real followers of the Lord Jesus, John 15:8⁸Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples. (John 15:8).

Dispensation

οἰκονμία, ' administration of affairs:' what God dispenses to an individual or to a people. It was a dispensation of law until John: grace and truth came by Jesus Christ, and a dispensation of the gospel of the glory and of grace was committed to Paul: 1 Cor. 9:17¹⁷For if I do this thing willingly, I have a reward: but if against my will, a dispensation of the gospel is committed unto me. (1 Corinthians 9:17); Eph. 3:2²If ye have heard of the dispensation of the grace of God which is given me to you-ward: (Ephesians 3:2); Col. 1:25²⁵Whereof I am made a minister, according to the dispensation of God which is given to me for you, to fulfil the word of God; (Colossians 1:25). The dispensation of the fullness of times is future, when God will gather together all things in Christ, Eph. 1:10¹⁰That in the dispensation of the fulness of times he might gather together in one all things in Christ, both which are in heaven, and which are on earth; even in him: (Ephesians 1:10).

Divination

Acts 16:16¹⁶And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying: (Acts 16:16).-The damsel was "possessed with a spirit of Pithon " (margin). This has been described as "the famous dragon who guarded the oracle of Delphi." The woman brought gain to her masters by soothsaying, foretelling events, &c., but she was aided in this by a spirit or demon, which Paul cast out, and her powers of deception were gone. In Acts 19:19¹⁹Many of them also which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver. (Acts 19:19) there were those who practiced 'curious arts,' inquiring into hidden things, for which they had books, like astrologers. In Acts 8. Simon "used sorcery or magic arts;" and in Acts 13:8⁸But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn away the deputy from the faith. (Acts 13:8) Elymas is described as a ‘sorcerer,' or magician. In the O. T. such were not allowed to live, Lev. 20:27: they were the mere tools of Satan to deceive the people, as are those who now practice spiritualism.

Divorce, Bill Of' Divorcement.-

The power of a man to put away his wife for any cause, had been permitted by Moses; but the Lord declared that for adultery alone should a woman be put away, Matt. 19:3-10³The Pharisees also came unto him, tempting him, and saying unto him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause? ⁴And he answered and said unto them, Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, ⁵And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh? ⁶Wherefore they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder. ⁷They say unto him, Why did Moses then command to give a writing of divorcement, and to put her away? ⁸He saith unto them, Moses because of the hardness of your hearts suffered you to put away your wives: but from the beginning it was not so. ⁹And I say unto you, Whosoever shall put away his wife, except it be for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery: and whoso marrieth her which is put away doth commit adultery. ¹⁰His disciples say unto him, If the case of the man be so with his wife, it is not good to marry. (Matthew 19:3‑10); Mark 10:2²And the Pharisees came to him, and asked him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife? tempting him. (Mark 10:2). A writing of divorcement had wisely been added, for the very drawing up of this and having it witnessed was a check upon the hasty passions of man.

Doctors of the Law.

See Jewish Sects, just before “The Synagogue and the Sanhedrim”.

Dogs.

These in the East are chiefly scavengers who devour the offal, and have no home, though puppies are often taken into the houses of the peasants, and fondled and fed. This will account for the Syrophenician woman saying that the dogs (the diminutive of the word being here used) under the table eat the children's crumbs. The term is applied to—a, Gentiles, Matt. 15:26, 27²⁶But he answered and said, It is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it to dogs. ²⁷And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table. (Matthew 15:26‑27); Mark 7:27, 28²⁷But Jesus said unto her, Let the children first be filled: for it is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it unto the dogs. ²⁸And she answered and said unto him, Yes, Lord: yet the dogs under the table eat of the children's crumbs. (Mark 7:27‑28). b, Those unfit to be inside, Rev. 22. 15; Phil. 3:2,²Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. (Philippians 3:2) they are the outside wicked, of whom we are to beware. c, Those who are morally impure, Matt. 7:6⁶Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you. (Matthew 7:6); 2 Peter 2:22²²But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire. (2 Peter 2:22); they are classed with the 'swine.'

Door.

The door is symbolical of the true entrance, in contrast to those who enter by climbing up some other way. The Lord entered by God's appointed door (presentation in the temple and circumcision) into the Jewish sheepfold. He Himself is the door of the sheep (John 10:1-9¹Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. ²But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. ³To him the porter openeth; and the sheep hear his voice: and he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out. ⁴And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before them, and the sheep follow him: for they know his voice. ⁵And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him: for they know not the voice of strangers. ⁶This parable spake Jesus unto them: but they understood not what things they were which he spake unto them. ⁷Then said Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto you, I am the door of the sheep. ⁸All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers: but the sheep did not hear them. ⁹I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture. (John 10:1‑9)), by which all must enter to be saved. An open door represents the way being free for the spread of the gospel, 1 Cor. 16:9⁹For a great door and effectual is opened unto me, and there are many adversaries. (1 Corinthians 16:9); 2 Cor. 2:12¹²Furthermore, when I came to Troas to preach Christ's gospel, and a door was opened unto me of the Lord, (2 Corinthians 2:12); Col. 4:3³Withal praying also for us, that God would open unto us a door of utterance, to speak the mystery of Christ, for which I am also in bonds: (Colossians 4:3); Rev. 3:8⁸I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it: for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name. (Revelation 3:8). The door being closed is symbolical of the close of the present dispensation, Matt. 25:10¹⁰And while they went to buy, the bridegroom came; and they that were ready went in with him to the marriage: and the door was shut. (Matthew 25:10). The Judge standing at the door, James 5: 9, tells us that the Lord is at hand to set things right, and to vindicate those of whom He approves. He is still in grace knocking at the hearts of those who compose the Laodicean church, Rev. 3:20²⁰Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20).

Dove

περιστερά, pigeon or dove. Such were sold in the temple for offerings, Matt. 21:12¹²And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, (Matthew 21:12); Mark 11:15,¹⁵And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves; (Mark 11:15) &c. We are exhorted to be as harmless as doves, Matt. 10:16¹⁶Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16). When the Holy Spirit descended and rested upon the Lord it was in ‘bodily shape like a dove,' Luke 3:22²²And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased. (Luke 3:22); John 1:32,³²And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him. (John 1:32) symbol of harmlessness and peace: compare the Holy Spirit like tongues of fire, as a symbol of testimony in Acts 2:3³And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. (Acts 2:3).

Dragon

used in the N. T. as a description of Satan, the ‘great red dragon,' Rev. 12; 13:2, 4, 11; 16:3; 20:2²And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. (Revelation 13:2)
⁴And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him? (Revelation 13:4)
¹¹And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon. (Revelation 13:11)
³And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it became as the blood of a dead man: and every living soul died in the sea. (Revelation 16:3)
²And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years, (Revelation 20:2).

Eagle

άετύς.-Emblem of devouring judgment when God's set time is come, Matt. 24:28²⁸For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together. (Matthew 24:28); Luke 17:37³⁷And they answered and said unto him, Where, Lord? And he said unto them, Wheresoever the body is, thither will the eagles be gathered together. (Luke 17:37). One of the living creatures in Rev. 4:7⁷And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle. (Revelation 4:7) was like a flying eagle, as one capable of soaring heavenward; and an eagle helps the woman (Israel) to escape from the dragon, Rev. 12:14¹⁴And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent. (Revelation 12:14). Cf. Deut. 28:49⁴⁹The Lord shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand; (Deuteronomy 28:49). In Rev. 8:13¹³And I beheld, and heard an angel flying through the midst of heaven, saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabiters of the earth by reason of the other voices of the trumpet of the three angels, which are yet to sound! (Revelation 8:13) ‘eagle’ should be read instead of 'angel.'

Earnest

2 Cor. 1:22; 5:5²²Who hath also sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit in our hearts. (2 Corinthians 1:22)
⁵Now he that hath wrought us for the selfsame thing is God, who also hath given unto us the earnest of the Spirit. (2 Corinthians 5:5); Eph. 1:14¹⁴Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory. (Ephesians 1:14).-The Holy Spirit is given to believers as a pledge or earnest of all the promises, and of the glorified body, according to the contexts.

Easter

Acts 12:4⁴And when he had apprehended him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him; intending after Easter to bring him forth to the people. (Acts 12:4).-The word is πάσχα, and clearly refers to the Passover. At the time the Authorized Version was made the words Passover and Easter were almost interchangeable.

Elders See “Offices in the Church”

Just Before “the Books of the New Testament, Briefly Considered”.

Election.

See Predestination.

Emerald

σμάραγδος, Rev. 4:3; 21:19³And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. (Revelation 4:3)
¹⁹And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; (Revelation 21:19).-A beautiful green gem in prismatic crystals. It occurs in the LXX in Ex. 28. 9, 17; 36:13, 17 (39:6, 10); Ezek. 28:13¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13).

Eternal.

1, άἷδιος, ‘always,' eternal, Rom. 1:20²⁰For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: (Romans 1:20); Jude 6⁶And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. (Jude 6). 2, αίών, ' always being,' Eph. 3:11¹¹According to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord: (Ephesians 3:11); 1 Tim. 1:17¹⁷Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Timothy 1:17). 3. αἰώνιος, same as αἰών, without beginning or end. This word occurs very frequently and is often translated 'everlasting.' It is applied to God, Rom. 16:26²⁶But now is made manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the obedience of faith: (Romans 16:26); and to the Holy Spirit, Heb. 9:14¹⁴How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? (Hebrews 9:14). Also to life' many times, Matt. 25:46,⁴⁶And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal. (Matthew 25:46) &c.; ' redemption,' Heb. 9:12¹²Neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his own blood he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us. (Hebrews 9:12); ' salvation,' Heb. 5:9⁹And being made perfect, he became the author of eternal salvation unto all them that obey him; (Hebrews 5:9); ‘’glory,' 2 Tim. 2:10¹⁰Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sakes, that they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory. (2 Timothy 2:10). Also to 'judgment,' Heb. 6:2²Of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment. (Hebrews 6:2); fire,' Jude 7⁷Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. (Jude 7); ‘’punishment,' Matt. 25:46⁴⁶And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal. (Matthew 25:46); 'destruction,' 2 Thess. 1:9,⁹Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power; (2 Thessalonians 1:9) There are no stronger words in the Greek language than the above to imply 'never ending, endless, eternal.'

Eternal Life

ζωή αἰώνιος. -This is the gift of God, 1 John 5:11,¹¹And this is the record, that God hath given to us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. (1 John 5:11) and of Christ, John 10:28²⁸And I give unto them eternal life; and they shall never perish, neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand. (John 10:28). It is by faith in the Son, John 6:47,⁴⁷Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath everlasting life. (John 6:47) and for which Christ had to become a man and die, John 3:14; 6:54¹⁴And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: (John 3:14)
⁵⁴Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. (John 6:54) it is possessed in the Son, 1 John 5:11¹¹And this is the record, that God hath given to us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. (1 John 5:11). It is another life outside of life in Adam down here. God would have His saints know that they have eternal life now, 1 John 5.13, and enjoy it in the power of the Holy Spirit, to be enjoyed in its fullest sense only when mortality is swallowed up of life.

Eunuch

Acts 8:27-39²⁷And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship, ²⁸Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet. ²⁹Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to this chariot. ³⁰And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest? ³¹And he said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired Philip that he would come up and sit with him. ³²The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth: ³³In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth. ³⁴And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man? ³⁵Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. ³⁶And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized? ³⁷And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. ³⁸And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. ³⁹And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went on his way rejoicing. (Acts 8:27‑39).—Persons who often held high offices in eastern countries, as the Ethiopian eunuch: see also Matt. 19:12¹²For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it. (Matthew 19:12).

Euroclydon

Acts 27.,4.-Most Editors read Eurakulon, which implies a north easterly wind.

Evangelist.

See Preacher.

Everlasting.

See Eternal.

Eyesalve

Rev. 3:18,¹⁸I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear; and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that thou mayest see. (Revelation 3:18) is what Christ exhorted the Laodiceans to apply that they might see. They were like those described by the Lord, blind, but who said they saw. They needed the anointing of the Holy Spirit to enable them to see things as God sees them.

Eyeservice

Eph. 6:6⁶Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but as the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; (Ephesians 6:6); Col. 3:22,²²Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God: (Colossians 3:22) is service done to please men, as far as seen by the eye, in contrast to being "the servant of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart."

Fables

1 Tim. 1:4; 4:7⁴Neither give heed to fables and endless genealogies, which minister questions, rather than godly edifying which is in faith: so do. (1 Timothy 1:4)
⁷But refuse profane and old wives' fables, and exercise thyself rather unto godliness. (1 Timothy 4:7); 2 Tim. 4:4⁴And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables. (2 Timothy 4:4); Titus 1:14¹⁴Not giving heed to Jewish fables, and commandments of men, that turn from the truth. (Titus 1:14); 2 Peter 1:16¹⁶For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty. (2 Peter 1:16).-Only used in the N. T. in a bad sense; they should be avoided, or refused, for fables are put in contrast with 'the truth.' Fables are supposed events, and though ostensibly compiled to instruct, they at best are only human wisdom, which has no place in the church of God.

Faith

πίστις, from the same root as ' to believe.' There are various characters of faith: a, The assent to what is stated, or belief of what is known to exist, called a dead faith, and such as the demons have, Matt. 8:29; 13:21²⁹And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us before the time? (Matthew 8:29)
²¹Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while: for when tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended. (Matthew 13:21); James 2:18-20¹⁸Yea, a man may say, Thou hast faith, and I have works: show me thy faith without thy works, and I will show thee my faith by my works. ¹⁹Thou believest that there is one God; thou doest well: the devils also believe, and tremble. ²⁰But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith without works is dead? (James 2:18‑20). b, Saving Faith. This is confidence in God founded on the word: faith in a Person: it is the gift of God John 3:36³⁶He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him. (John 3:36); Rom. 4:3; 10:9, 10³For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. (Romans 4:3)
⁹That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. ¹⁰For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. (Romans 10:9‑10). There is no virtue in the faith itself, but it links the soul with the infinite God. c, Salvation is received on the principle of faith in contrast to the principle of works under the law, Rom. 1:16, 17; 3:28,¹⁶For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. ¹⁷For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith. (Romans 1:16‑17)
²⁸Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law. (Romans 3:28) &c. d,The walk of faith, 2 Cor. 5. 7; Matt. 9. 29; 21:21: the power and action of which is witnessed to in O. T. saints, Heb. 11. e The Faith is at times referred to as 'the truth '-that which has been recorded, and which we have believed, and for which we should earnestly contend, Jude 3³Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you of the common salvation, it was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints. (Jude 3).

Family

πατριά, from ' father. '-The word is translated 'lineage.' Luke 2. 4; ‘kindred,' Acts 3.25; ' family ' in Eph. 3.15, where it is, not ' the whole ' family, but ‘every' family in heaven and earth are named. God has different families.

Fan.

A winnowing fan, or fork, with several prongs, by which the corn and crushed straw are thrown into the air, and the wind carries away the straw and chaff, Matt. 3:12¹²Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. (Matthew 3:12); Luke 3:17: used as a symbol of God's discriminating judgment.

Farthing

.See Money and Measures, just before “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Fasting.

Our Lord fasted forty days, Matt. 4:2²And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an hungred. (Matthew 4:2); and He declared that His disciples would fast when He, the bridegroom, had left them, Matt. 9:15¹⁵And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is with them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast. (Matthew 9:15). He also told His disciples that there was a power available only by prayer and fasting, Matt. 17:21²¹Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting. (Matthew 17:21). Barnabas and Paul were sent on their missionary journey with prayer and fasting, Acts 13:3³And when they had fasted and prayed, and laid their hands on them, they sent them away. (Acts 13:3); elders also were appointed with prayer and fasting, chap. 14: 23. The ' Fast' alluded to in Acts 27:9⁹Now when much time was spent, and when sailing was now dangerous, because the fast was now already past, Paul admonished them, (Acts 27:9) is held to be connected with the Day of Atonement on the 10th of the 7th month (Lev. 23:27-29²⁷Also on the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord. ²⁸And ye shall do no work in that same day: for it is a day of atonement, to make an atonement for you before the Lord your God. ²⁹For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from among his people. (Leviticus 23:27‑29)) which would be the time of the equinox, when sailing in the Mediterranean was dangerous.

Father

πατήρ.-I, God ‒ a, as the Father in distinction from the Son and the Holy Spirit, John 6:27²⁷Labor not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto you: for him hath God the Father sealed. (John 6:27). b, as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, John 17:1-25¹These words spake Jesus, and lifted up his eyes to heaven, and said, Father, the hour is come; glorify thy Son, that thy Son also may glorify thee: ²As thou hast given him power over all flesh, that he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him. ³And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent. ⁴I have glorified thee on the earth: I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do. ⁵And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was. ⁶I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world: thine they were, and thou gavest them me; and they have kept thy word. ⁷Now they have known that all things whatsoever thou hast given me are of thee. ⁸For I have given unto them the words which thou gavest me; and they have received them, and have known surely that I came out from thee, and they have believed that thou didst send me. ⁹I pray for them: I pray not for the world, but for them which thou hast given me; for they are thine. ¹⁰And all mine are thine, and thine are mine; and I am glorified in them. ¹¹And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world, and I come to thee. Holy Father, keep through thine own name those whom thou hast given me, that they may be one, as we are. ¹²While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled. ¹³And now come I to thee; and these things I speak in the world, that they might have my joy fulfilled in themselves. ¹⁴I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. ¹⁵I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil. ¹⁶They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world. ¹⁷Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. ¹⁸As thou hast sent me into the world, even so have I also sent them into the world. ¹⁹And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be sanctified through the truth. ²⁰Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on me through their word; ²¹That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me. ²²And the glory which thou gavest me I have given them; that they may be one, even as we are one: ²³I in them, and thou in me, that they may be made perfect in one; and that the world may know that thou hast sent me, and hast loved them, as thou hast loved me. ²⁴Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, be with me where I am; that they may behold my glory, which thou hast given me: for thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world. ²⁵O righteous Father, the world hath not known thee: but I have known thee, and these have known that thou hast sent me. (John 17:1‑25). c, as the Father of the saints after the resurrection, John 20:17,¹⁷Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God. (John 20:17) &c., though named before to the disciples, Matt. 5:16, 45, 48,¹⁶Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven. (Matthew 5:16)
⁴⁵That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust. (Matthew 5:45)
⁴⁸Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. (Matthew 5:48) &c. d, as the Father of all mankind, Acts 17:28, 29²⁸For in him we live, and move, and have our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are also his offspring. ²⁹Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's device. (Acts 17:28‑29). 2, Man-a, as the father of children, Eph. 6: 4. b, as an early progenitor, as Abraham, Acts 7. 2, and as the patriarchs in general are repeatedly called 'the fathers,' Matt. 23: 30. c, Abraham the father of all them that believe, because of the same faith, Rom. 4:11¹¹And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed unto them also: (Romans 4:11) d, Fathers in distinction from babes and young men in the divine life, 1 John 2:13, 14¹³I write unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I write unto you, young men, because ye have overcome the wicked one. I write unto you, little children, because ye have known the Father. ¹⁴I have written unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from the beginning. I have written unto you, young men, because ye are strong, and the word of God abideth in you, and ye have overcome the wicked one. (1 John 2:13‑14). e, Father in the sense of having been the means of a person's conversion, 1 Cor. 4:15¹⁵For though ye have ten thousand instructors in Christ, yet have ye not many fathers: for in Christ Jesus I have begotten you through the gospel. (1 Corinthians 4:15). f, Any one on earth who assumes to control with authority our faith and practice, Matt. 23. 9. 3, Satan, the father of the wicked,

because of their moral likeness to him, John 8:44⁴⁴Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. (John 8:44).

Fathom.

See Money and Measures.

Fear

.φόβος, from 'to flee’, ‘be afraid,' as Adam was when he had sinned, Gen. 3:8, 10⁸And they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God amongst the trees of the garden. (Genesis 3:8)
¹⁰And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself. (Genesis 3:10) but ‘fear hath torment,' and ‘perfect love casteth out fear,' 1 John 4:18: cf. Luke 1:74⁷⁴That he would grant unto us, that we being delivered out of the hand of our enemies might serve him without fear, (Luke 1:74). There is also reverential fear, the fear of God, which the wicked know nothing of. Rom. 3:18,¹⁸There is no fear of God before their eyes. (Romans 3:18) but which characterizes the Christian, 2 Cor. 7. 1; Eph. 5:21²¹Submitting yourselves one to another in the fear of God. (Ephesians 5:21). εύλάβεια, piety, or godly fear, occurs in Heb. 5:7⁷Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; (Hebrews 5:7) in reference to the Lord, and is translated 'godly fear' in Heb. 12:28²⁸Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear: (Hebrews 12:28).

Fearful

δειλός: 'the fearful,' in Rev. 21:8,⁸But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death. (Revelation 21:8) those afraid to confess Christ, are classed with gross sinners.

Feast

Besides the common application of the word, it is applied to the appointed festivals of the Jews: of these there are named in the N. T.-1, the Passover, Matt. 26:2,²Ye know that after two days is the feast of the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified. (Matthew 26:2) in commemoration of God's passing over the Israelites when He slew the Egyptians. 2, The Feast of Unleavened Bread, associated with the Passover, Luke 22:1: cf. 1 Cor. 5:8⁸Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. (1 Corinthians 5:8). 3, The Feast of Tabernacles, John 7:2²Now the Jews' feast of tabernacles was at hand. (John 7:2). 4, Feast of Pentecost, Acts 2:1¹And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. (Acts 2:1). 5, Feast of Dedication, John 10: 22, see “Jewish Calendar and its Antitypes” in “The Seasons and Divisions of Time”. 6, ‘Feasts of Charity,' Jude 12: social feasts held among the saints, but which were apt to lead to abuses: see I Cor. 11: 21, 22; 2 Pet, 2:13.

Fellowship

κοινωνία, having things in common. It is translated ‘communion' in 1 Cor. 10:16,¹⁶The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? (1 Corinthians 10:16) communion of the body and of the blood of Christ in the Lord's supper, answering to the peace-offering, of which part was burned, part eaten by the priest, and part by the offerer, Lev. 7:11-17, 28-36¹¹And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which he shall offer unto the Lord. ¹²If he offer it for a thanksgiving, then he shall offer with the sacrifice of thanksgiving unleavened cakes mingled with oil, and unleavened wafers anointed with oil, and cakes mingled with oil, of fine flour, fried. ¹³Besides the cakes, he shall offer for his offering leavened bread with the sacrifice of thanksgiving of his peace offerings. ¹⁴And of it he shall offer one out of the whole oblation for an heave offering unto the Lord, and it shall be the priest's that sprinkleth the blood of the peace offerings. ¹⁵And the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanksgiving shall be eaten the same day that it is offered; he shall not leave any of it until the morning. ¹⁶But if the sacrifice of his offering be a vow, or a voluntary offering, it shall be eaten the same day that he offereth his sacrifice: and on the morrow also the remainder of it shall be eaten: ¹⁷But the remainder of the flesh of the sacrifice on the third day shall be burnt with fire. (Leviticus 7:11‑17)
²⁸And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, ²⁹Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, He that offereth the sacrifice of his peace offerings unto the Lord shall bring his oblation unto the Lord of the sacrifice of his peace offerings. ³⁰His own hands shall bring the offerings of the Lord made by fire, the fat with the breast, it shall he bring, that the breast may be waved for a wave offering before the Lord. ³¹And the priest shall burn the fat upon the altar: but the breast shall be Aaron's and his sons'. ³²And the right shoulder shall ye give unto the priest for an heave offering of the sacrifices of your peace offerings. ³³He among the sons of Aaron, that offereth the blood of the peace offerings, and the fat, shall have the right shoulder for his part. ³⁴For the wave breast and the heave shoulder have I taken of the children of Israel from off the sacrifices of their peace offerings, and have given them unto Aaron the priest and unto his sons by a statute for ever from among the children of Israel. ³⁵This is the portion of the anointing of Aaron, and of the anointing of his sons, out of the offerings of the Lord made by fire, in the day when he presented them to minister unto the Lord in the priest's office; ³⁶Which the Lord commanded to be given them of the children of Israel, in the day that he anointed them, by a statute for ever throughout their generations. (Leviticus 7:28‑36). "The communion of the Holy Ghost be with you all," 2 Cor. 13:14: cf. Phil. 2:1¹If there be therefore any consolation in Christ, if any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any bowels and mercies, (Philippians 2:1). Our fellowship is with the Father and with His Son Jesus Christ, and with one another, 1 John 1:3,7³That which we have seen and heard declare we unto you, that ye also may have fellowship with us: and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ. (1 John 1:3)
⁷But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. (1 John 1:7); 1 Cor. 1:9⁹God is faithful, by whom ye were called unto the fellowship of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord. (1 Corinthians 1:9). The objects before us are the same as before the Father and the Lord: this separates us from fellowship with darkness, and its unfruitful works, 2 Cor. 6:14¹⁴Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness? (2 Corinthians 6:14); Eph. 5:11¹¹And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them. (Ephesians 5:11).

Figtree,

Mark 11:13, 20, 21¹³And seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came, if haply he might find any thing thereon: and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves; for the time of figs was not yet. (Mark 11:13)
²⁰And in the morning, as they passed by, they saw the fig tree dried up from the roots. ²¹And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away. (Mark 11:20‑21); Luke 13:6, 7⁶He spake also this parable; A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard; and he came and sought fruit thereon, and found none. ⁷Then said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these three years I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and find none: cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground? (Luke 13:6‑7).-A tree very common in Palestine, its fruit appears before its leaves are developed. It is a type of Israel in the remnant returned from captivity, planted in God's vineyard, which for three years brought forth no fruit: it was spared another year, but without effect. The fig-tree that was cursed was also a type of Israel.

Figure

τύπος, from ' to strike,' type, figure: Acts 7.43; Rom. 5:14¹⁴Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. (Romans 5:14). 2, ἀντίτυπον, antitype, what answers to the type, figure, Heb. 9:24²⁴For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to appear in the presence of God for us: (Hebrews 9:24); 1 Pet. 3:21²¹The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ: (1 Peter 3:21). 3, παραβολή, a comparison, similitude, Heb. 9: 9; 11:19¹⁹Accounting that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead; from whence also he received him in a figure. (Hebrews 11:19). 4, μετασχηματίξω, ' to transfigure, transform,' metamorphose, 1 Cor. 4:6: translated ‘transform ' in 2 Cor. 11: 13, 14, 15.

First Begotten,

First-bornπρωτότοκος, from 'first' and 'to bring forth.' ‘First’ in respect to time, Matt. 1:25²⁵And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS. (Matthew 1:25); Luke 2:7⁷And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn. (Luke 2:7); Heb. 11:28²⁸Through faith he kept the passover, and the sprinkling of blood, lest he that destroyed the firstborn should touch them. (Hebrews 11:28). ' First ' in the sense of pre-eminence, the Lord is ‘the first-born,' Heb. 12:23²³To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, (Hebrews 12:23); the " first-born among many brethren," Rom. 8:29²⁹For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. (Romans 8:29); the " first born of every creature," and " the first-born from the dead," and "of the dead," Col. 1:15,18¹⁵Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature: (Colossians 1:15)
¹⁸And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence. (Colossians 1:18); Rev. 1:5⁵And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, (Revelation 1:5).

Firstfruits,

ἀπαρχή, first of the ripe fruits.-It is applied to the first-fruit of the good olive tree that was on the earth, Rom. 11:16¹⁶For if the firstfruit be holy, the lump is also holy: and if the root be holy, so are the branches. (Romans 11:16). The saints are as the first-fruits of God's creatures, James 1:18¹⁸Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures. (James 1:18); and the first-fruits of the apostle Paul's labors, Rom. 16:5⁵Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my wellbeloved Epaenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ. (Romans 16:5); 1 Cor. 16:15¹⁵I beseech you, brethren, (ye know the house of Stephanas, that it is the firstfruits of Achaia, and that they have addicted themselves to the ministry of the saints,) (1 Corinthians 16:15). The saints have the first-fruits of the Holy Spirit, Rom. 8:23²³And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body. (Romans 8:23). Christ risen is the first-fruits of those who sleep, 1 Cor. 15:20, 23²⁰But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept. (1 Corinthians 15:20)
²³But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's at his coming. (1 Corinthians 15:23). The 144,000 of Rev. 14. are, amid the judgments, as "the first-fruits unto God and to the Lamb," Rev. 14:4⁴These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb. (Revelation 14:4).

Flax

λίνον.-The well-known plant from which linen is made. Its fibers also supplied the wick for lamps: Matt. 12:20²⁰A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory. (Matthew 12:20). Christ in grace would not quench the smoking flax until the time of judgment on Israel.

Flesh

σάρξ.-The word is used in a variety of senses: a few references only are named. a, The material of the body, differing in men, beasts, fishes, birds, 1 Cor. 15:39³⁹All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds. (1 Corinthians 15:39); Luke 24:39³⁹Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have. (Luke 24:39); Rev. 19:18, 21¹⁸That ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and great. (Revelation 19:18)
²¹And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls were filled with their flesh. (Revelation 19:21). b, The human body, Matt. 26:41⁴¹Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. (Matthew 26:41); Eph. 5:29²⁹For no man ever yet hated his own flesh; but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church: (Ephesians 5:29); Col. 2:5⁵For though I be absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit, joying and beholding your order, and the stedfastness of your faith in Christ. (Colossians 2:5); and in reference to the Lord, Acts 2:31³¹He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption. (Acts 2:31); Eph. 2:15¹⁵Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; (Ephesians 2:15); Heb. 10:20²⁰By a new and living way, which he hath consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh; (Hebrews 10:20). c, Man, manhood, mankind, Matt. 24:22²²And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened. (Matthew 24:22); Rom. 3:20²⁰Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin. (Romans 3:20); 1 Peter 1:24²⁴For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away: (1 Peter 1:24); and of the Lord, Col. 1:22-; Heb. 5:7⁷Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; (Hebrews 5:7). d, Relationship, descent, Rom. 9:3, 5, 8; 11:14³For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh: (Romans 9:3)
⁵Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen. (Romans 9:5)
⁸That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed. (Romans 9:8)
¹⁴If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh, and might save some of them. (Romans 11:14); 2 Cor. 11:18¹⁸Seeing that many glory after the flesh, I will glory also. (2 Corinthians 11:18); and of the Lord, Rom. 1:3³Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh; (Romans 1:3). e, Fallen nature of man, with its will and appetites, John 3:6⁶That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. (John 3:6); Gal. 5:19¹⁹Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, (Galatians 5:19); Eph. 2:3³Among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others. (Ephesians 2:3); 1 Peter 3:21²¹The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ: (1 Peter 3:21). A kindred word to the above is σαρκικός (often changed by the editors into σάρκινος) 'after the nature of flesh,' sometimes referring to the physical flesh, and sometimes to the moral nature of the flesh. It is translated Fleshly in 2 Cor. 1:12¹²For our rejoicing is this, the testimony of our conscience, that in simplicity and godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God, we have had our conversation in the world, and more abundantly to you-ward. (2 Corinthians 1:12); 1 Peter 2:11¹¹Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul; (1 Peter 2:11); Fleshy, in 2 Cor. 3:3³Forasmuch as ye are manifestly declared to be the epistle of Christ ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in fleshy tables of the heart. (2 Corinthians 3:3); Carnal in Rom. 7:14¹⁴For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold under sin. (Romans 7:14); Cor. 3:1, 3, 4; 2 Cor. 10:4⁴(For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;) (2 Corinthians 10:4); Heb. 7:16¹⁶Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless life. (Hebrews 7:16); and ‘carnal things' in Rom. 15:27²⁷It hath pleased them verily; and their debtors they are. For if the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, their duty is also to minister unto them in carnal things. (Romans 15:27); 1 Cor. 9:11¹¹If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing if we shall reap your carnal things? (1 Corinthians 9:11).

Fold

. See Shepherd.

Forgiveness.

I, ἄφεσις, from ‘to dismiss,' deliverance, remission, often translated Remission. There is no deliverance, remission, except through the blood of Christ, Heb. 9:22²²And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and without shedding of blood is no remission. (Hebrews 9:22); Matt. 26:28²⁸For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. (Matthew 26:28); Eph. 1:7⁷In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace; (Ephesians 1:7). Belief in the Lord Jesus is essential to forgiveness, Acts 10:43⁴³To him give all the prophets witness, that through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins. (Acts 10:43); John 8: 24. Eternal justificative forgiveness through the blood of Christ, received once for all from God, must ever be distinguished from parental forgiveness on confession to the Father, 1 John 1:9⁹If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. (1 John 1:9); from governmental, James 5:15¹⁵And the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him up; and if he have committed sins, they shall be forgiven him. (James 5:15); and from administrative forgiveness, John 20:23²³Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; and whose soever sins ye retain, they are retained. (John 20:23). 2, χαρίζομαι, 'to give, grant, forgive,' a, We are to forgive one another, Eph. 4. 32; Col. 3. 13. b, When an erring one is restored the church forgives him, 2 Cor. 2:7, 10: this word is not translated ' remission.'

Fox.

The well-known animal of the dog kind, remarkable for its burrowing habits: ‘the foxes have holes,' Matt. 8:20²⁰And Jesus saith unto him, The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head. (Matthew 8:20); Luke 9:5⁵And whosoever will not receive you, when ye go out of that city, shake off the very dust from your feet for a testimony against them. (Luke 9:5); also for its craftiness, applied to Herod Antipas in Luke 13:32,³²And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I shall be perfected. (Luke 13:32) which exactly delineated his character.

Frankincense

Matt. 2:11¹¹And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh. (Matthew 2:11); Rev. 18:13¹³And cinnamon, and odors, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men. (Revelation 18:13).It was brought from the East by the Magi who came to worship the Lord, and it was imported by the merchants to Babylon the Great. It is a sort of resin obtained from an incision in the bark of the arbor thuris: it has a rich perfume, is nearly white, glittering, brittle, and bitter to the taste.

Frog

Rev. 16:13¹³And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. (Revelation 16:13).-The common web-footed reptile found in ponds, remarkable for its noisy croaking at night, and living in the mud, symbolical of the unclean spirits proceeding out of the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet, described as spirits of demons, working wonders, who will gather together the kings of the world to the great final battle.

Furlong.

See Money and Measures, just before “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Gabbatha.

See Pavement.

Gall

χολή, Matt. 27. 34.-A word used for what is extremely bitter, as gall, bile, &c. It was given by the Romans to criminals about to be crucified to stupify them, that they might suffer the less: our Lord refused it. In Mark 15:23²³And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. (Mark 15:23) it is called 'myrrh,' which is also very nauseous. Peter declared Simon to be in 'the gall of bitterness,' as expressive of the extreme offensiveness of Simon's spirit to a spiritual mind, Acts 8:23²³For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity. (Acts 8:23).

Garments.

There are but few references in the N. T. to define articles of clothing. In Matt. 5:20,²⁰For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:20) Luke 6:29,²⁹And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloke forbid not to take thy coat also. (Luke 6:29) a ' coat' and ' cloak' are referred to: ἰμάτιον is the ‘cloak,' a loose outer garment, and the ‘coat ' is χιτών, a vest or tunic. The disciples were not to take two of these when they were sent out, Matt. 10:10¹⁰Nor scrip for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet staves: for the workman is worthy of his meat. (Matthew 10:10); Mark 6:9⁹But be shod with sandals; and not put on two coats. (Mark 6:9); Luke 9:3³And he said unto them, Take nothing for your journey, neither staves, nor scrip, neither bread, neither money; neither have two coats apiece. (Luke 9:3). It was a χιτών of the Lord's that was woven from top to bottom without seam, John 19:23²³Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also his coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout. (John 19:23); and it was such that Dorcas made, Acts 9:39,³⁹Then Peter arose and went with them. When he was come, they brought him into the upper chamber: and all the widows stood by him weeping, and showing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while she was with them. (Acts 9:39) as well as ' garments,ἰμάτιον. By John 19:23²³Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also his coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout. (John 19:23) it appears that besides the ' coat,' each of the four soldiers had a part of the Lord's raiment, and these are supposed to have been the turban or handkerchief worn round the head; the girdle; the sandals; and the outer cloak; these with the tunic constitute the usual dress of the people at this day.

Generation.

1, γενεά, used, a, from father to son, Matt. 1:17¹⁷So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations. (Matthew 1:17); b, for a race then existing, Matt. 11:16¹⁶But whereunto shall I liken this generation? It is like unto children sitting in the markets, and calling unto their fellows, (Matthew 11:16); c, for the continuance of the race of unbelieving Jews, Matt. 24:34³⁴Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled. (Matthew 24:34); Mark 13:30³⁰Verily I say unto you, that this generation shall not pass, till all these things be done. (Mark 13:30); Luke 21:32³²Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass away, till all be fulfilled. (Luke 21:32). 2, γέννημα, ' offspring,' where there is moral likeness: as ' generation of vipers’, Matt. 3:7; 12:34; 23:33⁷But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? (Matthew 3:7)
³⁴O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. (Matthew 12:34)
³³Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? (Matthew 23:33); Luke 3:7 3, γένεσις, 'birth generation, descent,' Matt. 1:1¹The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham. (Matthew 1:1). 4, γένος, ' species, family,' &c., 1 Peter 2:9⁹But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: (1 Peter 2:9).

Gentile.

1, ἔθνος, having the meaning of 'nation, people,' any nation in contradistinction from the Jews, Matt. 10:5, 18,⁵These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not: (Matthew 10:5)
¹⁸And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles. (Matthew 10:18) &c. (though the same word is used in Luke 7:5⁵For he loveth our nation, and he hath built us a synagogue. (Luke 7:5); John 11:48⁴⁸If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation. (John 11:48) for the Jewish ‘nation' as a nation, and in 1 Peter 2.9 for the people of God, holy ‘nation '). 2, "Ελλην, John 7:35³⁵Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will he go, that we shall not find him? will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles, and teach the Gentiles? (John 7:35); Rom. 2:9, 10; 3:9⁹Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile; ¹⁰But glory, honor, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile: (Romans 2:9‑10)
⁹What then? are we better than they? No, in no wise: for we have before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin; (Romans 3:9); 1 Cor. 10:32; 12:13,³²Give none offence, neither to the Jews, nor to the Gentiles, nor to the church of God: (1 Corinthians 10:32)
¹³For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. (1 Corinthians 12:13) better translated ‘Greek ' (as it is mostly), in distinction from the Jews: not to be confounded with 'Ελληνιστής, Acts 6:1; 9:29,¹And in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplied, there arose a murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration. (Acts 6:1)
²⁹And he spake boldly in the name of the Lord Jesus, and disputed against the Grecians: but they went about to slay him. (Acts 9:29) which refers to Hellenists, Greek-speaking Jews: in Acts 11:20²⁰And some of them were men of Cyprus and Cyrene, which, when they were come to Antioch, spake unto the Grecians, preaching the Lord Jesus. (Acts 11:20) most editors read, ' Greeks.'

Ghost

πνεῦμα, spirit.-See Holy Spirit.

Glass.—

Glass was known to the ancient Egyptians and Assyrians though it was then not so clear as at present. 1 Cor. 13:12¹²For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known. (1 Corinthians 13:12) seems to point to a semi-transparent glass, because of the word 'through'. “we see through a glass darkly”. The word here, and in James 1:23²³For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his natural face in a glass: (James 1:23) is ἔσοπτρον and is also applied to mirrors, and this agrees with James. Mirrors were then made of polished metal. In Rev. 4:6; 15:2; 21:18, 21⁶And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four beasts full of eyes before and behind. (Revelation 4:6)
²And I saw as it were a sea of glass mingled with fire: and them that had gotten the victory over the beast, and over his image, and over his mark, and over the number of his name, stand on the sea of glass, having the harps of God. (Revelation 15:2)
¹⁸And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. (Revelation 21:18)
²¹And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass. (Revelation 21:21) another word is used (ὕαλος, ὑάλινος); and there we have 'sea of glass', ‘clear or pure glass’, transparent glass, evidently referring to a sort of crystal, more or less transparent. This signifies fixed, accomplished holiness in all its brightness.

Glory

δόξα, 'esteem, honor, excellency of mind, body,' &c.-It is applied to natural things, as the glory of the sun, moon, and stars, 1 Cor. 15:41⁴¹There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. (1 Corinthians 15:41); Psa. 19:1: to man as 'the image and glory of God,' 1 Cor. 11:7⁷For a man indeed ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image and glory of God: but the woman is the glory of the man. (1 Corinthians 11:7); and through grace, believers are received to the glory of God, Rom. 15:7⁷Wherefore receive ye one another, as Christ also received us to the glory of God. (Romans 15:7); 2 Cor. 4:15¹⁵For all things are for your sakes, that the abundant grace might through the thanksgiving of many redound to the glory of God. (2 Corinthians 4:15). The Lord Jesus fully manifested the glory of God, John 1:14; 2:11¹⁴And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. (John 1:14)
¹¹This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and manifested forth his glory; and his disciples believed on him. (John 2:11). He speaks of the glory He had from eternity with the Father, and of His acquired glory which He will graciously share with His joint heirs, John 17:5, 22, 24⁵And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the glory which I had with thee before the world was. (John 17:5)
²²And the glory which thou gavest me I have given them; that they may be one, even as we are one: (John 17:22)
²⁴Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, be with me where I am; that they may behold my glory, which thou hast given me: for thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world. (John 17:24). The Lord Jesus will be hailed as King of kings and Lord of lords, Pet. 4:3; Rev. 17:14; 19:16¹⁴These shall make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings: and they that are with him are called, and chosen, and faithful. (Revelation 17:14)
¹⁶And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS. (Revelation 19:16). He is the Lord of glory, James 2:1¹My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory, with respect of persons. (James 2:1). Glory really belongs to God, He is the God of glory, Acts 7:2²And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran, (Acts 7:2); 2 Cor. 4:6, 15⁶For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. (2 Corinthians 4:6)
¹⁵For all things are for your sakes, that the abundant grace might through the thanksgiving of many redound to the glory of God. (2 Corinthians 4:15). In Him shine, in infinite perfection, the divine attributes: it is in the acknowledgment of this, and that from Him come all their blessings, that Christians joyfully ascribe to Him Praise and Honor, Glory and Power forever and ever, Rom. 11:36; 16:27³⁶For of him, and through him, and to him, are all things: to whom be glory for ever. Amen. (Romans 11:36)
²⁷To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Amen. <<Written to the Romans from Corinthus, and sent by Phebe servant of the church at Cenchrea.>> (Romans 16:27); Gal. 1:5⁵To whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen. (Galatians 1:5); 1 Tim. 1:17¹⁷Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Timothy 1:17); &c. The same is ascribed to the Lord Jesus by every creature, Rev. 5; Phil. 2:10, 11¹⁰That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; ¹¹And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Philippians 2:10‑11). The visible manifestation of glory seems connected with light. God dwells "in light, which no man can approach unto," 1 Tim. 6:16: cf. Matt. 17:2²And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light. (Matthew 17:2). In the vision of the new Jerusalem the "glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof," Rev. 21: 23.

God

θεός.-The great self-existent Being, known by His works, even His eternal power and divinity (θειότης), Rom. 1:20²⁰For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: (Romans 1:20); Psa. 19:1¹<<To the chief Musician, A Psalm of David.>> The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handywork. (Psalm 19:1). He is the Lord God Almighty, Rev. 4:8,⁸And the four beasts had each of them six wings about him; and they were full of eyes within: and they rest not day and night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come. (Revelation 4:8) &c., and the Lord of Sabaoth, Rom. 9:29²⁹And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha. (Romans 9:29); James 5:4⁴Behold, the hire of the laborers who have reaped down your fields, which is of you kept back by fraud, crieth: and the cries of them which have reaped are entered into the ears of the Lord of sabaoth. (James 5:4). He was revealed in the Person of the Lord Jesus Christ, who was ‘God manifest in the flesh,' 1 Tim. 3:16¹⁶And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory. (1 Timothy 3:16); and in the communications He has been pleased to make in His word of Himself as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, three Persons but one God. 'God is love,' 1 John 4:8⁸He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love. (1 John 4:8); cf. John 3:16¹⁶For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (John 3:16). ‘God is light’, 1 John 1:5⁵This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all. (1 John 1:5); and the gracious name by which He is specially revealed to His saints in the N.T. is that of Father, John 20:17¹⁷Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God. (John 20:17). The principal of God's attributes and characteristics named in scripture are 1, His eternity, Isa. 57:15¹⁵For thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones. (Isaiah 57:15); 1 Tim. 1:17¹⁷Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Timothy 1:17). 2, Immortality, 1 Tim. 6:16¹⁶Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath seen, nor can see: to whom be honor and power everlasting. Amen. (1 Timothy 6:16); Ps. 90:2. 3, Omnipotence, Job 11:7⁷Canst thou by searching find out God? canst thou find out the Almighty unto perfection? (Job 11:7); Rom. 1:20²⁰For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: (Romans 1:20); cf. 1 Tim. 6:15,¹⁵Which in his times he shall show, who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings, and Lord of lords; (1 Timothy 6:15) only Potentate. 4, Invisibility, 1 Tim. 1:17; 6:16¹⁷Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Timothy 1:17)
¹⁶Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath seen, nor can see: to whom be honor and power everlasting. Amen. (1 Timothy 6:16). 5, Omnipresence, Psa. 139:7-10⁷Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence? ⁸If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there. ⁹If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea; ¹⁰Even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me. (Psalm 139:7‑10); Jer. 23:23, 24²³Am I a God at hand, saith the Lord, and not a God afar off? ²⁴Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him? saith the Lord. Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord. (Jeremiah 23:23‑24). 6, Omniscience, 1 Chron. 28:9⁹And thou, Solomon my son, know thou the God of thy father, and serve him with a perfect heart and with a willing mind: for the Lord searcheth all hearts, and understandeth all the imaginations of the thoughts: if thou seek him, he will be found of thee; but if thou forsake him, he will cast thee off for ever. (1 Chronicles 28:9); Jer. 1:5⁵Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations. (Jeremiah 1:5); Rom. 8:29, 30²⁹For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. ³⁰Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified. (Romans 8:29‑30); Heb. 4:13¹³Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight: but all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we have to do. (Hebrews 4:13). 7, Incorruptibility, Rom. 1:23²³And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things. (Romans 1:23); Jas. 1:13¹³Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man: (James 1:13). 8, Immutability, Mal. 3:6,⁶For I am the Lord, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed. (Malachi 3:6) James 1:17¹⁷Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. (James 1:17). 9, Wisdom, Psa. 104:24²⁴O Lord, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches. (Psalm 104:24); Rom. 11: 33-36. 10, Holiness, Amos 4:2²The Lord God hath sworn by his holiness, that, lo, the days shall come upon you, that he will take you away with hooks, and your posterity with fishhooks. (Amos 4:2); Luke 1: 49. 11, Justice, Rom. 2:6, 7⁶Who will render to every man according to his deeds: ⁷To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, eternal life: (Romans 2:6‑7); 2 Tim. 4:8⁸Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing. (2 Timothy 4:8). 12, Grace and Mercy, Luke 1:50⁵⁰And his mercy is on them that fear him from generation to generation. (Luke 1:50); Rom. 3:24²⁴Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus: (Romans 3:24); Eph. 2:4⁴But God, who is rich in mercy, for his great love wherewith he loved us, (Ephesians 2:4). 13, Long-suffering, Num. 14:18¹⁸The Lord is longsuffering, and of great mercy, forgiving iniquity and transgression, and by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation. (Numbers 14:18); Rom. 2: 4. 14, Faithfulness, Psa. 92: 2; 1 Cor. 1:9⁹God is faithful, by whom ye were called unto the fellowship of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord. (1 Corinthians 1:9). How blessed to be able to say, with the Psalmist, 'This God is our God forever and ever,' Psa. 48:14¹⁴For this God is our God for ever and ever: he will be our guide even unto death. (Psalm 48:14).

Godhead

θεότης.-Not simply divine in character, but the Godhead in an absolute sense, Col. 2. 9: here only. In Rom. 1:20²⁰For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: (Romans 1:20) it is θεότης, divinity.

Godliness

.See Piety.

Gospel

εύαγγέλιον, ‘a good message, or good news’.—The term is applied to the good news God sent His people in the Old Testament, Heb. 4: 2. In the N. T. it more especially refers to the good news in connection with the Lord Jesus. At first this took the form of the ‘gospel of the kingdom’, Matt. 4:23; 9:35,²³And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. (Matthew 4:23)
³⁵And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people. (Matthew 9:35) &c. Then ‘the gospel of the grace of God’, Acts 20:24,²⁴But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy, and the ministry, which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God. (Acts 20:24) and by Paul especially 'the gospel of the glory,' (Christ being in the glory who put away our sins), 2 Cor. 4:4,⁴In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them. (2 Corinthians 4:4) which Paul calls 'my gospel,' 2 Tim. 2:8⁸Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead according to my gospel: (2 Timothy 2:8). It not only speaks of salvation, great as that is, but it separates the believer from earth and associates him with Christ in the glory. In a future day 'the everlasting gospel' will be proclaimed which has always been the same: Fear God, give glory to Him, and worship Him as Creator: Rev. 14:6⁶And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, (Revelation 14:6).

Grave.

See Sepulchers, in article on “Sepulchers, Tombs and Burials” just before “Money and Measures”.

Greek Language

Luke 23:38³⁸And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS. (Luke 23:38); John 19:20²⁰This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. (John 19:20); Acts 21:37³⁷And as Paul was to be led into the castle, he said unto the chief captain, May I speak unto thee? Who said, Canst thou speak Greek? (Acts 21:37); Rev. 9:11¹¹And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. (Revelation 9:11).-This was the language most commonly spoken at the time of the Lord on earth, through the flourishing of the Greek empire, prior to the Roman, and which made it the most suitable language in which the New Testament should be written.

Harvest.

Used symbolically of gathering in souls by the preaching of the gospel, Matt. 9:37, 38³⁷Then saith he unto his disciples, The harvest truly is plenteous, but the laborers are few; ³⁸Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he will send forth laborers into his harvest. (Matthew 9:37‑38); Luke 10:2²Therefore said he unto them, The harvest truly is great, but the laborers are few: pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he would send forth laborers into his harvest. (Luke 10:2); John 4:35³⁵Say not ye, There are yet four months, and then cometh harvest? behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; for they are white already to harvest. (John 4:35). Also of the separating the tares from the wheat at the end of the age, Matt. 13: 30, 39. Also of the earth when ripe for judgment, Rev. 14:15¹⁵And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a loud voice to him that sat on the cloud, Thrust in thy sickle, and reap: for the time is come for thee to reap; for the harvest of the earth is ripe. (Revelation 14:15).

Head.

Used symbolically of the relationship of man in nature, and of Christ and God, 1 Cor. 2:3³And I was with you in weakness, and in fear, and in much trembling. (1 Corinthians 2:3). Christ is also Head of the church, Eph. 5:23²³For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church: and he is the saviour of the body. (Ephesians 5:23); Col. 1:18¹⁸And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence. (Colossians 1:18); and He is Head over all things to the church, Eph. 1:22²²And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all things to the church, (Ephesians 1:22); Col. 2:10¹⁰And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: (Colossians 2:10). In Rev. 12:3,³And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads. (Revelation 12:3) &c., the 'head' symbolizes a power or kingdom.

Heathen

Matt. 6:7⁷But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. (Matthew 6:7); Acts 4:25,²⁵Who by the mouth of thy servant David hast said, Why did the heathen rage, and the people imagine vain things? (Acts 4:25) &c. It is the same word that is translated 'nations' or 'Gentiles,' irrespective of their being civilized or not. One that is dealt with in discipline, in Matt. 18:17,¹⁷And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican. (Matthew 18:17) is to be as one of the heathen—one outside the assembly.

Heaven.

Spoken ofa, The abode of God, Matt. 5:34; 6:9³⁴But I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven; for it is God's throne: (Matthew 5:34)
⁹After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. (Matthew 6:9); Acts 7:49⁴⁹Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest? (Acts 7:49). b, The abode of the angels, Matt. 22. 30; Gal. 1:8⁸But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed. (Galatians 1:8). c, The city of which the saints are now citizens, Phil. 3:20²⁰For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ: (Philippians 3:20). d, Paul was caught up into the 'third heavens,' 2 Cor. 12: 2. e, The wide universe of space, Acts 7: 42. f, The atmosphere, Matt. 8.20; Mark 4:4, 32⁴And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and the fowls of the air came and devoured it up. (Mark 4:4)
³²But when it is sown, it groweth up, and becometh greater than all herbs, and shooteth out great branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of it. (Mark 4:32). g, A part to which Satan has access. Rev. 12: 7-9. We look for new heavens and a new earth, in which will dwell righteousness, 2 Pet. 3, 10-13; Rev. 21:1¹And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea. (Revelation 21:1).

Hebrew Language

Luke 23:38³⁸And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS. (Luke 23:38); John 5:2; 19: 13, 17, 20²Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches. (John 5:2); Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14:⁴⁰And when he had given him licence, Paul stood on the stairs, and beckoned with the hand unto the people. And when there was made a great silence, he spake unto them in the Hebrew tongue, saying, (Acts 21:40)
²(And when they heard that he spake in the Hebrew tongue to them, they kept the more silence: and he saith,) (Acts 22:2) Rev. 9:11; 16:16¹¹And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. (Revelation 9:11)
¹⁶And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon. (Revelation 16:16).-The learned seem agreed that the Hebrew language had undergone a change during and after the captivity, and that a corrupt Aramaic dialect had taken its place. This was the language of the Jews in Palestine in the time of the Lord, though it is called Hebrew.

Hell.

1, γέεννα, Gehenna, a corruption of two Hebrew words, signifying 'valley of Hinnom,' also called Tophet, the place near Jerusalem where the Jews sacrificed their children by fire to heathen gods, and which was afterward defiled, 2 Kings 23:10¹⁰And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech. (2 Kings 23:10). A continual fire, Isa. 30:33,³³For Tophet is ordained of old; yea, for the king it is prepared; he hath made it deep and large: the pile thereof is fire and much wood; the breath of the Lord, like a stream of brimstone, doth kindle it. (Isaiah 30:33) made it a fit type of the place of eternal torment, Matt. 5: 22, 29, 30; 10: 28;. 18:9; 23:15, 33; Mark 9:43, 45, 47⁴³And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: (Mark 9:43)
⁴⁵And if thy foot offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter halt into life, than having two feet to be cast into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: (Mark 9:45)
⁴⁷And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire: (Mark 9:47); Luke 12:5⁵But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear him. (Luke 12:5); James 3: 6. 2, ᾃδης, Hades, the place of departed spirits, Matt. 2:23; 16:18²³And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be called a Nazarene. (Matthew 2:23)
¹⁸And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. (Matthew 16:18); Luke 16:23,²³And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. (Luke 16:23) Acts 2:27, 31²⁷Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. (Acts 2:27)
³¹He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption. (Acts 2:31); Rev. 1:18; 6:8; 20:13, 14¹⁸I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death. (Revelation 1:18)
⁸And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth. (Revelation 6:8)
¹³And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works. ¹⁴And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. (Revelation 20:13‑14). 3, ταρταρόω, to cast into Tarturus—a term used by the heathen writers for the 'deepest abyss of the infernal regions,' a place of the densest darkness, 2 Peter 2:4: cf. also 2 Peter 2:17¹⁷These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever. (2 Peter 2:17) and Jude 13¹³Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever. (Jude 13).

Helmet.

See Armor.

Heresy, Heretic.-

The word αιρεσις is translated 'heresy' in Acts 24:54; 1 Cor. 11:19¹⁹For there must be also heresies among you, that they which are approved may be made manifest among you. (1 Corinthians 11:19); Gal. 5:20²⁰Idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, (Galatians 5:20); 2 Peter 2. I; and 'sect' in Acts 5:17; 15:5; 24:5; 26:5; 28:22¹⁷Then the high priest rose up, and all they that were with him, (which is the sect of the Sadducees,) and were filled with indignation, (Acts 5:17)
⁵But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses. (Acts 15:5)
⁵For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes: (Acts 24:5)
⁵Which knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. (Acts 26:5)
²²But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning this sect, we know that every where it is spoken against. (Acts 28:22). The word signifies 'a choice,' making a choice different from others, leading to separation, as the 'sect of the Sadducees,' Pharisees, &c., and applied to Christians as 'the sect of the Nazarenes.' But the ‘choice' is generally associated with some doctrine or practice different from what prevails; thus the way Paul worshipped God was called ‘heresy' by the Jews, Acts 24:54; and now those who depart from the true faith with peculiar doctrines of their own are ‘heretics,' Titus 3:10¹⁰A man that is an heretick after the first and second admonition reject; (Titus 3:10); and what they hold is 'heresy,' and they become 'a sect.'

Hireling.

See Servant.

Holiness

See Sanctification.

Holy Spirit, Holy Ghost.-

Commonly spoken of as the third Person of the Trinity, perhaps because He is named last of the three in Matt. 28:19,¹⁹Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: (Matthew 28:19) and because He is represented as being ‘sent' by God the Father, and by the Lord Jesus, John 14:26; 15:26²⁶But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you. (John 14:26)
²⁶But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall testify of me: (John 15:26). His personality and divine authority are proved by many passages. Ananias lied to the Holy Ghost, Acts 5:3³But Peter said, Ananias, why hath Satan filled thine heart to lie to the Holy Ghost, and to keep back part of the price of the land? (Acts 5:3); Paul and Timothy were forbidden by the Holy Spirit to preach in Asia, and He suffered them not to go into Bithynia, Acts 16:6, 7⁶Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Asia, ⁷After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not. (Acts 16:6‑7). The saints are builded together for a habitation of God through the Spirit, Eph. 2:22²²In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit. (Ephesians 2:22); 1 Cor. 3:16¹⁶Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? (1 Corinthians 3:16). It is the Holy Spirit that quickens those that are saved, John 6:63⁶³It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life. (John 6:63); seals them; Eph. 1:13¹³In whom ye also trusted, after that ye heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation: in whom also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise, (Ephesians 1:13); indwells them, and thus unites them into the one body of Christ, 1 Cor. 12:13¹³For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit. (1 Corinthians 12:13). He is their Comforter or Advocate on earth (as Christ is in heaven), John 14:16, 26¹⁶And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever; (John 14:16)
²⁶But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you. (John 14:26). Though the Holy Spirit had influenced God's people of old, He could not come as a Person until Christ had ascended, John 16:7⁷Nevertheless I tell you the truth; It is expedient for you that I go away: for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you; but if I depart, I will send him unto you. (John 16:7). Besides His work in and with the saints, His presence on earth is a demonstration to the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment, John 16:8-11⁸And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment: ⁹Of sin, because they believe not on me; ¹⁰Of righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye see me no more; ¹¹Of judgment, because the prince of this world is judged. (John 16:8‑11).

Holyday

Col, 2:16.-Any day kept as a feast by the Jews. The same word is often translated ‘feast,' as in Matt. 27:15¹⁵Now at that feast the governor was wont to release unto the people a prisoner, whom they would. (Matthew 27:15); Mark 15:6,⁶Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever they desired. (Mark 15:6) &c,

Honest.-

I, καλὀς, Luke 8:15¹⁵But that on the good ground are they, which in an honest and good heart, having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth fruit with patience. (Luke 8:15); Rom. 12:17¹⁷Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men. (Romans 12:17); 2 Cor. 8:21; 13: 7²¹Providing for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men. (2 Corinthians 8:21); Pet. 2:12.-This word is in no wise restricted to what is now ordinarily understood by being honest; it is translated more than fifty times 'good.' 2, σεμνός, Phil. 4:8,⁸Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things. (Philippians 4:8) meaning 'venerable.'

Hope.

The desire and expectation of what we do not yet fully possess; it is begotten by God in the power of the Holy Spirit, Rom. 15:13¹³Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, that ye may abound in hope, through the power of the Holy Ghost. (Romans 15:13) 1 Pet. 1:21²¹Who by him do believe in God, that raised him up from the dead, and gave him glory; that your faith and hope might be in God. (1 Peter 1:21). It is sure and steadfast, and gives full assurance, Heb. 6:11, 18, 19¹¹And we desire that every one of you do show the same diligence to the full assurance of hope unto the end: (Hebrews 6:11)
¹⁸That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation, who have fled for refuge to lay hold upon the hope set before us: ¹⁹Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within the veil; (Hebrews 6:18‑19). It embraces the coming of the Lord, salvation, eternal life, and glory, Rom, 5:2; Col. 1:27²⁷To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory: (Colossians 1:27); Titus 1:2; 2:13; 3:7²In hope of eternal life, which God, that cannot lie, promised before the world began; (Titus 1:2)
¹³Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; (Titus 2:13)
⁷That being justified by his grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life. (Titus 3:7). Jesus Christ Himself is our hope, 1 Tim. 1:1¹Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the commandment of God our Saviour, and Lord Jesus Christ, which is our hope; (1 Timothy 1:1).

Horn.

n the Revelation only, except Luke 1:69⁶⁹And hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David; (Luke 1:69) It is symbolical of ‘power,' and often 'kingly power.' The Lamb had seven horns, perfect power, Rev. 5: 6. Satan and the Roman beast have ten horns, which 'are ten kings,' Rev. 12:3; 13:1; 17:3, 7, 12, 16³And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon his heads. (Revelation 12:3)
¹And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. (Revelation 13:1)
³So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet colored beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. (Revelation 17:3)
⁷And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and ten horns. (Revelation 17:7)
¹²And the ten horns which thou sawest are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast. (Revelation 17:12)
¹⁶And the ten horns which thou sawest upon the beast, these shall hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh, and burn her with fire. (Revelation 17:16).

Hosanna

Matt. 21:9, 15⁹And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the Son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest. (Matthew 21:9)
¹⁵And when the chief priests and scribes saw the wonderful things that he did, and the children crying in the temple, and saying, Hosanna to the Son of David; they were sore displeased, (Matthew 21:15); Mark 141:9,10; John 12:13¹³Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna: Blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord. (John 12:13).—The word is the same in the Greek, and is a compound of two Hebrew words which occur in Psa. 118:25,²⁵Save now, I beseech thee, O Lord: O Lord, I beseech thee, send now prosperity. (Psalm 118:25) and are there translated 'save now.' The sense is 'Bestow blessing on the Son of David: bestow blessing in the highest.'

House.

Very little is known of the form of houses in the time of the Lord. It is supposed that then, as now, the rule was to have a court in the center with a fountain, trees, &c. A verandah ran round this, where at all times shade could be enjoyed. Under the verandah was a raised part, on which to sit. In this court visitors were received. Around the court were doors to all the other apartments, and to rooms above. The rooms had windows with lattice work to admit the air without the inmates being seen. The front wall of the house was a blank, except the door, and windows high up. It was from such a window Eutychus fell, Acts 20:9⁹And there sat in a window a certain young man named Eutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep: and as Paul was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead. (Acts 20:9). For 'house of God,' see Church in, “The Kingdom of Heaven, the Kingdom of God, and the Church”.

Household.

Besides the ordinary signification of this word it is applied to the 'household of faith,' and the ‘household of God,' Gal. 6:10¹⁰As we have therefore opportunity, let us do good unto all men, especially unto them who are of the household of faith. (Galatians 6:10); Eph. 2:19¹⁹Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God; (Ephesians 2:19).

Husks

Luke 15:16¹⁶And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat: and no man gave unto him. (Luke 15:16).-Supposed to be the fruit of the locust tree (cevatonia siliqua), used for the food of pigs, and eaten in times of scarcity by the poorest of the people. It is called St. John's Bread, from the tradition that John the Baptist ate it.

Hymns

Eph. 5:19¹⁹Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord; (Ephesians 5:19).; Col. 3:16¹⁶Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord. (Colossians 3:16).—Songs of praise. The same word is used in the LXX in Neh. 12:46⁴⁶For in the days of David and Asaph of old there were chief of the singers, and songs of praise and thanksgiving unto God. (Nehemiah 12:46); Ps. 40 (39). 3, and in some of the titles of the Psalms. 'Hymns' may be more immediately 'songs of praise' as distinguished from 'spiritual songs.'

Hyssop.

Described as a fragrant shrub, sometimes growing out of a wall, 1 Kings 4:33³³And he spake of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall: he spake also of beasts, and of fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes. (1 Kings 4:33). It bears white or blue flowers It was used in the sacrifices to sprinkle the blood with, Heb. 9:19,¹⁹For when Moses had spoken every precept to all the people according to the law, he took the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and all the people, (Hebrews 9:19) Hyssop occurs in John 19:29²⁹Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to his mouth. (John 19:29) instead of the `reed' in Matt. 27:48⁴⁸And straightway one of them ran, and took a spunge, and filled it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink. (Matthew 27:48) and Mark 15:36,³⁶And one ran and filled a spunge full of vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink, saying, Let alone; let us see whether Elias will come to take him down. (Mark 15:36) on which the sponge was placed to give our Lord the vinegar; so that some of the shrubs must have had long stems.

Idolater, Idolatry

Chiefly referred to the worship of idols; but a covetous man is also an idolater: he makes a god of his possessions, Eph. 5:5⁵For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God. (Ephesians 5:5); Col. 3:5⁵Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth; fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry: (Colossians 3:5); and there is a general exhortation to avoid idolatry and idols, 1 Cor. 10:14¹⁴Wherefore, my dearly beloved, flee from idolatry. (1 Corinthians 10:14); 1 John 5:21²¹Little children, keep yourselves from idols. Amen. (1 John 5:21). Anything that would be an unworthy object before the soul, extending to pictures and images in places of worship.

Immortality.

1 ἀθανασία, 1 Cor. 15:53, 54⁵³For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. ⁵⁴So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory. (1 Corinthians 15:53‑54); 1 Tim. 6:16,¹⁶Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath seen, nor can see: to whom be honor and power everlasting. Amen. (1 Timothy 6:16) 'not capable of dying’, ‘not subject to death.' 2, ἀφθαρσία, Rom. 2:7⁷To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, eternal life: (Romans 2:7); 2 Tim. 1:10,¹⁰But is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel: (2 Timothy 1:10) the meaning is ‘incorruptibility'; and ‘incorruptible' in 1 Tim. 1:17¹⁷Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Timothy 1:17).

Immutability.

See God.

Impute.

i, λογίζομαι, 'to add up, reckon,' Rom. 4:6, 8, 11, 22, 23, 24⁶Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works, (Romans 4:6)
⁸Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin. (Romans 4:8)
¹¹And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed unto them also: (Romans 4:11)
²²And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness. ²³Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him; ²⁴But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead; (Romans 4:22‑24); 2 Cor. 5:19¹⁹To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation. (2 Corinthians 5:19); Gal. 3:6⁶Even as Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness. (Galatians 3:6); James 2:23²³And the scripture was fulfilled which saith, Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness: and he was called the Friend of God. (James 2:23). Blessed is the man to whom God will not reckon sin; but to whom He will reckon righteousness without works: the man is judicially esteemed as righteous. 2, έλλογέω, ' to bring into account,' Rom. 5:13,¹³(For until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when there is no law. (Romans 5:13) sin is not put to account where there is no law.

Incorruptible, Incorruption.

What is incapable of corruption. Applied to the Christian's crown, 1 Cor. 9: 25; to his inheritance, 1 Pet. 1:4⁴To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you, (1 Peter 1:4); to the seed of which he is born, 1 Pet. 1:23²³Being born again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God, which liveth and abideth for ever. (1 Peter 1:23); to the condition of the raised saints, 1 Cor. 15:42-54⁴²So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption: ⁴³It is sown in dishonor; it is raised in glory: it is sown in weakness; it is raised in power: ⁴⁴It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body. ⁴⁵And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit. ⁴⁶Howbeit that was not first which is spiritual, but that which is natural; and afterward that which is spiritual. ⁴⁷The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is the Lord from heaven. ⁴⁸As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy: and as is the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly. ⁴⁹And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly. ⁵⁰Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; neither doth corruption inherit incorruption. ⁵¹Behold, I show you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, ⁵²In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. ⁵³For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. ⁵⁴So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory. (1 Corinthians 15:42‑54); to God Himself, Rom. 1:23²³And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things. (Romans 1:23). Incorrectly translated ‘immortal’, ‘immortality’, in Rom. 2:7⁷To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, eternal life: (Romans 2:7); 1 Tim. 1:17¹⁷Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Timothy 1:17); 2 Tim. 1:10¹⁰But is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel: (2 Timothy 1:10); and 'sincerity' in Eph. 6:24²⁴Grace be with all them that love our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. Amen. <<To the Ephesians written from Rome, by Tychicus.>> (Ephesians 6:24); Titus 2:7⁷In all things showing thyself a pattern of good works: in doctrine showing uncorruptness, gravity, sincerity, (Titus 2:7).

Infidel

2 Cor. 6:15¹⁵And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? (2 Corinthians 6:15); 1 Tim. 5:8⁸But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. (1 Timothy 5:8).—The simple meaning is 'without faith,' an ' unbeliever,' as the same word is translated in 1 Cor. 6:6; 14:23,⁶But brother goeth to law with brother, and that before the unbelievers. (1 Corinthians 6:6)
²³If therefore the whole church be come together into one place, and all speak with tongues, and there come in those that are unlearned, or unbelievers, will they not say that ye are mad? (1 Corinthians 14:23) &c.

Iniquity.

See Sin.

Inn.

1, κατάλυμα, from ‘to unloose,' Luke 2:7,⁷And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn. (Luke 2:7) a place where girdles, sandals, &c. were unloosed, while rest was obtained. It is scarcely feasible to confine this to the 'caravansari ' of the East, where men and animals all rest in a bare enclosure, with open shelters round the walls. The same Greek word is translated ‘guest chamber' in Mark 14:14¹⁴And wheresoever he shall go in, say ye to the goodman of the house, The Master saith, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? (Mark 14:14); Luke 22:11¹¹And ye shall say unto the goodman of the house, The Master saith unto thee, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? (Luke 22:11). 2, πανδοχεῖον, Luke 10: 34, a place where 'all are received.' This has been thought to refer to a 'caravansari;' the Vulgate calls it 'stabulum.' The' host' may have been one who took charge of the place, and sold such things as were necessary to travelers.

Inspiration.

See “A Few Notes on Inspiration” just after “Coincidences Recorded in the Gospel”

Intercession

έντυχάνω, ‘to get access to any one.'—Especially referred to the Lord making intercession for the saints to preserve communion, Rom. 8:27, 34²⁷And he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit, because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of God. (Romans 8:27)
³⁴Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us. (Romans 8:34); Heb. 7:25²⁵Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them. (Hebrews 7:25); also to the Holy Spirit, Rom. 8:26²⁶Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. (Romans 8:26). The saints are directed to make intercession for all men, 1 Tim. 2:1¹I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men; (1 Timothy 2:1); and it is remarkable that the same word (ἔντεξις) is used in 1 Tim. 4:5,⁵For it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer. (1 Timothy 4:5) where food is sanctified by the word of God and 'intercourse' (with Him).

Jacinth

ὑάκινθος, Rev. 9:17; 21:20¹⁷And thus I saw the horses in the vision, and them that sat on them, having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone: and the heads of the horses were as the heads of lions; and out of their mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone. (Revelation 9:17)
²⁰The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. (Revelation 21:20).-It is associated in Rev. 9:17¹⁷And thus I saw the horses in the vision, and them that sat on them, having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone: and the heads of the horses were as the heads of lions; and out of their mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone. (Revelation 9:17) with fire and brimstone, perhaps because of its reflecting the flashes. The Greek word signifies the flower hyacinth, as well as a gem. It occurs in the LXX in Ex. 25:4; 26:1,⁴And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, (Exodus 25:4)
¹Moreover thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet: with cherubims of cunning work shalt thou make them. (Exodus 26:1) &c., but is translated blue.

Jasper

ἴασπις, Rev. 4:3; 21:11, 18, 19³And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. (Revelation 4:3)
¹¹Having the glory of God: and her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like a jasper stone, clear as crystal; (Revelation 21:11)
¹⁸And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. ¹⁹And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; (Revelation 21:18‑19).-A variety of quartz, non-transparent, of various colors. It occurs in the LXX in Ex. 28:18; 36:18¹⁸And the second row shall be an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. (Exodus 28:18)
¹⁸And he made fifty taches of brass to couple the tent together, that it might be one. (Exodus 36:18) (39:11); Isa. 54:12¹²And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy gates of carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones. (Isaiah 54:12); Ezek. 28:13¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13).

Judgment

κρίσις, κρίμα.—'Judgment' is used in the N. T. in two senses—a, as a sessional judgment, when men will be arraigned before the Judge. It is appointed that after death shall be judgment, Heb. 9:27²⁷And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment: (Hebrews 9:27). Scripture does not speak of a general judgment when all mankind will be judged. It describes two sessional judgments, Matt. 25: 31-46 and Rev. 20:11-15,¹¹And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. ¹²And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works. ¹³And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works. ¹⁴And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. ¹⁵And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. (Revelation 20:11‑15) which will be found to differ materially The Christian of the present dispensation does not appear at either of the above, Scripture declares that he shall not come into judgment (χρίσις), but is already passed from death unto life, John 5:74. He will have to stand before the judgment seat of Christ, Rom. 14:10¹⁰But why dost thou judge thy brother? or why dost thou set at nought thy brother? for we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ. (Romans 14:10); 2 Cor. 5:10:, not to be judged for his sins, for Christ was judged for them, but each must give account of himself, and be manifested before Christ. b, The other form of judgment is the executing of judgments, which may be of a temporary character, as in the Revelation; or the final doom of Satan and the wicked, which is eternal, Heb. 6:2²Of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment. (Hebrews 6:2); Rev. 20:10, 15¹⁰And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. (Revelation 20:10)
¹⁵And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. (Revelation 20:15). The same Greek words are sometimes translated in the A. V. ‘condemnation,' and often 'damnation.'

Justification

δικαίωσις,-ωμα.-The believer is justified, declared to be without a fault; so that justification is ‘the state of accomplished subsisting righteousness,' Rom. 5:16, 18¹⁶And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift: for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification. (Romans 5:16)
¹⁸Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. (Romans 5:18). God is the justifier, Rom. 8:33³³Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifieth. (Romans 8:33). The believer is justified before God (causatively) by grace, Rom. 3:24²⁴Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus: (Romans 3:24); (meritoriously) by blood, Rom. 5:9⁹Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him. (Romans 5:9); (declaratively) by Christ's resurrection, Rom. 4:25²⁵Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification. (Romans 4:25); (instrumentally) by faith, Rom. 5:1¹Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ: (Romans 5:1). He is justified before men (evidentially) by

works, James 2:20-26²⁰But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith without works is dead? ²¹Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar? ²²Seest thou how faith wrought with his works, and by works was faith made perfect? ²³And the scripture was fulfilled which saith, Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness: and he was called the Friend of God. ²⁴Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only. ²⁵Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way? ²⁶For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also. (James 2:20‑26).

Lama, Lamma,

Matt. 27:46⁴⁶And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? (Matthew 27:46); Mark 15:34³⁴And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? (Mark 15:34).-An Aramaic word signifying 'why.'

Lamp

λαμπάς, Matt. 25:1-8¹Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins, which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom. ²And five of them were wise, and five were foolish. ³They that were foolish took their lamps, and took no oil with them: ⁴But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps. ⁵While the bridegroom tarried, they all slumbered and slept. ⁶And at midnight there was a cry made, Behold, the bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him. ⁷Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps. ⁸And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our lamps are gone out. (Matthew 25:1‑8); Rev. 4:5; 8:10⁵And out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and voices: and there were seven lamps of fire burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. (Revelation 4:5)
¹⁰And the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters; (Revelation 8:10).- Matt. 25. shows that this is the common lamp in which oil was used. It is translated 'torch' in John 18:3,³Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with lanterns and torches and weapons. (John 18:3) and ‘light' in Acts 20:8⁸And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were gathered together. (Acts 20:8).

Lantern.

See Candle.

Latin

Law.

Often used in the N. T. as the principle of works in contrast to that of grace, with or without immediate allusion to the Mosaic law, Rom. 2:12-27; 3:19-31¹²For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law; ¹³(For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified. ¹⁴For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: ¹⁵Which show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) ¹⁶In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel. ¹⁷Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and makest thy boast of God, ¹⁸And knowest his will, and approvest the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law; ¹⁹And art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness, ²⁰An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law. ²¹Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal? ²²Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege? ²³Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonorest thou God? ²⁴For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you, as it is written. ²⁵For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision. ²⁶Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision? ²⁷And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law? (Romans 2:12‑27)
¹⁹Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God. ²⁰Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin. ²¹But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets; ²²Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: ²³For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; ²⁴Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus: ²⁵Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; ²⁶To declare, I say, at this time his righteousness: that he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. ²⁷Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law? of works? Nay: but by the law of faith. ²⁸Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law. ²⁹Is he the God of the Jews only? is he not also of the Gentiles? Yes, of the Gentiles also: ³⁰Seeing it is one God, which shall justify the circumcision by faith, and uncircumcision through faith. ³¹Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law. (Romans 3:19‑31). It is also used as the principle on which things act: as 'the law of faith,' Rom. 3:27²⁷Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law? of works? Nay: but by the law of faith. (Romans 3:27) the ‘law of righteousness,' Rom. 9:31³¹But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness. (Romans 9:31); ‘the law of the spirit of life,' and the ‘law of sin and death,' Rom. 8:2,²For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death. (Romans 8:2) &c.

Lawyer.

See Jewish Sects, just before “The Synagogue and the Sanhedrim”.

Leaven.

Used for fermenting bread, but if left too long it turns to corruption. It is always used in scripture as a type of evil. Matt. 13:33³³Another parable spake he unto them; The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. (Matthew 13:33); Luke 13:21²¹It is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. (Luke 13:21) has often been thought to be an exception, but it is not so. (See Parables, just after the article on “Miracles”.) It is applied to the evils of the Sadducees and Pharisees, &c., Matt. 16:6, 11⁶Then Jesus said unto them, Take heed and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees. (Matthew 16:6)
¹¹How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it not to you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees? (Matthew 16:11); Mark 8:15¹⁵And he charged them, saying, Take heed, beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, and of the leaven of Herod. (Mark 8:15); Luke 12:1¹In the mean time, when there were gathered together an innumerable multitude of people, insomuch that they trode one upon another, he began to say unto his disciples first of all, Beware ye of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. (Luke 12:1). 'The old leaven' of the flesh and its corruptions, and ‘of malice' is contrasted with 'unleavened bread of sincerity and truth,' 1 Cor. 5:7, 8⁷Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us: ⁸Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. (1 Corinthians 5:7‑8). Its spreading and insinuating character is shown in 1 Cor. 5:6⁶Your glorying is not good. Know ye not that a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump? (1 Corinthians 5:6); Gal. 5:9⁹A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump. (Galatians 5:9).

Leopard

πάρδαλις, Rev. 13:2²And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. (Revelation 13:2).-The well-known spotted animal The same word is used in the LXX in Jer. 13:23,²³Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil. (Jeremiah 13:23) where the 'spots' are named. In other O. T. passages the leopard is characterized by swiftness, lying in wait, and tearing its prey even when it does not need to feed on it, Jer. 5:6⁶Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their cities: every one that goeth out thence shall be torn in pieces: because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are increased. (Jeremiah 5:6); Hos. 13:7⁷Therefore I will be unto them as a lion: as a leopard by the way will I observe them: (Hosea 13:7); Hab. 1:8: which things will characterize the Roman empire as a beast in a future day.

Leprosy

Matt. 83; Mark 1:42⁴²And as soon as he had spoken, immediately the leprosy departed from him, and he was cleansed. (Mark 1:42); Luke 5:12, 13¹²And it came to pass, when he was in a certain city, behold a man full of leprosy: who seeing Jesus fell on his face, and besought him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. ¹³And he put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will: be thou clean. And immediately the leprosy departed from him. (Luke 5:12‑13).-A dreadful and incurable disease, apt type of the loathsomeness of sin. It was cured by our Lord when on earth. There are lepers still near Jerusalem.

Light.-

the Nature of God: God Is Light, 1 John 1:5⁵This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all. (1 John 1:5). He Dwells in Unapproachable Light, 1 Tim. 6:16¹⁶Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath seen, nor can see: to whom be honor and power everlasting. Amen. (1 Timothy 6:16). the Lord Jesus Was the True Light That Came Into the World, John 1:4-9⁴In him was life; and the life was the light of men. ⁵And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. ⁶There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. ⁷The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. ⁸He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. ⁹That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. (John 1:4‑9). the Saints Are the Light of the World, Matt. 5:14¹⁴Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid. (Matthew 5:14); 1 Thess. 5:5⁵Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness. (1 Thessalonians 5:5). We Are to Let Our Light so Shine That God May Be Glorified. Matt. 5:16: Cf. Eph. 5:13¹³But all things that are reproved are made manifest by the light: for whatsoever doth make manifest is light. (Ephesians 5:13).

Lily

Matt. 6:28²⁸And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: (Matthew 6:28); Luke 12:27²⁷Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. (Luke 12:27).-The lilium both colored and white. Travelers relate that a large lily of great beauty and of splendid color grows near Lake Merom, and is known as the Huleh Lily.

Linen.

Βύσσινοςβύσσος, Luke 16:19¹⁹There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in purple and fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: (Luke 16:19); Rev. 18:12, 16; 19:8, 14:¹²The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12)
¹⁶And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! (Revelation 18:16) Translated 'Fine Linen,' but Is Supposed to Refer Rather to Byss, ‘Cotton.' 2, Σινδών, Mark 15:46⁴⁶And he bought fine linen, and took him down, and wrapped him in the linen, and laid him in a sepulchre which was hewn out of a rock, and rolled a stone unto the door of the sepulchre. (Mark 15:46) Luke 23:53⁵³And he took it down, and wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a sepulchre that was hewn in stone, wherein never man before was laid. (Luke 23:53); and 'Linen Cloth' in Matt. 27:59⁵⁹And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, (Matthew 27:59); Mark 14:51, 52,⁵¹And there followed him a certain young man, having a linen cloth cast about his naked body; and the young men laid hold on him: ⁵²And he left the linen cloth, and fled from them naked. (Mark 14:51‑52) a Kind of 'Linen' in Which the Dead Were Wrapped. 3. Λίνον, Made of Flax, Rev. 15:6⁶And the seven angels came out of the temple, having the seven plagues, clothed in pure and white linen, and having their breasts girded with golden girdles. (Revelation 15:6). It Is Translated `Flax' in Matt. 12:20²⁰A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory. (Matthew 12:20).

Lion.

The well-known wild animal of Asia and Africa. It seems to be symbolical of strength. The first living creature of Rev. 4:7,⁷And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle. (Revelation 4:7) representing one of the attributes of God the Almighty, was ‘like a lion.' The tribe of Judah was like a lion, Rev. 5:5: ‘who shall rouse him up?' Gen. 49:9⁹Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up? (Genesis 49:9). Paul was delivered out of the mouth of the lion, 2 Tim. 4:17,¹⁷Notwithstanding the Lord stood with me, and strengthened me; that by me the preaching might be fully known, and that all the Gentiles might hear: and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion. (2 Timothy 4:17) the Roman emperor: cf. Rev. 13:2²And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. (Revelation 13:2). Satan is compared to a roaring lion, 1 Peter 5:8,⁸Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: (1 Peter 5:8) showing that he thinks to terrify and make sure of his prey: cf. Amos 3:4, 8⁴Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? will a young lion cry out of his den, if he have taken nothing? (Amos 3:4)
⁸The lion hath roared, who will not fear? the Lord God hath spoken, who can but prophesy? (Amos 3:8); Rev. 10: 3.

Locust.

The locust was the food of John the Baptist, Matt. 3:4⁴And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey. (Matthew 3:4); Mark 1:6⁶And John was clothed with camel's hair, and with a girdle of a skin about his loins; and he did eat locusts and wild honey; (Mark 1:6). Locusts are also a symbol of a host sent in judgment, and are remarkable for their devastations. Rev. 9:3, 7³And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth: and unto them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power. (Revelation 9:3)
⁷And the shapes of the locusts were like unto horses prepared unto battle; and on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men. (Revelation 9:7). The angel of the bottomless pit is their king, ver. 11. See Husks.

Lord.

1, κύριος is the word most commonly employed, sometimes simply as a term of respect as between a servant and his master, and is translated 'sir,' Matt. 13:27²⁷So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? (Matthew 13:27); but it also occurs in the highest sense (mostly without the article) referring to Jehovah, Matt. 1:20,22,24,²⁰But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. (Matthew 1:20)
²²Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, (Matthew 1:22)
²⁴Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife: (Matthew 1:24) &c. It is also constantly used, with the article, as a title of Christ, the Lord, Acts 21:14¹⁴And when he would not be persuaded, we ceased, saying, The will of the Lord be done. (Acts 21:14); 1 Cor. 4:19¹⁹But I will come to you shortly, if the Lord will, and will know, not the speech of them which are puffed up, but the power. (1 Corinthians 4:19). The word is also translated ‘master,' as in Matt. 6:24; 15:27²⁴No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. (Matthew 6:24)
²⁷And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table. (Matthew 15:27). 2, δεσπόης, 'sovereign lord', ‘master’, as of a slave, Luke 2:29²⁹Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word: (Luke 2:29); Acts 4:24²⁴And when they heard that, they lifted up their voice to God with one accord, and said, Lord, thou art God, which hast made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all that in them is: (Acts 4:24); Jude 4⁴For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of old ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ. (Jude 4); Rev. 6:10¹⁰And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? (Revelation 6:10). Translated 'master,' 1 Tim. 6:1, 2¹Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed. ²And they that have believing masters, let them not despise them, because they are brethren; but rather do them service, because they are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit. These things teach and exhort. (1 Timothy 6:1‑2); 2 Tim. 2:21²¹If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honor, sanctified, and meet for the master's use, and prepared unto every good work. (2 Timothy 2:21); Titus 2:9⁹Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters, and to please them well in all things; not answering again; (Titus 2:9); 1 Pet. 2. 18. Especially applicable to Christ, even in respect of the wicked, 2 Pet. 2:1¹But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. (2 Peter 2:1).

Lot

.The lot was used for disposing of the Lord's garments, Matt. 27:35³⁵And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, They parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture did they cast lots. (Matthew 27:35); Mark 15:24²⁴And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should take. (Mark 15:24) &c. It was employed also in the choice of an apostle to fill the place of Judas, Acts 1:26,²⁶And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles. (Acts 1:26) but we do not read of the lot being resorted to after the gift of the Holy Spirit.

Love

1, ἀγαπάω, ἀγάπη.—The nature of God: ‘God is love,' 1 John 4:8, 16⁸He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love. (1 John 4:8)
¹⁶And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him. (1 John 4:16). It is characteristic of the Christian: " Every one that loveth is born of God and knoweth God," 1 John 4:7⁷Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God. (1 John 4:7). It is manifested in his loving God and all Christians, 1 John 5:1, 2¹Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten of him. ²By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments. (1 John 5:1‑2). 2, φιλέω represents a different phase of love: it is employed for the Father's love to Christ, John 5:20²⁰For the Father loveth the Son, and showeth him all things that himself doeth: and he will show him greater works than these, that ye may marvel. (John 5:20); and for Christ's love to His saints, Rev. 3:19¹⁹As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore, and repent. (Revelation 3:19). It is the word Peter uses when the Lord is testing him in John 21:15-17¹⁵So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs. ¹⁶He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep. ¹⁷He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time, Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things; thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep. (John 21:15‑17). The Lord used the same word the third time that He said, ‘Lovest thou me?' It occurs in 1 Cor. 16:22: "If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ let him be Anathema Maran-atha."

Lunatics.

Literally 'those affected by, or at, the changes of the moon.' It may refer to those of unsound mind, or to persons afflicted with epilepsy, which sometimes recurs at the changes of the moon: Matt. 4:24; 17:15²⁴And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. (Matthew 4:24)
¹⁵Lord, have mercy on my son: for he is lunatick, and sore vexed: for ofttimes he falleth into the fire, and oft into the water. (Matthew 17:15).

Magistrates.

See Roman Governors, after “Money and Measures”.

Mammon

Matt. 6:24²⁴No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. (Matthew 6:24); Luke 16:9, 11, 13⁹And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations. (Luke 16:9)
¹¹If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches? (Luke 16:11)
¹³No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. (Luke 16:13).—Riches are personified as a master: " Ye cannot serve God and mammon."

Maranatha.-

See Anathema.

Marriage.

The institution of God at the creation for the union of man an woman, Gen. 2:24²⁴Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. (Genesis 2:24). "Marriage is honorable in all," Heb. 13:4⁴Marriage is honorable in all, and the bed undefiled: but whoremongers and adulterers God will judge. (Hebrews 13:4); and it is taken as a symbol of the union between Christ and the church, Eph. 5:32³²This is a great mystery: but I speak concerning Christ and the church. (Ephesians 5:32); and of the marriage of the Lamb still to come, Rev. 19:7⁷Let us be glad and rejoice, and give honor to him: for the marriage of the Lamb is come, and his wife hath made herself ready. (Revelation 19:7). In the resurrection of the saints, there is no marriage; in this respect they will be like the angels, Matt. 22:30³⁰For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven. (Matthew 22:30). In times of distress it may be better to abstain from marriage if any have the power, 1 Cor. 7:8, 9⁸I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, It is good for them if they abide even as I. ⁹But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to marry than to burn. (1 Corinthians 7:8‑9). Forbidding to marry is one of the doctrines of demons, 1 Tim. 4:1-3¹Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; ²Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron; ³Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth. (1 Timothy 4:1‑3). It sets aside God's ordinance, and has led to much crime. The Lord's first miracle was to turn water into wine at a MARRIAGE FEAST, John 2:1,2¹And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was there: ²And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage. (John 2:1‑2). Also used as a symbol of the Gospel feast, provided first for Israel, and then going out to all, Matt. 22:1-10¹And Jesus answered and spake unto them again by parables, and said, ²The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king, which made a marriage for his son, ³And sent forth his servants to call them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come. ⁴Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. ⁵But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his farm, another to his merchandise: ⁶And the remnant took his servants, and entreated them spitefully, and slew them. ⁷But when the king heard thereof, he was wroth: and he sent forth his armies, and destroyed those murderers, and burned up their city. ⁸Then saith he to his servants, The wedding is ready, but they which were bidden were not worthy. ⁹Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage. ¹⁰So those servants went out into the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both bad and good: and the wedding was furnished with guests. (Matthew 22:1‑10). The marriage supper of the Lamb is also named, Rev. 19:9⁹And he saith unto me, Write, Blessed are they which are called unto the marriage supper of the Lamb. And he saith unto me, These are the true sayings of God. (Revelation 19:9). Of the ceremonies attending a marriage

we really know very little. The bride of the Lamb will be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white, which is the righteousnesses of the saints. Rev. 19:8⁸And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness of saints. (Revelation 19:8). By Matt. 22. it appears that a garment was provided for each of the guests, which doubtless represents Christ Himself. Matt. 25. shows that the virgins went forth with their lamps to meet the bridegroom, as has been seen in modern times in the East; and the same cry has been heard at midnight, " Behold the bridegroom." It is typical of the saints going forth in spirit to meet the Savior.

Martyr.

The word signifies ‘witness’, as it is very often translated in the N. T., and is applied to Christ as "the faithful and true witness," Rev. 1:5;3⁵And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, (Revelation 1:5)
⁵He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment; and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will confess his name before my Father, and before his angels. (Revelation 3:5). 14. If a witness was put to death for Christ's sake he became a martyr. Many of "the cloud of witnesses," Heb. 12:1¹Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, (Hebrews 12:1) had been martyrs. Two only are so-called in the N. T.: Stephen, Acts 7:54-60; 22:20⁵⁴When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed on him with their teeth. ⁵⁵But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God, ⁵⁶And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God. ⁵⁷Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord, ⁵⁸And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul. ⁵⁹And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. ⁶⁰And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep. (Acts 7:54‑60)
²⁰And when the blood of thy martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting unto his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him. (Acts 22:20); Antipas, Rev. 2:13¹³I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is: and thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth. (Revelation 2:13). ‘Martyrs of Jesus’ are mentioned also in the charge against Papal Rome, Rev. 17: 6.

Master.

' διδάσκαλος, 'teacher, instructor,' Matt. 8:19¹⁹And a certain scribe came, and said unto him, Master, I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest. (Matthew 8:19); Mark 4:38³⁸And he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a pillow: and they awake him, and say unto him, Master, carest thou not that we perish? (Mark 4:38); Luke 3:12¹²Then came also publicans to be baptized, and said unto him, Master, what shall we do? (Luke 3:12); John 1:38³⁸Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and saith unto them, What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master,) where dwellest thou? (John 1:38); James 3:1,¹My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation. (James 3:1) &c., a term often applied to the Lord by the Jews. 2, κύριος ' lord, master,' Matt. 6:24; 15:27²⁴No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. (Matthew 6:24)
²⁷And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table. (Matthew 15:27); Mark 13:35³⁵Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning: (Mark 13:35); Acts 16:16, 19¹⁶And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying: (Acts 16:16)
¹⁹And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace unto the rulers, (Acts 16:19); Rom. 14:4⁴Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? to his own master he standeth or falleth. Yea, he shall be holden up: for God is able to make him stand. (Romans 14:4); Eph. 6:5, 9⁵Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ; (Ephesians 6:5)
⁹And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with him. (Ephesians 6:9); Col. 3:22; 4:1²²Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God: (Colossians 3:22)
¹Masters, give unto your servants that which is just and equal; knowing that ye also have a Master in heaven. (Colossians 4:1) a word implying authority. 3. ῥαββί, 'rabbi, chief, master,' Matt. 26:25,49²⁵Then Judas, which betrayed him, answered and said, Master, is it I? He said unto him, Thou hast said. (Matthew 26:25)
⁴⁹And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master; and kissed him. (Matthew 26:49); Mark 9:5; 11:21; 14:45⁵And Peter answered and said to Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias. (Mark 9:5)
²¹And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away. (Mark 11:21)
⁴⁵And as soon as he was come, he goeth straightway to him, and saith, Master, master; and kissed him. (Mark 14:45); John 4:31; 9:2; 11:8:³¹In the mean while his disciples prayed him, saying, Master, eat. (John 4:31)
²And his disciples asked him, saying, Master, who did sin, this man, or his parents, that he was born blind? (John 9:2) a title given to the Jewish doctors. The disciples often addressed the Lord thus, and it was employed by Judas when he betrayed Him with a kiss. The Lord told the apostles not to be called Rabbi, Matt. 23:7, 8⁷And greetings in the markets, and to be called of men, Rabbi, Rabbi. ⁸But be not ye called Rabbi: for one is your Master, even Christ; and all ye are brethren. (Matthew 23:7‑8). 4, ἐπιοτάτης, ' one set over,' as a magistrate. It is used by the apostles and by the ten lepers in addressing the Lord: Luke 5:5; 8:24, 45; 9:33, 49; 17:13⁵And Simon answering said unto him, Master, we have toiled all the night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at thy word I will let down the net. (Luke 5:5)
²⁴And they came to him, and awoke him, saying, Master, master, we perish. Then he arose, and rebuked the wind and the raging of the water: and they ceased, and there was a calm. (Luke 8:24)
⁴⁵And Jesus said, Who touched me? When all denied, Peter and they that were with him said, Master, the multitude throng thee and press thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me? (Luke 8:45)
³³And it came to pass, as they departed from him, Peter said unto Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias: not knowing what he said. (Luke 9:33)
⁴⁹And John answered and said, Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name; and we forbad him, because he followeth not with us. (Luke 9:49)
¹³And they lifted up their voices, and said, Jesus, Master, have mercy on us. (Luke 17:13). 5, δεσπότης, 'sovereign, lord,' ‘the owner' of slaves, 1 Tim. 6:1, 2¹Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and his doctrine be not blasphemed. ²And they that have believing masters, let them not despise them, because they are brethren; but rather do them service, because they are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit. These things teach and exhort. (1 Timothy 6:1‑2); 2 Tim. 2:21²¹If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto honor, sanctified, and meet for the master's use, and prepared unto every good work. (2 Timothy 2:21); Titus 2:9⁹Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters, and to please them well in all things; not answering again; (Titus 2:9); 1 Peter 2:18¹⁸Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward. (1 Peter 2:18). 6, καθηγτής 'guide, teacher,' Matt. 23:8, 10: a title not to be accepted by the disciples. 7, κυβερνήτης, 'pilot or master of a ship,' Acts 27:11¹¹Nevertheless the centurion believed the master and the owner of the ship, more than those things which were spoken by Paul. (Acts 27:11); translated ‘shipmaster' in Rev. 18:17¹⁷For in one hour so great riches is come to nought. And every shipmaster, and all the company in ships, and sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off, (Revelation 18:17).

Mediator

‘one who mediates between two’. The law was given by a mediator (Moses); but "a mediator is not of one, but God is one," and God Himself gave to Abraham by promise, Gal. 3:18-20¹⁸For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave it to Abraham by promise. ¹⁹Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator. ²⁰Now a mediator is not a mediator of one, but God is one. (Galatians 3:18‑20). Christ Jesus is the one Mediator between the Savior God and men, 1 Tim. 2:5⁵For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus; (1 Timothy 2:5); He is also Mediator of the new covenant, Heb. 8:6; 9:15; 12:24⁶But now hath he obtained a more excellent ministry, by how much also he is the mediator of a better covenant, which was established upon better promises. (Hebrews 8:6)
¹⁵And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance. (Hebrews 9:15)
²⁴And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel. (Hebrews 12:24). All blessings from God come to us mediatorily in Christ.

Mercy.

Referred to God's saving grace: all mankind was concluded to be guilty by God that He might have mercy upon all, Rom. 11:32³²For God hath concluded them all in unbelief, that he might have mercy upon all. (Romans 11:32). The saved are ‘vessels of mercy’, Rom. 9:23²³And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory, (Romans 9:23). We need mercy to the end; 'grace' collectively, and 'mercy' individually, 1 Tim. 1:2²Unto Timothy, my own son in the faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God our Father and Jesus Christ our Lord. (1 Timothy 1:2); 2 Tim. 1:2²To Timothy, my dearly beloved son: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord. (2 Timothy 1:2); Titus 1:4⁴To Titus, mine own son after the common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour. (Titus 1:4); &c.

Mercyseat:

See Propitiation.

Mile.

See “Money and Measures”, just before “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Milk.

Except in 1 Cor. 9:7⁷Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges? who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock? (1 Corinthians 9:7) milk is always in the N. T. used figuratively for the simple truths of the word suitable for new-born babes, 1 Peter 2:2²As newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word, that ye may grow thereby: (1 Peter 2:2). The Corinthian saints had been fed with milk, and not with meat, for they were not able to bear it: why is stated in the context, 1 Cor. 3:2²I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye able. (1 Corinthians 3:2). The Hebrews also could not be fed with solid food: they needed to be taught again the A, B, C of Christianity, Heb. 5:12, 13¹²For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat. ¹³For every one that useth milk is unskilful in the word of righteousness: for he is a babe. (Hebrews 5:12‑13).

Miracle.

See article on “Miracles” just before the article on “The Parables”.

Mite.

See Money and Measures, just before “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Moneychangers.-

These sat in the temple to exchange Roman or foreign coins for the Jewish half-shekel, called 'tribute' in Matt. 17:24²⁴And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tribute money came to Peter, and said, Doth not your master pay tribute? (Matthew 17:24). The Lord called them 'thieves,' Matt. 21:12¹²And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, (Matthew 21:12); Mark 11:15¹⁵And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves; (Mark 11:15); John 2:14, 15¹⁴And found in the temple those that sold oxen and sheep and doves, and the changers of money sitting: ¹⁵And when he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out of the temple, and the sheep, and the oxen; and poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the tables; (John 2:14‑15).

Moon.

Various signs are foretold as affecting the moon in a future day, Matt. 24:29²⁹Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: (Matthew 24:29); Mark 13:24²⁴But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, (Mark 13:24); Luke 21:25²⁵And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring; (Luke 21:25); Acts 2:20²⁰The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come: (Acts 2:20); Rev. 6:12¹²And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; (Revelation 6:12). The moon is used symbolically of some great but derivative power, less than the sun, and greater than the stars, Rev. 8:12; 12:1:¹²And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the stars; so as the third part of them was darkened, and the day shone not for a third part of it, and the night likewise. (Revelation 8:12) cf. 1 Cor. 15:41⁴¹There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. (1 Corinthians 15:41).

Mustardseed,Σίναπι.-

What plant is referred to is not definitely known. The Sinapis Nigra has a very small seed, and grows to ten feet high: Matt. 13:31; 17:20³¹Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field: (Matthew 13:31)
²⁰And Jesus said unto them, Because of your unbelief: for verily I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder place; and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you. (Matthew 17:20).

Myrrh

σμύρνα, Matt. 2:11¹¹And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh. (Matthew 2:11); John 19:39³⁹And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight. (John 19:39).-A kind of gum obtained from trees growing in the East, very bitter, but of a peculiar pungent fragrance. It was one of the presents brought by the Magi at the birth of Christ, and was also used at His burial. Wine 'mingled with myrrh' was offered to the Lord at His crucifixion, Mark 15:23: given, it is said, to lessen the consciousness of pain. The Lord refused to drink it: He would not accept mitigation from man.

Mystery

'a hidden secret.'-There are several named in the N. T. but they are now revealed to the saints. 1, The Lord explained to His disciples the mysteries of the kingdom, Matt. 13:11¹¹He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given. (Matthew 13:11); Mark 4:11¹¹And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: (Mark 4:11); Luke 8:10¹⁰And he said, Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God: but to others in parables; that seeing they might not see, and hearing they might not understand. (Luke 8:10). 2, The mystery of blindness happening to Israel for the blessing of the Gentiles, Rom. 2:25²⁵For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision. (Romans 2:25). 3, The mystery of the church, Rom. 16:25²⁵Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began, (Romans 16:25); Eph. 3:3, 4, 9³How that by revelation he made known unto me the mystery; (as I wrote afore in few words, ⁴Whereby, when ye read, ye may understand my knowledge in the mystery of Christ) (Ephesians 3:3‑4)
⁹And to make all men see what is the fellowship of the mystery, which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in God, who created all things by Jesus Christ: (Ephesians 3:9); Col. 1:26, 27²⁶Even the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but now is made manifest to his saints: ²⁷To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory: (Colossians 1:26‑27). 4, The mystery of the unity of Christ and the church, Eph. 5:32³²This is a great mystery: but I speak concerning Christ and the church. (Ephesians 5:32). 5, The mystery of iniquity at present at work, 2 Thess. 2:7⁷For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. (2 Thessalonians 2:7). 6, The mystery of godliness or piety, 1 Tim. 3:16¹⁶And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory. (1 Timothy 3:16). 7, The mystery of papal Rome, Rev. 17:5, 7⁵And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. (Revelation 17:5)
⁷And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and ten horns. (Revelation 17:7). We also read of the mystery of the gospel, Eph. 6:19¹⁹And for me, that utterance may be given unto me, that I may open my mouth boldly, to make known the mystery of the gospel, (Ephesians 6:19); of God's will, Eph. 1:9⁹Having made known unto us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which he hath purposed in himself: (Ephesians 1:9); of Christ, and of God, Col. 2:2; 4:3²That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the acknowledgement of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of Christ; (Colossians 2:2)
³Withal praying also for us, that God would open unto us a door of utterance, to speak the mystery of Christ, for which I am also in bonds: (Colossians 4:3); of the faith, 1 Tim. 3:9⁹Holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience. (1 Timothy 3:9); of the seven stars, Rev. 1:20²⁰The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:20). The mystery of God shall be finished, Rev. 10: 7.

Natural

.1, φυσικός, from φύσις, 'nature,' Rom. 1.26, 27; 2 Peter 2. 12: that which is according to nature in mankind or the animal world. 2, κατά φύσιν, ' according to nature,' Rom. 11:21,24,²¹For if God spared not the natural branches, take heed lest he also spare not thee. (Romans 11:21)
²⁴For if thou wert cut out of the olive tree which is wild by nature, and wert graffed contrary to nature into a good olive tree: how much more shall these, which be the natural branches, be graffed into their own olive tree? (Romans 11:24) here applied to the vegetable kingdom: it was contrary to nature to graft wild branches into a good tree. 3, ψυχικός„ from ψυχή, 'life, soul, breath,' &c. 1 Cor. 2:14; 15:44, 46:¹⁴But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned. (1 Corinthians 2:14) the same word is translated ‘sensual’ in James 3:15¹⁵This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. (James 3:15); Jude 19¹⁹These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit. (Jude 19); one governed by his natural mind and appetites: a natural man, ‘not having the Spirit’ 4, γένεσις, from 'to be born,' James 1:23: translated 'nature' in chap. 3:6.

Nephew

ἔκγονα, ‘descendants’ generally; not only nephews, 1 Tim. 5:4⁴But if any widow have children or nephews, let them learn first to show piety at home, and to requite their parents: for that is good and acceptable before God. (1 Timothy 5:4).

Net.

1, δίκτυον, an ordinary trawl, Matt. 4:20, 21²⁰And they straightway left their nets, and followed him. ²¹And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending their nets; and he called them. (Matthew 4:20‑21); Luke 5:2-6²And saw two ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them, and were washing their nets. ³And he entered into one of the ships, which was Simon's, and prayed him that he would thrust out a little from the land. And he sat down, and taught the people out of the ship. ⁴Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. ⁵And Simon answering said unto him, Master, we have toiled all the night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at thy word I will let down the net. ⁶And when they had this done, they inclosed a great multitude of fishes: and their net brake. (Luke 5:2‑6); John 21: 6, 8, 11. 2, ἀμφίβληστρον, a net that encloses a large space, Matt. 4:18¹⁸And Jesus, walking by the sea of Galilee, saw two brethren, Simon called Peter, and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers. (Matthew 4:18). 3, σαγήνη, a drag-net, a seyne, Matt. 13:47⁴⁷Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind: (Matthew 13:47).

New.

1, καινός, 'new,' in contrast with something 'before,' Matt. 9:17¹⁷Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved. (Matthew 9:17); Mark 2:22²²And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles. (Mark 2:22); Luke 5:38,³⁸But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are preserved. (Luke 5:38) applied to ‘bottles’; Mark 1:27²⁷And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among themselves, saying, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him. (Mark 1:27); Acts 17:19,¹⁹And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus, saying, May we know what this new doctrine, whereof thou speakest, is? (Acts 17:19) new 'doctrine;' Matt. 26:28²⁸For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. (Matthew 26:28); Mark 14:24²⁴And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many. (Mark 14:24); Luke 22:20²⁰Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you. (Luke 22:20); 1 Cor. 11: 25; 2 Cor. 3:6⁶Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. (2 Corinthians 3:6); Heb. 8:8, 13; 9:15,⁸For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah: (Hebrews 8:8)
¹³In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. Now that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away. (Hebrews 8:13)
¹⁵And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death, for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal inheritance. (Hebrews 9:15) new ‘covenant’ or 'testament;' Eph. 2:15; 4:24,¹⁵Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; (Ephesians 2:15)
²⁴And that ye put on the new man, which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness. (Ephesians 4:24) new 'man;' 2 Cor. 5:17¹⁷Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. (2 Corinthians 5:17); Gal. 6:15,¹⁵For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature. (Galatians 6:15) new 'creature.' Also used in Matt. 26:29; 27:60²⁹But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom. (Matthew 26:29)
⁶⁰And laid it in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out in the rock: and he rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed. (Matthew 27:60); Mark 14:25; 16:17²⁵Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God. (Mark 14:25)
¹⁷And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; (Mark 16:17); Luke 5:36³⁶And he spake also a parable unto them; No man putteth a piece of a new garment upon an old; if otherwise, then both the new maketh a rent, and the piece that was taken out of the new agreeth not with the old. (Luke 5:36); John 13:34; 19:41³⁴A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another. (John 13:34)
⁴¹Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid. (John 19:41); 2 Peter 3:13¹³Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. (2 Peter 3:13); 1 John 2:7, 8⁷Brethren, I write no new commandment unto you, but an old commandment which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment is the word which ye have heard from the beginning. ⁸Again, a new commandment I write unto you, which thing is true in him and in you: because the darkness is past, and the true light now shineth. (1 John 2:7‑8); 2 John 5⁵And now I beseech thee, lady, not as though I wrote a new commandment unto thee, but that which we had from the beginning, that we love one another. (2 John 5); Rev. 2:17; 3:12, 12: 5:9; 14:3; 21:1, 2, 5¹⁷He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it. (Revelation 2:17)
³And they sung as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no man could learn that song but the hundred and forty and four thousand, which were redeemed from the earth. (Revelation 14:3)
¹And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea. ²And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. (Revelation 21:1‑2)
⁵And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful. (Revelation 21:5). 2, νέσς, ‘new’ in the sense of ‘fresh’, not grown old, Matt. 9:17¹⁷Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved. (Matthew 9:17); Mark 2:22²²And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles. (Mark 2:22); Luke 5:37, 39,³⁷And no man putteth new wine into old bottles; else the new wine will burst the bottles, and be spilled, and the bottles shall perish. (Luke 5:37)
³⁹No man also having drunk old wine straightway desireth new: for he saith, The old is better. (Luke 5:39) new ' wine;' 1 Cor. 5:7,⁷Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us: (1 Corinthians 5:7) new ' lump; Col. 3:10,¹⁰And have put on the new man, which is renewed in knowledge after the image of him that created him: (Colossians 3:10) new [man]; Heb. 12:24,²⁴And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel. (Hebrews 12:24) new 'covenant.' The word is also translated 'young' in Titus 2:4⁴That they may teach the young women to be sober, to love their husbands, to love their children, (Titus 2:4). 3, ἄγναφος, unfulled ' cloth, Matt. 9:16¹⁶No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse. (Matthew 9:16); Mark 2:21²¹No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment: else the new piece that filled it up taketh away from the old, and the rent is made worse. (Mark 2:21). 4, πρόσφατος, 'recent, modern,' Heb. 10:20²⁰By a new and living way, which he hath consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh; (Hebrews 10:20).

Noble, Nobleman.-

1,(ἅνθρωπος)εὐγενής, `of good family, noble birth,' Luke 19:12¹²He said therefore, A certain nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return. (Luke 19:12); Acts 17:11¹¹These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so. (Acts 17:11); 1 Cor. 1:26²⁶For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called: (1 Corinthians 1:26). 2, βασιλικός, ‘royal, kingly’, John 4:46, 49: translated 'royal,' Acts 12:21²¹And upon a set day Herod, arrayed in royal apparel, sat upon his throne, and made an oration unto them. (Acts 12:21); Jas. 2: 8. 3, κράτιστος (superlative of κρατύς, strong), 'mighty,' Acts 24:3; 26:25³We accept it always, and in all places, most noble Felix, with all thankfulness. (Acts 24:3)
²⁵But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. (Acts 26:25).

Offense(Stumbling):

see Stumblingblock.

Offense(Doing Wrong):

see Sin.

Offer, to.-

1, ἀυαφέρω, 'to bear up,' 'offer up,' Heb. 7:27; 13:15²⁷Who needeth not daily, as those high priests, to offer up sacrifice, first for his own sins, and then for the people's: for this he did once, when he offered up himself. (Hebrews 7:27)
¹⁵By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name. (Hebrews 13:15); James 2:21²¹Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar? (James 2:21); 1 Peter 2:5⁵Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. (1 Peter 2:5) 'to offer up’ as a sacrifice: translated ‘bear' (sins) in Heb. 9:28²⁸So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation. (Hebrews 9:28); 1 Peter 2:24²⁴Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed. (1 Peter 2:24). 2, προσφέρν,'to bring to, offer, present,' Matt. 5: 24; 8:4⁴And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, show thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. (Matthew 8:4); Mark 1:44⁴⁴And saith unto him, See thou say nothing to any man: but go thy way, show thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing those things which Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. (Mark 1:44); Luke 5:14; 23: 36¹⁴And he charged him to tell no man: but go, and show thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing, according as Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. (Luke 5:14); Acts 7:42; 8:18; 21:26⁴²Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness? (Acts 7:42)
¹⁸And when Simon saw that through laying on of the apostles' hands the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money, (Acts 8:18)
²⁶Then Paul took the men, and the next day purifying himself with them entered into the temple, to signify the accomplishment of the days of purification, until that an offering should be offered for every one of them. (Acts 21:26); Heb. 5:1, 3, 7; 8:3, 4; 9:7, 9, 14, 25, 28; 10:1, 2, 8, 11, 12; 11:4, 17:¹For every high priest taken from among men is ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins: (Hebrews 5:1)
³And by reason hereof he ought, as for the people, so also for himself, to offer for sins. (Hebrews 5:3)
⁷Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; (Hebrews 5:7)
³For every high priest is ordained to offer gifts and sacrifices: wherefore it is of necessity that this man have somewhat also to offer. ⁴For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: (Hebrews 8:3‑4)
⁷But into the second went the high priest alone once every year, not without blood, which he offered for himself, and for the errors of the people: (Hebrews 9:7)
⁹Which was a figure for the time then present, in which were offered both gifts and sacrifices, that could not make him that did the service perfect, as pertaining to the conscience; (Hebrews 9:9)
¹⁴How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? (Hebrews 9:14)
²⁵Nor yet that he should offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place every year with blood of others; (Hebrews 9:25)
²⁸So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation. (Hebrews 9:28)
¹For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect. ²For then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that the worshippers once purged should have had no more conscience of sins. (Hebrews 10:1‑2)
⁸Above when he said, Sacrifice and offering and burnt offerings and offering for sin thou wouldest not, neither hadst pleasure therein; which are offered by the law; (Hebrews 10:8)
¹¹And every priest standeth daily ministering and offering oftentimes the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins: ¹²But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God; (Hebrews 10:11‑12) to offer gifts and sacrifices. 3, δίδωμι. 'to give, present,' Luke 2:24²⁴And to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. (Luke 2:24); Rev. 8:3³And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. (Revelation 8:3). 4, σπἐυδω, 'to pour out' as a libation, Phil. 2:17¹⁷Yea, and if I be offered upon the sacrifice and service of your faith, I joy, and rejoice with you all. (Philippians 2:17); 2 Tim. 4:6⁶For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand. (2 Timothy 4:6). 5, ἀνάγω, 'to bring up’, 'offer up,' Acts 7.41.

Officers.

See article on Roman Governors and Officers, just before article on “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Olive Tree

ἐλαία, Rom. 11:17,24¹⁷And if some of the branches be broken off, and thou, being a wild olive tree, wert graffed in among them, and with them partakest of the root and fatness of the olive tree; (Romans 11:17)
²⁴For if thou wert cut out of the olive tree which is wild by nature, and wert graffed contrary to nature into a good olive tree: how much more shall these, which be the natural branches, be graffed into their own olive tree? (Romans 11:24). Rev. 11.4, speaking of two witnesses, says "These are the two olive trees and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth;" and in Jer. 11:16,¹⁶The Lord called thy name, A green olive tree, fair, and of goodly fruit: with the noise of a great tumult he hath kindled fire upon it, and the branches of it are broken. (Jeremiah 11:16) Israel and Judah were God's 'green olive tree.' Thus Israel was the 'good olive tree,' as a witness for God on the earth, and the Gentiles the 'wild olive tree' which was grafted in, contrary to nature.

Omega.

See Alpha.

Oracle

a word or message from God.-Acts 7:38,³⁸This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us: (Acts 7:38) 'living oracles' applied to the law; Rom. 3:2,²Much every way: chiefly, because that unto them were committed the oracles of God. (Romans 3:2) ‘oracles of God,' referring to the O. T. scriptures; Heb. 5:12,¹²For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat. (Hebrews 5:12) to God's revealed will; 1 Peter 4:11,¹¹If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God; if any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth: that God in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom be praise and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Peter 4:11) as a message from God. In the LXX the same word is used for the breastplate, 'the oracle of judgment,' in connection with which answers were obtained directly from God. Satan imitated this in the heathen world, where oracles were connected with their idol temples, from which answers were received professedly from their gods.

Ordain

.1, ποιέω, 'to make, do,' Mark 3:14,¹⁴And he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that he might send them forth to preach, (Mark 3:14) Christ 'appointed' twelve. 2, γίνοαι. 'to be made,' Acts 1:22,²²Beginning from the baptism of John, unto that same day that he was taken up from us, must one be ordained to be a witness with us of his resurrection. (Acts 1:22) one 'should be' a witness. 3, διατἄσσω, τάσσω, ' to appoint,' Acts 13:48⁴⁸And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of the Lord: and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed. (Acts 13:48); Rom. 13:1¹Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. (Romans 13:1); 1 Cor. 7:17; 9:14¹⁷But as God hath distributed to every man, as the Lord hath called every one, so let him walk. And so ordain I in all churches. (1 Corinthians 7:17)
¹⁴Even so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the gospel should live of the gospel. (1 Corinthians 9:14); Gal. 3:19¹⁹Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator. (Galatians 3:19). 4, προορίζω,όρίζω, ‘to determine, place,' Acts 10:42; 17:31⁴²And he commanded us to preach unto the people, and to testify that it is he which was ordained of God to be the Judge of quick and dead. (Acts 10:42)
³¹Because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. (Acts 17:31); 1 Cor. 2:7⁷But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: (1 Corinthians 2:7). 5, καθίστημι, 'to set, place,' Titus 1:5⁵For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: (Titus 1:5); Heb. 5:1; 8:3¹For every high priest taken from among men is ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins: (Hebrews 5:1)
³For every high priest is ordained to offer gifts and sacrifices: wherefore it is of necessity that this man have somewhat also to offer. (Hebrews 8:3). 6, κατασκευάζω. ' to prepare, make ready,' Heb. 9:6⁶Now when these things were thus ordained, the priests went always into the first tabernacle, accomplishing the service of God. (Hebrews 9:6). 7, πρoγρύφω, 'to write before’, 'marked out before', Jude 4⁴For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of old ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ. (Jude 4). 8, προετομιάζω, 'to prepare before,' Eph. 2:10¹⁰For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them. (Ephesians 2:10). 9, τίθημι, ‘to place, put,' 'appoint,' John 15:16¹⁶Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it you. (John 15:16); 1 Tim. 2:7⁷Whereunto I am ordained a preacher, and an apostle, (I speak the truth in Christ, and lie not;) a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and verity. (1 Timothy 2:7). 10, κρίνω ‘to separate, judge,' ‘decide,' Acts 16:4⁴And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders which were at Jerusalem. (Acts 16:4). It will be seen that none of the words used imply spiritual power and authority imparted to one person by another, as is often suggested by the word ‘ordain.'

Ordinance.

1διαταγή from 'to appoint, order,' Rom. 13:2,²Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. (Romans 13:2) what God has appointed. 2, δικαίωμα, 'to justify,' and hence what is ordained on authority, Luke 1:6⁶And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. (Luke 1:6); Heb. 9:1,10¹Then verily the first covenant had also ordinances of divine service, and a worldly sanctuary. (Hebrews 9:1)
¹⁰Which stood only in meats and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances, imposed on them until the time of reformation. (Hebrews 9:10). 3, δόγμα, ‘decree, law,' Eph. 2:15¹⁵Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; (Ephesians 2:15); Col. 2: 14. 4, δογματίζω, 'to impose a decree,' Col. 2:20²⁰Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances, (Colossians 2:20). 5, παράδοσις, ‘something taught', ‘a teaching,' Cor. 11: 2. 6, κτίσις. that which is created, formed, 1 Peter 2:13,¹³Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme; (1 Peter 2:13) ‘every human institution.'

Oven.

This is generally a very simple arrangement in the East. The oven is made of fire clay, and sunk more or less into the floor. Dried grass, &c., is thrown in. On a flat top the bread is baked, or the cakes are stuck to the sides of the oven: Matt. 6:30³⁰Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith? (Matthew 6:30); Luke 12:28²⁸If then God so clothe the grass, which is to day in the field, and to morrow is cast into the oven; how much more will he clothe you, O ye of little faith? (Luke 12:28).

Overseers. See “Offices and Gifts in the Church”,

Just Before “the Books of the New Testament, Briefly Considered”.

Palace.

1, Αύλή 'An Open Court Enclosed by Buildings’, 'A Large House,' Matt. 26:3, 58, 69³Then assembled together the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders of the people, unto the palace of the high priest, who was called Caiaphas, (Matthew 26:3)
⁵⁸But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest's palace, and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end. (Matthew 26:58)
⁶⁹Now Peter sat without in the palace: and a damsel came unto him, saying, Thou also wast with Jesus of Galilee. (Matthew 26:69); Mark 14:54, 66⁵⁴And Peter followed him afar off, even into the palace of the high priest: and he sat with the servants, and warmed himself at the fire. (Mark 14:54)
⁶⁶And as Peter was beneath in the palace, there cometh one of the maids of the high priest: (Mark 14:66); Luke 11:21²¹When a strong man armed keepeth his palace, his goods are in peace: (Luke 11:21); John 18:15¹⁵And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple: that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus into the palace of the high priest. (John 18:15). 2, Πραιτώριον, PrזTorium, From 'Praetor,' a Roman Officer; His Court or Residence, Mark 15:16¹⁶And the soldiers led him away into the hall, called Praetorium; and they call together the whole band. (Mark 15:16); Phil. 1:13: Also Translated ‘Judgment Hall' and 'Common Hall.'

Palm

φοῖνιξ,the well-known palm tree of the East. Its branches were strewn in the path when the Lord entered Jerusalem, John 12. 13; and as an emblem of victory are held by the multitude who cry "Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and to the Lamb," Rev. 7: 9.

Palsy.

Palsy is a contraction of ‘paralysis,' and this is described as a loosening or disabling, a loss of the power of motion or sensation in any part of the body, Matt. 4:24; 8:6; 9:2, 6²⁴And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. (Matthew 4:24)
⁶And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. (Matthew 8:6)
²And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee. (Matthew 9:2)
⁶But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house. (Matthew 9:6); Mark 2:3-10³And they come unto him, bringing one sick of the palsy, which was borne of four. ⁴And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay. ⁵When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy, Son, thy sins be forgiven thee. ⁶But there were certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning in their hearts, ⁷Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can forgive sins but God only? ⁸And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts? ⁹Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk? ¹⁰But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,) (Mark 2:3‑10); Luke 5:18, 24¹⁸And, behold, men brought in a bed a man which was taken with a palsy: and they sought means to bring him in, and to lay him before him. (Luke 5:18)
²⁴But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins, (he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go into thine house. (Luke 5:24); Acts 8:7; 9:33⁷For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were lame, were healed. (Acts 8:7)
³³And there he found a certain man named Eneas, which had kept his bed eight years, and was sick of the palsy. (Acts 9:33).

Paper

Formerly made of the papyrus which grew in Egypt, 2 John 12¹²Having many things to write unto you, I would not write with paper and ink: but I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face, that our joy may be full. (2 John 12).

Parables.

See article on “The Parables” just after the article on “Miracles”.

Paradise.

Rev. 2:7⁷He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God. (Revelation 2:7) seems to allude to the garden of Eden, with its tree of life, as a type of what Christ will give to the overcomer. Christ promised the thief on the cross that he should be with Him that day in paradise, Luke 23:45⁴⁵And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was rent in the midst. (Luke 23:45). Paul was caught up to the third heavens and heard in paradise unspeakable words. 2 Cor. 12:4⁴How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. (2 Corinthians 12:4). In all the passages it signifies a 'place of delights and happiness.'

Parchments.

'Membranes or skins,' on which manuscripts were anciently written, and which succeeded the use of papyrus, 2 Tim. 4:13¹³The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments. (2 Timothy 4:13).

Passion

‘to be affected, to suffer.'—Acts 1:3,³To whom also he showed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God: (Acts 1:3) after Christ 'had suffered.'

Passover.

See Feasts.

Pastors.

See “Offices and Gifts in the Church”just before “The books of the New Testament, briefly considered”.

Patriarch

‘head of a family.'-Acts 2:29; 7:8, 9²⁹Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us unto this day. (Acts 2:29)
⁸And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs. ⁹And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him, (Acts 7:8‑9); Heb. 7:4⁴Now consider how great this man was, unto whom even the patriarch Abraham gave the tenth of the spoils. (Hebrews 7:4); and often used in scripture to designate Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and the twelve sons of Jacob.

Pattern.

1, τύπος, from 'to strike,' type, Titus 2. 7; Heb. 8:5,⁵Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern showed to thee in the mount. (Hebrews 8:5) ‘pattern.' 2, ύποτύπωσις, 'a delineation,' 1 Tim. 1:16¹⁶Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus Christ might show forth all longsuffering, for a pattern to them which should hereafter believe on him to life everlasting. (1 Timothy 1:16). 3, ύπόδειγμα, from 'to show before,' Heb, 9: 23, 'representations.'

Pavement

John 19:13¹³When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha. (John 19:13).-The part of the Roman governor's palace where judgment was announced, perhaps an open court, for a Roman judgment had to be proclaimed under the open heaven, and in the presence of the accusers. The Greek word signifies 'strewn or inlaid with stones.' Gabbatha signifies ‘a hill’, it was probably a raised platform of tessellated pavement.

Peace.

The gospel is called “the gospel of peace," Rom. 10:15¹⁵And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things! (Romans 10:15); Eph. 6:15¹⁵And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; (Ephesians 6:15). On its reception the believer, being justified by faith, has peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, Rom. 5:1¹Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ: (Romans 5:1). He made peace through the blood of the cross, Col. 1:20²⁰And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven. (Colossians 1:20). Therefore to the saints God is called 'the God of peace,' and the Lord Jesus is ‘the Lord of peace,' Rom. 15:33³³Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen. (Romans 15:33); 2 Thess. 3:16¹⁶Now the Lord of peace himself give you peace always by all means. The Lord be with you all. (2 Thessalonians 3:16). The Lord Jesus, who is our peace, also made peace on the cross between Jew and Gentile, making in Himself "one new man," Eph. 2:14, 15¹⁴For he is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us; ¹⁵Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; (Ephesians 2:14‑15). When the Lord left His disciples in the world, He gave them peace and added "my peace I give unto you," John 14:27²⁷Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid. (John 14:27). 'The mind of the Spirit is life and peace,' Rom. 8:6⁶For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. (Romans 8:6). All God's saints, after spreading out their requests before God, should know what it is to have the peace of God that passeth understanding keeping their hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Phil. 4:6, 7⁶Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. ⁷And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. (Philippians 4:6‑7).

Pearl

used for that which is precious in Matt. 7:6,⁶Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you. (Matthew 7:6) and in Matt. 13:45, 46,⁴⁵Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly pearls: ⁴⁶Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it. (Matthew 13:45‑46) for that which Christ sought. In 1 Tim. 2:9⁹In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; (1 Timothy 2:9); Rev. 17:4; 18:12, 16⁴And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet color, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: (Revelation 17:4)
¹²The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12)
¹⁶And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! (Revelation 18:16) it refers to the ornaments worn by women. The twelve gates of the heavenly Jerusalem are each a pearl, Rev. 21:21²¹And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass. (Revelation 21:21).

Peculiar People.

A people of God's choice, peculiarly His, Titus 2:14¹⁴Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works. (Titus 2:14). In 1 Peter 2:9⁹But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: (1 Peter 2:9) it is ‘a people for a possession’: cf. Eph. 1:14¹⁴Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory. (Ephesians 1:14); Mal. 3:17¹⁷And they shall be mine, saith the Lord of hosts, in that day when I make up my jewels; and I will spare them, as a man spareth his own son that serveth him. (Malachi 3:17).

Pentecost.

See Feasts.

Perdition

‘irrecoverable doom.'—Phil. 1:28²⁸And in nothing terrified by your adversaries: which is to them an evident token of perdition, but to you of salvation, and that of God. (Philippians 1:28); 1 Tim. 6:9⁹But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. (1 Timothy 6:9); Heb. 10:39³⁹But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul. (Hebrews 10:39); 2 Peter 3:7⁷But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. (2 Peter 3:7); Rev. 17:8, 11⁸The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Revelation 17:8)
¹¹And the beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goeth into perdition. (Revelation 17:11). Judas and Antichrist are each called 'son of perdition,' John 17:12¹²While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled. (John 17:12); 2 Thess. 2:3³Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; (2 Thessalonians 2:3).

Perfect.

Various Greek words are so translated, the principal one is τελειόω, τέλειος, 'full, complete, perfect.' This is applied to the Lord in Heb. 2:10: to do all required for the office: and in Luke 13:32,³²And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I shall be perfected. (Luke 13:32) by completing His work in death (the same word in reference to the Lord is translated 'consecrated' in Heb. 7:28²⁸For the law maketh men high priests which have infirmity; but the word of the oath, which was since the law, maketh the Son, who is consecrated for evermore. (Hebrews 7:28)). We are exhorted to be ‘perfect’ as our Father in heaven is ‘perfect’, that is, complete in being like Him, good to all, Matt. 5:48⁴⁸Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. (Matthew 5:48). The Lord said to the rich young man, 'If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast,' &c., Matt. 19:21²¹Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow me. (Matthew 19:21). It is also applied to a 'full grown' man in Eph. 4:13¹³Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ: (Ephesians 4:13); (and in 1 Cor. 14:20²⁰Brethren, be not children in understanding: howbeit in malice be ye children, but in understanding be men. (1 Corinthians 14:20) is translated 'men:' in understanding ‘be perfect '). The application of the term is various: its meaning must be arrived at by the context.

Perilous.

'Dangerous, difficult times,' 2 Tim. 3:1¹This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. (2 Timothy 3:1). The same word is translated ‘fierce' in Matt. 8:28,²⁸And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way. (Matthew 8:28) in reference to the dangerous one possessed with demons. Such is the character of the present time, however smooth Satan may make it appear.

Philosophy.

An effort was made by Satan, acting on the mind of man, to corrupt the truth by mixing therewith worldly wisdom. Col. 2:8: cf. 1 Tim. 6:20²⁰O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: (1 Timothy 6:20); 2 Tim. 2:16-18¹⁶But shun profane and vain babblings: for they will increase unto more ungodliness. ¹⁷And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymeneus and Philetus; ¹⁸Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some. (2 Timothy 2:16‑18).

Phylactery

.Short portions of the law written on strips of parchment were rolled up in a piece of calf-skin and worn upon the forehead and left arm, supposed to be in obedience to Deut. 6:8; 11:18⁸And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. (Deuteronomy 6:8)
¹⁸Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes. (Deuteronomy 11:18). The Pharisees and scribes made them large to attract attention: it was making them broad that was condemned by the Lord, Matt. 23:5⁵But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, (Matthew 23:5). In later times they were worn as charms.

Pietyεύσέβεια, ‒Βέω,

‘to exercise piety, reverence'. 'Piety' occurs only in the A. V. in 1 Tim. 5:4⁴But if any widow have children or nephews, let them learn first to show piety at home, and to requite their parents: for that is good and acceptable before God. (1 Timothy 5:4); it is ‘holiness’ in Acts 3:12¹²And when Peter saw it, he answered unto the people, Ye men of Israel, why marvel ye at this? or why look ye so earnestly on us, as though by our own power or holiness we had made this man to walk? (Acts 3:12); and ‘worship' in Acts 17:23²³For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you. (Acts 17:23). In all other places it is 'godliness;' but 'piety' is a better translation. In 1 Tim. 2:10¹⁰But (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works. (1 Timothy 2:10) 'godliness' is θεοσέβεια, worship or fear of God.

Pigeon.

See Dove.

Pillar.

Applied to Peter, James, and John, Who "Seemed to Be Pillars" in the Church at Jerusalem, Gal. 2:9⁹And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. (Galatians 2:9). the Church Is ‘the Pillar and Ground of the Truth’, 1 Tim. 3:15: God's Witness to the Truth on Earth; That Which Maintains the Truth. the Overcomer in Philadelphia Will Be Made a Pillar in the Temple of God, Rev. 3:12¹²Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name. (Revelation 3:12). the Mighty Angel of Rev. 10:1¹And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: (Revelation 10:1) Has Feet As Pillars of Fire for Judgment.

Pit, Bottomless.-

See Deep.

Potentate.

See God.

Potter.

The apparatus employed by the potter in the East is very simple. It is turned by his feet, leaving his hands free to operate on the clay. To see him form a vessel, and if it does not please him, to witness it crushed in a moment, vividly brings before the mind the question, "Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honor, and another to dishonor?" Rom. 9:21²¹Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honor, and another unto dishonor? (Romans 9:21); Rev. 2:27²⁷And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father. (Revelation 2:27). What grace to be made ‘vessels of mercy’!

Pound:

See “Money and Measures”just before “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Power.

Several Greek words are translated power: the principal are-1, δύναμις, ' power, energy, ability to act.' without the thought of ‘authority,' Matt. 22:29; 24:30; 26:64²⁹Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God. (Matthew 22:29)
³⁰And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. (Matthew 24:30)
⁶⁴Jesus saith unto him, Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven. (Matthew 26:64); Luke 4:14; 9:1; 24:49¹⁴And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee: and there went out a fame of him through all the region round about. (Luke 4:14)
¹Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power and authority over all devils, and to cure diseases. (Luke 9:1)
⁴⁹And, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you: but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high. (Luke 24:49); Rom. 1:4⁴And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: (Romans 1:4); Eph. 1:19¹⁹And what is the exceeding greatness of his power to us-ward who believe, according to the working of his mighty power, (Ephesians 1:19); &c. The disciples were to tarry at Jerusalem until they had received such power by the gift of the Holy Spirit. 2, έξουσία, 'power, right, privilege,' with the thought of ‘authority,' which is sometimes the best word by which to translate it, Matt. 9:6; 10:1⁶But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house. (Matthew 9:6)
¹And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease. (Matthew 10:1); Luke 4: 6; John 19:11¹¹Jesus answered, Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above: therefore he that delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin. (John 19:11); Acts 26:18¹⁸To open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith that is in me. (Acts 26:18); Rom 13:1¹Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. (Romans 13:1); Eph. 1:21²¹Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: (Ephesians 1:21); Col. 1:13¹³Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: (Colossians 1:13); Rev. 13:12,¹²And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. (Revelation 13:12) &c. Christ gave such power or right to become sons of God to those that received him, John 1. 12. Pilate could have no such authority to judge Christ unless it had been given him from above. The ' powers' that be are ordained of God.

Prזtorium.‒

See Palace.

Prayer.

In a general way prayer may be said to be intercourse of a dependent one with God. Our Lord often went aside privately to pray, and we read of one occasion when He spent the whole night in prayer to God, Luke 6:12¹²And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God. (Luke 6:12). In John 17 the Lord rehearsed various things that He had done, basing petitions thereon. We are exhorted to make known our petitions, or requests, to God, and the peace of God shall keep our hearts and minds, Phil. 4:6, 7⁶Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. ⁷And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. (Philippians 4:6‑7); and there are the groanings begotten by the Holy Spirit which we cannot put into words, Rom. 8:26²⁶Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. (Romans 8:26); and also a holy intercourse with the Father and the Lord Jesus, respecting our own souls, and concerning all the joys and sorrows connected with the church and with service therein, and also respecting the glorious gospel in the world. We must ask in faith, Mark 2:24²⁴And the Pharisees said unto him, Behold, why do they on the sabbath day that which is not lawful? (Mark 2:24); James 1:5-7⁵If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. ⁶But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed. ⁷For let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the Lord. (James 1:5‑7). We should ask in the name of the Lord Jesus, and on His behalf, John 14:13; 15:16; 16:23, 26¹³And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. (John 14:13)
¹⁶Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it you. (John 15:16)
²³And in that day ye shall ask me nothing. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give it you. (John 16:23)
²⁶At that day ye shall ask in my name: and I say not unto you, that I will pray the Father for you: (John 16:26); and what is according to His will, John 5:14, 15¹⁴Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him, Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto thee. ¹⁵The man departed, and told the Jews that it was Jesus, which had made him whole. (John 5:14‑15). 'Supplications' are at times joined with prayers, Acts 1:14¹⁴These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren. (Acts 1:14); Eph. 6:18¹⁸Praying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all perseverance and supplication for all saints; (Ephesians 6:18); Phil. 4:6⁶Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. (Philippians 4:6); 1 Tim. 2:1; 5:5¹I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men; (1 Timothy 2:1)
⁵Now she that is a widow indeed, and desolate, trusteth in God, and continueth in supplications and prayers night and day. (1 Timothy 5:5); Heb. 5:7⁷Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; (Hebrews 5:7). It is not easy to gather the difference between 'supplications' and 'prayers,' except that the former may imply asking for something, which the latter does not necessarily imply.

.Preaching

Often used in the N. T. for simply ‘making known’, without the idea of formal preaching as now understood, Matt. 11:1¹And it came to pass, when Jesus had made an end of commanding his twelve disciples, he departed thence to teach and to preach in their cities. (Matthew 11:1); Mark 1:4, 7⁴John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins. (Mark 1:4)
⁷And preached, saying, There cometh one mightier than I after me, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to stoop down and unloose. (Mark 1:7); Luke 4:18¹⁸The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, (Luke 4:18); Acts 8:4⁴Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where preaching the word. (Acts 8:4); 2 Peter 2:5⁵And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly; (2 Peter 2:5).

Predestinate

προορίζω, 'to mark out beforehand, predetermine.' -In Rom. 8:29, 30²⁹For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. ³⁰Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified. (Romans 8:29‑30) those foreknown by God (not foreseen to be better than others) are declared to be predestinated to be conformed to the image of God's Son. In Eph. 1: 5 believers are predestinated to the adoption of sons, according to the purpose of God, who worketh all things after the counsel of His own will, ver. 11. Predestination is to a blessing; Election is God's choice of individuals, embracing Christ as the corner stone, 1 Peter 2:6⁶Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded. (1 Peter 2:6); angels, 1 Tim. 5:21²¹I charge thee before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, and the elect angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one before another, doing nothing by partiality. (1 Timothy 5:21); saints in the present dispensation, Rom. 8. 33; and the Jewish remnant, Matt. 24:22, 24, 31²²And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened. (Matthew 24:22)
²⁴For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall show great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. (Matthew 24:24)
³¹And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other. (Matthew 24:31).

Presbytery.

See Eldersin “Offices in the Church”, just before “The books of the New Testament, briefly considered”.

Priest.

One who presents gifts and offerings to God, Matt. 8:4⁴And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, show thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. (Matthew 8:4); Heb. 8:4⁴For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: (Hebrews 8:4); 1 Peter 2:5,⁵Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. (1 Peter 2:5) &c. We meet with chief priests (in the plural). It is supposed that any who had been high priests were termed ‘chief priests' afterward. The Lord Jesus was not a priest on earth (Heb. 8:4⁴For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: (Hebrews 8:4)), nor of the order of Aaron, Heb. 7:14¹⁴For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Juda; of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood. (Hebrews 7:14); though He offered Himself to God, Heb. 9:14,¹⁴How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? (Hebrews 9:14) the antitype of the action of Aaron on the day of Atonement for the nation; He was really offerer, offering and priest in His own Person, and is now the Christian's great High Priest above, Heb. 4. 14-16. See also Melchisedec. The Christian also is a priest, Rev. 1:6⁶And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. (Revelation 1:6); 1 Pet. 2:9⁹But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: (1 Peter 2:9); Heb. 10:19¹⁹Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus, (Hebrews 10:19); Rom. 12:1¹I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. (Romans 12:1); and has access to God at all times.

Principality.

A description of high powers in the unseen world, described as being in the heavenlies, Eph. 3:10¹⁰To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God, (Ephesians 3:10). They were created by the Lord Jesus, and He is head of them all, Col. 1:16; 2:10¹⁶For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: (Colossians 1:16)
¹⁰And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: (Colossians 2:10). Some fell from the position given them; they kept not their first estate or principality, Jude 6⁶And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. (Jude 6). Others contend against the saints in the heavenlies, Eph. 6:12¹²For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. (Ephesians 6:12). The Lord spoiled them on the cross, Col. 2:15¹⁵And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a show of them openly, triumphing over them in it. (Colossians 2:15); and at His resurrection was raised by God far above all created powers, Eph. 1:21²¹Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: (Ephesians 1:21).

Prison.

Matt. 14:310; 18:30.‒Acts 12:4-10⁴And when he had apprehended him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him; intending after Easter to bring him forth to the people. ⁵Peter therefore was kept in prison: but prayer was made without ceasing of the church unto God for him. ⁶And when Herod would have brought him forth, the same night Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains: and the keepers before the door kept the prison. ⁷And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands. ⁸And the angel said unto him, Gird thyself, and bind on thy sandals. And so he did. And he saith unto him, Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. ⁹And he went out, and followed him; and wist not that it was true which was done by the angel; but thought he saw a vision. ¹⁰When they were past the first and the second ward, they came unto the iron gate that leadeth unto the city; which opened to them of his own accord: and they went out, and passed on through one street; and forthwith the angel departed from him. (Acts 12:4‑10) refers to a Roman prison. Peter was bound by two chains, and lay asleep between two soldiers, with guards before the door to keep all safe. The angel led him through a first and second guard to the outer 'iron gate' that led into the city. Acts 16:24²⁴Who, having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks. (Acts 16:24) speaks of the 'inner prison' which agrees with the above. There are spirits kept in prison, 1 Pet. 3:19¹⁹By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison; (1 Peter 3:19). The abyss in which Satan is to be cast for the thousand years is also called a prison, Rev. 20:7⁷And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, (Revelation 20:7).

Prize.

The Christian race is illustrated by the Grecian contests for prizes: 'one receiveth the prize:' it was a corruptible crown (said to be a garland of olive, apple, pine, or parsley): the Christian's is an incorruptible crown. 1 Cor. 9:24-27²⁴Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain. ²⁵And every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible. ²⁶I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as one that beateth the air: ²⁷But I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection: lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway. (1 Corinthians 9:24‑27). The prize Paul was looking forward to was to be with and like the Lord, Phil. 3:14¹⁴I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. (Philippians 3:14).

Propitiation

ίλασμίς, from 'to be propitious.' The aspect of Christ's death that vindicates the holy and righteous character of God, and enables Him to be merciful to the whole world, while it extends to the sins of believers, 1 John 2:2; 4:10²And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. (1 John 2:2)
¹⁰Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. (1 John 4:10). A kindred word (the verb) occurs in Heb. 2:17,¹⁷Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people. (Hebrews 2:17) which should be translated "to make propitiation for the sins of the people." In Rom. 3:25²⁵Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; (Romans 3:25) is another kindred word, which should be translated ‘mercy-seat,' as it is, and must be, in Heb. 9:5⁵And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat; of which we cannot now speak particularly. (Hebrews 9:5).

Proselyte.

The scribes and Pharisees showed great zeal in making proselytes, Matt. 23:15¹⁵Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves. (Matthew 23:15). The heathen who professed Judaism were called proselytes, Acts 2:10; 6:5; 13:43¹⁰Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, (Acts 2:10)
⁵And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: (Acts 6:5)
⁴³Now when the congregation was broken up, many of the Jews and religious proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas: who, speaking to them, persuaded them to continue in the grace of God. (Acts 13:43). The Rabbis hold that there were two classes, 'proselytes of the gate,' from Exod. 20:10,¹⁰But the seventh day is the sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: (Exodus 20:10) who under certain promises were admitted as strangers; and 'proselytes of righteousness,' who were also circumcised. But this distinction is not found in the law.

Proverb

A sentence in which there is a hidden meaning, or a wider application than the simple words imply, Luke 4:23²³And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this proverb, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we have heard done in Capernaum, do also here in thy country. (Luke 4:23); John 16:25, 29²⁵These things have I spoken unto you in proverbs: but the time cometh, when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs, but I shall show you plainly of the Father. (John 16:25)
²⁹His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb. (John 16:29); 2 Peter 2:22²²But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire. (2 Peter 2:22).

Psalm.

Besides its application to the Psalms of David, the term is used for any hymn of praise, 1 Cor. 14:26²⁶How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation. Let all things be done unto edifying. (1 Corinthians 14:26); Eph. 5:19¹⁹Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord; (Ephesians 5:19); Col. 3:16¹⁶Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord. (Colossians 3:16); James 5. 13.

Publicans.

Those who farmed the taxes by paying a fixed sum for a certain district, and kept what was collected over; they then either employed others as collectors, or re-farmed smaller districts. As the yoke of the Romans was very galling, the Jews who undertook to collect the taxes were looked upon as unworthy of the least respect, and were treated as extortioners, which perhaps some of them were: cf. Luke 3:13; 19:8¹³And he said unto them, Exact no more than that which is appointed you. (Luke 3:13)
⁸And Zaccheus stood, and said unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold. (Luke 19:8).

Purple

Mark 15:17, 20¹⁷And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head, (Mark 15:17)
²⁰And when they had mocked him, they took off the purple from him, and put his own clothes on him, and led him out to crucify him. (Mark 15:20).-Symbolical of royalty, among Gentiles especially. They clothed the Lord in a robe of this color in mockery. Rome is described as clothed in royalty as well as worldly grandeur, Rev. 17: 4: cf. Scarlet.

Quick.

Simply ‘the living’ in contrast to the dead, Acts 10:42⁴²And he commanded us to preach unto the people, and to testify that it is he which was ordained of God to be the Judge of quick and dead. (Acts 10:42); 2 Tim. 4:1¹I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom; (2 Timothy 4:1); 1 Pet. 4:5⁵Who shall give account to him that is ready to judge the quick and the dead. (1 Peter 4:5); in Heb. 4:12,¹²For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. (Hebrews 4:12) the word of God is 'living' and powerful, and not merely a code of rules.

Quicken.

Applied to giving life, both natural and spiritual. It is God who quickens all things, 1 Tim. 6: 13, and the dead, Rom. 4:17¹⁷(As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were. (Romans 4:17). The last Adam is a quickening spirit, 1 Cor. 15:45⁴⁵And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit. (1 Corinthians 15:45) and He quickens whom He will, John 5. 21. The believer has been quickened together with Christ, Eph. 2:5⁵Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;) (Ephesians 2:5); Col. 2:13¹³And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses; (Colossians 2:13).

Rabbi.

See Master.

Raca

Term of reproach and hatred. Matt. 5:22²²But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire. (Matthew 5:22).

Race.

The course run by the Christian, Heb. 12:1,¹Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, (Hebrews 12:1) as illustrated by the Grecian contests, 1 Cor. 9:24²⁴Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain. (1 Corinthians 9:24).

Raiment.-

See Garments.

Rainbow.

Named in Genesis, when God made a promise concerning the earth, and not again until Ezek. 1:28²⁸As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness round about. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord. And when I saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard a voice of one that spake. (Ezekiel 1:28); the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord includes the rainbow; so in Rev. 4:3³And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. (Revelation 4:3). and with the mighty angel in Rev. 10:1¹And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: (Revelation 10:1) if God has to smite the earth, it will not be in violation of His promise; He has been faithful.

Ransom.

The Lord Jesus gave His life a ransom for 'many,' Matt. 20:28²⁸Even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. (Matthew 20:28); Mark 10:45⁴⁵For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. (Mark 10:45); ‘for all,' 1 Tim. 2: 6. God's character has been fully glorified with regard to sin; the gospel goes out to all; cf. Redemption.

Ravens

Luke 12:24²⁴Consider the ravens: for they neither sow nor reap; which neither have storehouse nor barn; and God feedeth them: how much more are ye better than the fowls? (Luke 12:24).-This carrion-feeding bird is common in Palestine. God feeds them, though they have no store-house.

Reconciliation

καταλλαυή, from 'to change, reconcile.' From being naturally enemies, believers are reconciled to God through the death of His Son, Rom. 5:10¹⁰For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. (Romans 5:10); 2 Cor. 5:18¹⁸And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation; (2 Corinthians 5:18). God has by the cross removed the distance. God was, in Christ when on earth, reconciling the world unto Himself; but alas! the world refused to be reconciled. His servants still go forth beseeching men to be reconciled to God, 2 Cor. 5:19, 20¹⁹To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation. ²⁰Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us: we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God. (2 Corinthians 5:19‑20). The enmity is in man alone. Christ abolished the law, that Jew and Gentile might be reconciled, and one new man be formed, Eph. 2:15, 16¹⁵Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; ¹⁶And that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having slain the enmity thereby: (Ephesians 2:15‑16). Christ, having made peace by the blood of the cross, God will by Him reconcile unto Himself all things in heaven and on earth, Col. 1:20: in contrast cf. Phil. 2:10,¹⁰That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; (Philippians 2:10) where ‘under the earth' is added.

Redemption

λύτρωσις, άπολ-, from to ‘loose from, redeem.' Redemption is by the precious blood of Christ, Eph. 1:7⁷In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace; (Ephesians 1:7); Col. 1:14¹⁴In whom we have redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness of sins: (Colossians 1:14); 1 Peter 1:18,19¹⁸Forasmuch as ye know that ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold, from your vain conversation received by tradition from your fathers; ¹⁹But with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot: (1 Peter 1:18‑19); it is eternal, Heb. 9:1¹Then verily the first covenant had also ordinances of divine service, and a worldly sanctuary. (Hebrews 9:1)2 Christ is made unto us redemption, 1 Cor. 1:30³⁰But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption: (1 Corinthians 1:30). It is also viewed as future, for we are not yet taken home, Rom. 8:23²³And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body. (Romans 8:23); Eph. 1:14; 4:30¹⁴Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory. (Ephesians 1:14)
³⁰And grieve not the holy Spirit of God, whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption. (Ephesians 4:30). 2, έξαγορἀζω, ‘to buy out of, redeem.' Christ redeemed those that were under the law, being made a curse for them, Gal. 3:13; 4:5¹³Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree: (Galatians 3:13)
⁵To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons. (Galatians 4:5). We are called to redeem the time, seize every good opportunity, Eph. 5:16¹⁶Redeeming the time, because the days are evil. (Ephesians 5:16); Col. 4:5⁵Walk in wisdom toward them that are without, redeeming the time. (Colossians 4:5); cf. Dan. 2: 8. In Rev. 5:9; 14: 3, 4⁹And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation; (Revelation 5:9) the word is ἀγορἀζω, which signifies 'to buy,' and is so translated in every other passage. The difference is important in some passages: for instance, the wicked deny the Lord that ‘bought’ them, in 2 Peter 2:1,¹But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. (2 Peter 2:1) where we could not say 'redeemed,' which implies that that which is 'bought' is claimed and taken home. Those referred to in Rev. 5. 9 are also redeemed. All were bought, but only believers are redeemed.

Reformation.

The ordinances of the Jewish ritual were to be observed until the time of ‘setting things right’ by the coming and work of Christ, Heb. 9:10¹⁰Which stood only in meats and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances, imposed on them until the time of reformation. (Hebrews 9:10).

Regeneration

παλιγγενεσία, the 'renovation of things,' hence ‘restoration,' Matt. 19:28²⁸And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. (Matthew 19:28). In Titus 3:5⁵Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost; (Titus 3:5) we are cleansed in connection with the new order of things into which we are brought. In scripture Regeneration has not the sense of new birth.

Reins

‘the kidneys,' Rev. 2:23²³And I will kill her children with death; and all the churches shall know that I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give unto every one of you according to your works. (Revelation 2:23).-Christ searcheth the most secret thoughts and affections: cf. Psa. 7:9.

Religion, Religious.-

In Acts 26:5⁵Which knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. (Acts 26:5) it is 'sect of our [the Jews'] religion.' In James 1:26, 27,²⁶If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his tongue, but deceiveth his own heart, this man's religion is vain. ²⁷Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world. (James 1:26‑27) practical religion is defined. In Acts 13. 43, it is ‘worshipping proselytes.'

Remission. See Forgiveness.

Remnant.

Especially applied to the Jews. It was prophesied that a remnant should be saved, Rom. 9: 27, and a remnant were being saved by the election of grace when the apostle wrote, Rom. 11: 5. There will be a future remnant with whom Satan will make war, Rev. 12:17¹⁷And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. (Revelation 12:17).

Repentance

Such a change of mind Godward that leads to a judgment of self and one's acts, Matt. 3:2; 9: 13; 21:29, 32; 27:3²And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. (Matthew 3:2)
²⁹He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went. (Matthew 21:29)
³²For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him. (Matthew 21:32)
³Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, (Matthew 27:3); Luke 15:7⁷I say unto you, that likewise joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons, which need no repentance. (Luke 15:7); Acts 20:21²¹Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ. (Acts 20:21); Rom. 2: 4; 2 Cor. 7:9,⁹Now I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye sorrowed to repentance: for ye were made sorry after a godly manner, that ye might receive damage by us in nothing. (2 Corinthians 7:9) to; Heb. 6:1, 6,¹Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God, (Hebrews 6:1)
⁶If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame. (Hebrews 6:6) &c. Repentance also refers to a change of thought and action, where there is no evil to repent of: Rom. 11:29²⁹For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance. (Romans 11:29); 2 Cor, 7:8; Heb, 7:21.

Reprobate.

Disapproved, rejected, that which will not stand testing, Rom. 1:28²⁸And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; (Romans 1:28); 2 Cor. 13:5, 6, 7⁵Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith; prove your own selves. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates? ⁶But I trust that ye shall know that we are not reprobates. ⁷Now I pray to God that ye do no evil; not that we should appear approved, but that ye should do that which is honest, though we be as reprobates. (2 Corinthians 13:5‑7); 2 Tim. 3: 8; Titus 1:16¹⁶They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate. (Titus 1:16); also translated 'rejected,' Heb. 6:8⁸But that which beareth thorns and briers is rejected, and is nigh unto cursing; whose end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:8); and 'castaway,' 1 Cor. 9:27²⁷But I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection: lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway. (1 Corinthians 9:27).

Rest.

Applied to those that labor and are heavy laden under a sense of their sins; if such go to Christ they will find rest—rest of conscience, Matt. 11:28²⁸Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. (Matthew 11:28). Also to the saint: if he takes Christ's yoke, and learns from Him, he will find rest unto his soul, heart-rest, Matt. 11:29²⁹Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. (Matthew 11:29). Also to the body of the saint as a future thing, when he will cease from work, Heb. 4:9, 10⁹There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God. ¹⁰For he that is entered into his rest, he also hath ceased from his own works, as God did from his. (Hebrews 4:9‑10). In contrast, those who bow to the beast and his image will have 'no rest' from their torment day nor night forever and ever! Rev. 14:11¹¹And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name. (Revelation 14:11).

Restitution.

The restoration to Israel of all things spoken by the prophets, Acts 3. 21. Matt. 17. it speaks of Elias coming and ‘restoring’ all things, which does not include the wicked, cf. Col. 1. 20, where the words ‘under the earth’ are omitted.

Resurrection.

The fundamental importance of the resurrection is proved in 1 Cor. 15. yet it was denied by some, 1 Cor. 15:12¹²Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead? (1 Corinthians 15:12). Later on some held that the resurrection had already passed, 2 Tim. 2:18¹⁸Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some. (2 Timothy 2:18). We do not find the expression, 'a general resurrection'; on the contrary, it is expressly said “the dead in Christ shall rise first," 1 Thess. 4:16¹⁶For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: (1 Thessalonians 4:16). John also speaks of the first resurrection; and adds "the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished," Rev. 20:5, 6⁵But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. ⁶Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection: on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years. (Revelation 20:5‑6). When Lazarus lay dead, the Lord declared, "I am the resurrection and the life," and He raised the dead one to life, John 11:25²⁵Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: (John 11:25).

Reward.

Rewards are spoken of from Matthew to Revelation, in various connections, Matt. 10:42⁴²And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward. (Matthew 10:42); Luke 6:22, 23, 35²²Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of man's sake. ²³Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy: for, behold, your reward is great in heaven: for in the like manner did their fathers unto the prophets. (Luke 6:22‑23)
³⁵But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil. (Luke 6:35). He who labors in the Lord's vineyard, if his work abide, will receive his reward, 1 Cor. 3:8, 14⁸Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labor. (1 Corinthians 3:8)
¹⁴If any man's work abide which he hath built thereupon, he shall receive a reward. (1 Corinthians 3:14). John was anxious, when evil had come in, that nothing should be given up, and that he might have ‘a full reward,' 2 John 8⁸Look to yourselves, that we lose not those things which we have wrought, but that we receive a full reward. (2 John 8). The Lord Jesus, in closing the Revelation, says, "Behold 1 Come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be," Rev. 22:12¹²And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be. (Revelation 22:12).

Righteousness

The question of righteousness, and how man can be just with God is fully discussed in the Epistle to the Romans. The righteousness of God (God acting in consistency with Himself) stands in direct contrast to the unrighteousness of men, Rom. 10:17,18¹⁷So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. ¹⁸But I say, Have they not heard? Yes verily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world. (Romans 10:17‑18). The righteousness of God is, by faith of Jesus, upon all them that believe, Rom. 3. 22. Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness: so that the faith of the believer is counted for righteousness, altogether apart from works, Rom. 4. 3, 5. Christ was made sin for us that we might be made the righteousness of God in Him, 2 Cor. 5:21²¹For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him. (2 Corinthians 5:21). Christ Jesus is made unto us righteousness, 1 Cor. 1:30³⁰But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption: (1 Corinthians 1:30)

Rock.

He who heard the sayings of the Lord, and did them is compared to a man who built a house on the rock, which no storms or floods could shake. Matt. 7:24, 25²⁴Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock: ²⁵And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock. (Matthew 7:24‑25); Luke 6:48⁴⁸He is like a man which built an house, and digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock: and when the flood arose, the stream beat vehemently upon that house, and could not shake it: for it was founded upon a rock. (Luke 6:48). The nature of man is compared to a rock, on which some of the seed of the gospel falls, Luke 8:6, 13⁶And some fell upon a rock; and as soon as it was sprung up, it withered away, because it lacked moisture. (Luke 8:6)
¹³They on the rock are they, which, when they hear, receive the word with joy; and these have no root, which for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away. (Luke 8:13). The Lord said, "Thou art Peter [πέτρος], and upon this rock [πέτρα] I will build my church." The rock was what Peter confessed, Christ Himself, the Son of the living God, Matt. 16:16-18: cf. 1 Cor. 3:11; 10: 4¹¹For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ. (1 Corinthians 3:11).

Sabachthani

Matt: 27:46; Mark 15:34³⁴And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? (Mark 15:34).-An Aramaic word signifying 'forsaken.'

Sabaoth

Rom. 9:29²⁹And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha. (Romans 9:29); James 5:4⁴Behold, the hire of the laborers who have reaped down your fields, which is of you kept back by fraud, crieth: and the cries of them which have reaped are entered into the ears of the Lord of sabaoth. (James 5:4).-A Hebrew word signifying hosts.'The Lord of Sabaoth corresponds with Jehovah of Hosts in the Old Testament.

Sabbath.

This always refers to the Jewish Sabbath, and had among Christians been so entirely superseded by the first day of the week, the Lord's Day, that it is but once named in all the Epistles, Col. 2:16,¹⁶Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days: (Colossians 2:16) where it is called "a shadow of things to come." There remaineth "a sabbatical rest for the people of God," Heb. 4: 9. The modern Greek name for Sunday is κυριακή Lord's day, as in Rev. 1:10¹⁰I was in the Spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a great voice, as of a trumpet, (Revelation 1:10).

Sackcloth.

A rough cloth made of hair, of which sacks and coarse clothing were made. When worn as a symbol of repentance or sorrow it was worn next the skin, Matt, 11:21; Luke 10:13¹³Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon, which have been done in you, they had a great while ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes. (Luke 10:13); Rev. 6:12; 11: 3¹²And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; (Revelation 6:12).

Sacrifice.

Often used with reference to the Jewish sacrifices; but Christ came "to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself." After that one sacrifice, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins, Eph. 5:2²And walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savor. (Ephesians 5:2); Heb. 9:26; 10:12, 26²⁶For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. (Hebrews 9:26)
¹²But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God; (Hebrews 10:12)
²⁶For if we sin wilfully after that we have received the knowledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins, (Hebrews 10:26). We are exhorted to present our bodies a. living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is our intelligent service, Rom. 12:1¹I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. (Romans 12:1). To do good and to communicate are sacrifices well pleasing to God, Phil. 4:18¹⁸But I have all, and abound: I am full, having received of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you, an odor of a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable, wellpleasing to God. (Philippians 4:18); Heb. 13:16¹⁶But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased. (Hebrews 13:16). We are exhorted to offer by Christ the sacrifice of praise to God, Heb. 13:15¹⁵By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name. (Hebrews 13:15); cf. 1 Pet. 2:5⁵Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. (1 Peter 2:5).

Saints.

'Holy ones ' cf. Heb. 3:1¹Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling, consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Christ Jesus; (Hebrews 3:1); not that it implies that Christians never sin, but they are set apart for God, and are saints by calling, Rom. 1:7⁷To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. (Romans 1:7); 1 Cor. 1:2²Unto the church of God which is at Corinth, to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints, with all that in every place call upon the name of Jesus Christ our Lord, both theirs and ours: (1 Corinthians 1:2). In Matt. 27:52⁵²And the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints which slept arose, (Matthew 27:52) we read of 'saints' being raised, no doubt O. T. saints. In the Revelation we read of 'saints' on the earth after the church will have been taken from the earth. This proves that the term in the N. T. is not confined to believers of the present dispensation, and throws much light on some parts of prophecy.

Salvation.

It is referred to safety from any danger, as Paul in the shipwreck. &c., Acts 27:31³¹Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers, Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved. (Acts 27:31); Heb. 11:7,⁷By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness which is by faith. (Hebrews 11:7) &c.; but especially has reference to the eternal salvation of the soul. The saints are spoken of as already saved, 2 Tim. 1:9: cf. also 2 Cor. 2:15¹⁵For we are unto God a sweet savor of Christ, in them that are saved, and in them that perish: (2 Corinthians 2:15); Eph. 2:5, 8⁵Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;) (Ephesians 2:5)
⁸For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: (Ephesians 2:8); Titus 3:5⁵Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost; (Titus 3:5). They are not yet in the glory, and therefore salvation is also spoken of as in the future, Rom. 13:11¹¹And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. (Romans 13:11). In the meantime they are to work out their own salvation from all the evils that are around, Phil. 2:12: cf. also Heb. 7:25²⁵Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them. (Hebrews 7:25). Salvation, past, present, and future, may be illustrated by Israel being saved out of Egypt, through the wilderness, and into Canaan.

Sanctification

ἀγιασμός, devoted to holiness. The same word is translated ‘Holiness’ in Rom. 6:19, 22¹⁹I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness. (Romans 6:19)
²²But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life. (Romans 6:22); 1 Thess. 4:7⁷For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but unto holiness. (1 Thessalonians 4:7); 1 Tim. 2:15¹⁵Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety. (1 Timothy 2:15); Heb. 12:14¹⁴Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord: (Hebrews 12:14). Sanctification is often spoken of as true of all saints, 1 Cor. 6:11¹¹And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God. (1 Corinthians 6:11); it is in Christ Jesus, 1 Cor. 1:2²Unto the church of God which is at Corinth, to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints, with all that in every place call upon the name of Jesus Christ our Lord, both theirs and ours: (1 Corinthians 1:2); and it is by the Holy Spirit, Rom. 15:16¹⁶That I should be the minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles, ministering the gospel of God, that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, being sanctified by the Holy Ghost. (Romans 15:16). Christ is made unto us sanctification, Cor. 1:30. The saints are also addressed as ' holy,' Col. 3:12¹²Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering; (Colossians 3:12); 1 Thess. 5:27²⁷I charge you by the Lord that this epistle be read unto all the holy brethren. (1 Thessalonians 5:27); Heb. 3: 1: "the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are," 1 Cor. 3:17¹⁷If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are. (1 Corinthians 3:17). Other passages speak of sanctification as a thing being accomplished in the saints. Our Lord prayed that we might be sanctified through the truth: He has set Himself apart in the glory that this might be true of us, John 17:17, 19¹⁷Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. (John 17:17)
¹⁹And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be sanctified through the truth. (John 17:19). Paul prayed that the very God of peace might sanctify the Thessalonians wholly, in spirit, soul, and body, 1 Thess. 5:23.

Sanctuary

.The holy part of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, Heb. 9:1, 2; 13:11,¹Then verily the first covenant had also ordinances of divine service, and a worldly sanctuary. ²For there was a tabernacle made; the first, wherein was the candlestick, and the table, and the showbread; which is called the sanctuary. (Hebrews 9:1‑2)
¹¹For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp. (Hebrews 13:11) and 'the holiest of all,' in Heb. 9:3, 8; 10:19³And after the second veil, the tabernacle which is called the Holiest of all; (Hebrews 9:3)
⁸The Holy Ghost this signifying, that the way into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest, while as the first tabernacle was yet standing: (Hebrews 9:8)
¹⁹Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus, (Hebrews 10:19). The sanctuary is here called 'a worldly one'—it had become such, and stands in contrast to the true tabernacle which the Lord pitched and not man, of the holy things (it is plural) of which the Lord is minister, Heb. 8:2²A minister of the sanctuary, and of the true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man. (Hebrews 8:2).

Sandals.

A sole, of wood or leather, fastened to the foot by strings, Mark 6:9⁹But be shod with sandals; and not put on two coats. (Mark 6:9); Acts 12:8⁸And the angel said unto him, Gird thyself, and bind on thy sandals. And so he did. And he saith unto him, Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. (Acts 12:8).

Sapphire

σάπφειρος.-An azure or sky-blue stone, Rev. 21:19,¹⁹And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; (Revelation 21:19) (Occurs in the LXX Ex. 24:10¹⁰And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness. (Exodus 24:10); Cant. 5:14; Ezek. 28:13,¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13) &c.)

Sardine, Sardius

σάρδιος, -ον, -νος: stones found in Sardis in Lydia of various colors, some a blood red, and others golden: Rev. 4:3; 21:20³And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. (Revelation 4:3)
²⁰The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. (Revelation 21:20). (Occurs in the LXX Ex. 25:7; 28:17; 35: 8; 36:17⁷Onyx stones, and stones to be set in the ephod, and in the breastplate. (Exodus 25:7)
¹⁷And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this shall be the first row. (Exodus 28:17)
¹⁷And he made fifty loops upon the uttermost edge of the curtain in the coupling, and fifty loops made he upon the edge of the curtain which coupleth the second. (Exodus 36:17) (39:10); Prov. 25:11, 12¹¹A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver. ¹²As an earring of gold, and an ornament of fine gold, so is a wise reprover upon an obedient ear. (Proverbs 25:11‑12); Ezek. 28:13¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13).)

Sardony

xσαρὀόιυξ.A variety of Chalcedony of various colors, with stripes of a different shade, Rev. 21. 20. Aquila has the word in Gen. 2:12¹²And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone. (Genesis 2:12).

Savior.

The blessed Lord is often called our 'Savior,' and He is also called 'the Savior of the world,' John 4:42⁴²And said unto the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have heard him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world. (John 4:42). We meet also with 'God our Savior,' or our Savior-God, 1 Tim. 1:1,¹Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the commandment of God our Saviour, and Lord Jesus Christ, which is our hope; (1 Timothy 1:1) &c., which is borne out by many passages: cf: John 3:16¹⁶For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (John 3:16); Rom. 8:3³For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: (Romans 8:3)¬ John 4:9,⁹Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. (John 4:9) &c. In 1 Tim. 4:10¹⁰For therefore we both labor and suffer reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Saviour of all men, specially of those that believe. (1 Timothy 4:10) God is declared to be the Savior or preserver of all men.

Scarlet.

The well-known brilliant color, Matt. 27: 28 (see 'purple' in Mark 15:17¹⁷And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head, (Mark 15:17)); Heb. 9:19¹⁹For when Moses had spoken every precept to all the people according to the law, he took the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and all the people, (Hebrews 9:19); Rev. 17:3, 4; 18:12, 16³So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet colored beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. ⁴And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet color, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: (Revelation 17:3‑4)
¹²The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12)
¹⁶And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! (Revelation 18:16). It is symbolical of worldly grandeur, and thus in the Revelation applied to Rome as a woman sitting on a scarlet beast: she was arrayed in purple and scarlet.

Schism

I Cor. 12: 25.-Simply ‘division’, as the same word is often translated: John 7:43⁴³So there was a division among the people because of him. (John 7:43); 1 Cor. 1:10; 11:18¹⁰Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you; but that ye be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment. (1 Corinthians 1:10)
¹⁸For first of all, when ye come together in the church, I hear that there be divisions among you; and I partly believe it. (1 Corinthians 11:18).

Schoolmaster.

Used symbolically of what the law was to the Jew (not to the Christian) up to Christ, Gal. 3: 24, 25.

Science

1 Tim. 6:20,²⁰O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: (1 Timothy 6:20)—Simply 'knowledge,' as the Greek word is often translated, Luke 11:52⁵²Woe unto you, lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered. (Luke 11:52); Rom. 11:33³³O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out! (Romans 11:33); 1 Cor. 8:1, 7, 10, 11¹Now as touching things offered unto idols, we know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth. (1 Corinthians 8:1)
⁷Howbeit there is not in every man that knowledge: for some with conscience of the idol unto this hour eat it as a thing offered unto an idol; and their conscience being weak is defiled. (1 Corinthians 8:7)
¹⁰For if any man see thee which hast knowledge sit at meat in the idol's temple, shall not the conscience of him which is weak be emboldened to eat those things which are offered to idols; ¹¹And through thy knowledge shall the weak brother perish, for whom Christ died? (1 Corinthians 8:10‑11); Phil. 3:8⁸Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ, (Philippians 3:8); 2 Peter 1:5,6,⁵And beside this, giving all diligence, add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge; ⁶And to knowledge temperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; (2 Peter 1:5‑6) &c.

Scorpion

Luke 10:19; 11:12¹⁹Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you. (Luke 10:19)
¹²Or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion? (Luke 11:12).—They are frequently met with in Palestine lying among loose stones. Their sting is in their tail, and the poison they inject gives great pain, sometimes causing death, Rev. 9:3, 5, 10³And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth: and unto them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power. (Revelation 9:3)
⁵And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months: and their torment was as the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man. (Revelation 9:5)
¹⁰And they had tails like unto scorpions, and there were stings in their tails: and their power was to hurt men five months. (Revelation 9:10).

Scourging

It was the custom of the Romans to scourge their prisoners, and it was allowed to the Jews to scourge those they judged to be guilty. The punishment was either by rods or whips, the latter being accounted the more painful. Paul was beaten three times with rods, 2 Cor. 11:25,²⁵Thrice was I beaten with rods, once was I stoned, thrice I suffered shipwreck, a night and a day I have been in the deep; (2 Corinthians 11:25) and five times with whips (2 Cor. 11:24²⁴Of the Jews five times received I forty stripes save one. (2 Corinthians 11:24)). The Jews were forbidden to inflict more than forty stripes, so that with a whip of three thongs they could give only 39: cf. 2 Cor. 11: 24. We learn from Matt. 27:26²⁶Then released he Barabbas unto them: and when he had scourged Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified. (Matthew 27:26); Mark 15:15¹⁵And so Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them, and delivered Jesus, when he had scourged him, to be crucified. (Mark 15:15) that the Lord was scourged by whips,φραγελλόω. The Lord "scourgeth every son whom he receiveth," Heb. 12: 6.

Scribes.

See article on “Jewish Sects”, just after article on “The Parables”.

Seals-

These were of various forms, with devices engraved on stones. Some had a device on both sides, and were on pivots so that either side could be used. Such a double seal is implied in 2 Tim, 2:19: heaven's side being "The Lord knoweth them that are his;" and earth's side, "Let him that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity." When we believe the testimony of the Lord, we symbolically attest its truth by setting our seal to it, John 3:33³³He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal that God is true. (John 3:33) The roll of coming judgments in Rev. 5. has seven seals attached, which the Lord will open.

Sealing.

See Heresy.

Sensual

led by the senses.—In Jas, 3:15 'sensual' is classed with 'earthly, devilish,' and in Jude 19¹⁹These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit. (Jude 19) it is in contrast to having the Spirit. It characterizes the flesh of fallen man.

Sepulcher.

See article “Sepulchers, Tombs and Burials” just before “Money and Measures”.

Serpent

Remarkable for its subtlety , Gen. 3:1,¹Now the serpent was more subtile than any beast of the field which the Lord God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? (Genesis 3:1) and the Lord exhorted His disciples to be as prudent as serpents, Matt. 10:16¹⁶Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16); but He also calls the Scribes and Pharisees ‘serpents' because of their cunning mixed with deceit, Matt. 23:33³³Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? (Matthew 23:33). The danger of serpents is alluded to in Matt. 7:10¹⁰Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent? (Matthew 7:10); Mark 16:18¹⁸They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover. (Mark 16:18); Luke 10:19; 11:11¹⁹Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you. (Luke 10:19)
¹¹If a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a stone? or if he ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent? (Luke 11:11); I Cor. 10: 9; Rev. 9:19¹⁹For their power is in their mouth, and in their tails: for their tails were like unto serpents, and had heads, and with them they do hurt. (Revelation 9:19). Satan is called 'that old serpent,' the serpent that 'beguiled' Eve, 2 Cor. 11:3³But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. (2 Corinthians 11:3); Rev. 12:9, 14, 15⁹And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. (Revelation 12:9)
¹⁴And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent. ¹⁵And the serpent cast out of his mouth water as a flood after the woman, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood. (Revelation 12:14‑15). The crucifixion of our Lord is compared to the brazen serpent lifted up by Moses, John 3.14, as a type of the victory of the cross over sin and Satan.

Servant

1, δοὔλος, one in a servile state, a slave. It is the word most commonly used in the N.T. for servant or rather bondman, Rev. 6:15¹⁵And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men, and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and every free man, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the mountains; (Revelation 6:15). In Phil. 2:7⁷But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: (Philippians 2:7) the Lord is said to have taken the form of a bondman. Paul, Peter, James, and John all call themselves bondmen of Jesus Christ; and the saints are constantly addressed as such. 2, παῖς,'a child.' irrespective of age, a servant, Matt. 8:6, 8, 13; 14:2⁶And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. (Matthew 8:6)
⁸The centurion answered and said, Lord, I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof: but speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed. (Matthew 8:8)
¹³And Jesus said unto the centurion, Go thy way; and as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee. And his servant was healed in the selfsame hour. (Matthew 8:13)
²And said unto his servants, This is John the Baptist; he is risen from the dead; and therefore mighty works do show forth themselves in him. (Matthew 14:2); Luke 15:26²⁶And he called one of the servants, and asked what these things meant. (Luke 15:26); Acts 4:25,²⁵Who by the mouth of thy servant David hast said, Why did the heathen rage, and the people imagine vain things? (Acts 4:25) It is applied to the Lord as servant in Matt. 12:18¹⁸Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall show judgment to the Gentiles. (Matthew 12:18); Acts 4:27, 30²⁷For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together, (Acts 4:27)
³⁰By stretching forth thine hand to heal; and that signs and wonders may be done by the name of thy holy child Jesus. (Acts 4:30); and to Israel and to David in Luke 1:54, 69⁵⁴He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy; (Luke 1:54)
⁶⁹And hath raised up an horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David; (Luke 1:69). 3, διάκονος, deacon, or servant, in general, John 2:5, 9⁵His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it. (John 2:5)
⁹When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was: (but the servants which drew the water knew;) the governor of the feast called the bridegroom, (John 2:9). It is applied to the Lord in Rom. 15:8⁸Now I say that Jesus Christ was a minister of the circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm the promises made unto the fathers: (Romans 15:8).; Gal. 2:17¹⁷But if, while we seek to be justified by Christ, we ourselves also are found sinners, is therefore Christ the minister of sin? God forbid. (Galatians 2:17); to magistrates in Rom. 13:4⁴For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. (Romans 13:4); and often to laborers in the church. It is translated 'deacon' in Phil. 1:1¹Paul and Timotheus, the servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons: (Philippians 1:1); 1 Tim. 3:8, 12⁸Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; (1 Timothy 3:8)
¹²Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. (1 Timothy 3:12); and is applied to Phebe as 'a servant of the church,' Rom. 16:1¹I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea: (Romans 16:1). 4, οίκέτηο, ‘a household servant,' in Luke 16:13¹³No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. (Luke 16:13); Acts 10:7⁷And when the angel which spake unto Cornelius was departed, he called two of his household servants, and a devout soldier of them that waited on him continually; (Acts 10:7); Rom. 14:4⁴Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? to his own master he standeth or falleth. Yea, he shall be holden up: for God is able to make him stand. (Romans 14:4); 1 Peter 2:18¹⁸Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the froward. (1 Peter 2:18). 5, ύπηρέτης, one under authority, an official servant. It is translated 'servant' in Matt. 26: 58; Mark 14:54, 65⁵⁴And Peter followed him afar off, even into the palace of the high priest: and he sat with the servants, and warmed himself at the fire. (Mark 14:54)
⁶⁵And some began to spit on him, and to cover his face, and to buffet him, and to say unto him, Prophesy: and the servants did strike him with the palms of their hands. (Mark 14:65); John 18: 36. 6, θεράπων, retainer, servant. Occurs only in Heb. 3:5⁵And Moses verily was faithful in all his house, as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were to be spoken after; (Hebrews 3:5) in reference to Moses. 7, μισθωτός, μίσθιος, 'hired servant,' Mark 1:20²⁰And straightway he called them: and they left their father Zebedee in the ship with the hired servants, and went after him. (Mark 1:20); Luke 15:17, 19,¹⁷And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger! (Luke 15:17)
¹⁹And am no more worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants. (Luke 15:19) as laborers were hired in Matt. 20. Hireling, John 10:12, 13,¹²But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep. ¹³The hireling fleeth, because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep. (John 10:12‑13) is the same as 'hired servant.' Slaves once occurs in the A.V., Rev. 18:13,¹³And cinnamon, and odors, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men. (Revelation 18:13) where it should read ‘bodies’ and souls of men.

Shepherd

Sheep.-The beautiful symbolical language of scripture as to Christ being the Shepherd and His followers the sheep, would be well understood in Palestine, where many sheep may often be seen following the shepherd, and where they each have a name, and know the shepherd's voice. The Lord is called the good Shepherd, who gave His life for the sheep, John 10:11, 14, 15¹¹I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. (John 10:11)
¹⁴I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. ¹⁵As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay down my life for the sheep. (John 10:14‑15); and the great Shepherd, brought from among the dead in the power of the blood of the eternal covenant, Heb. 13:20²⁰Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting covenant, (Hebrews 13:20); and the chief Shepherd, who in the manifestation will give to the faithful under-shepherds the unfading crown of glory, 1 Peter 5:4⁴And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away. (1 Peter 5:4). Christ led His sheep out of the Jewish fold, and He had other sheep (Gentile Christians), which were not of that fold, these are united into one flock (as John 10: 16 should read), there being no longer any sheepfold.

Shewbread

lit. ‘bread of presentation’, Matt. 12:4⁴How he entered into the house of God, and did eat the showbread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests? (Matthew 12:4); Mark 2:26²⁶How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the showbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him? (Mark 2:26); Luke 6:4⁴How he went into the house of God, and did take and eat the showbread, and gave also to them that were with him; which it is not lawful to eat but for the priests alone? (Luke 6:4); Heb. 9:2: the twelve loaves that were continually before the Lord in the holy place, even after the 10 tribes had separated.

Shoes.

The same as sandals, pieces of leather or wood worn under the foot, tied by strings, Matt. 3:11; 10:10,¹¹I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: (Matthew 3:11)
¹⁰Nor scrip for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet staves: for the workman is worthy of his meat. (Matthew 10:10) &c.

Shrines

models of the heathen temple, Acts 19:24²⁴For a certain man named Demetrius, a silversmith, which made silver shrines for Diana, brought no small gain unto the craftsmen; (Acts 19:24).

Sign.

See Miracles.

Silk

Rev. 18:12,¹²The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12) supposed to be so named from the place called Seres, in the East, from which it first came.

Silver.

The common white metal, next in value to gold, Rev. 9:20; 18:12²⁰And the rest of the men which were not killed by these plagues yet repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone, and of wood: which neither can see, nor hear, nor walk: (Revelation 9:20)
¹²The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12). 'Pieces of silver ' are often referred to as money, Matt. 26:15; 27:3, 5,6, 9¹⁵And said unto them, What will ye give me, and I will deliver him unto you? And they covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. (Matthew 26:15)
³Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, (Matthew 27:3)
⁵And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. ⁶And the chief priests took the silver pieces, and said, It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of blood. (Matthew 27:5‑6)
⁹Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that was valued, whom they of the children of Israel did value; (Matthew 27:9); Luke 15:8, 9⁸Either what woman having ten pieces of silver, if she lose one piece, doth not light a candle, and sweep the house, and seek diligently till she find it? ⁹And when she hath found it, she calleth her friends and her neighbors together, saying, Rejoice with me; for I have found the piece which I had lost. (Luke 15:8‑9); Acts 19:19¹⁹Many of them also which used curious arts brought their books together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver. (Acts 19:19) See Money, in “Money and Measures”, just before “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Sin.

Various Greek words are translated 'sin' and 'iniquity’ 1, ἀδικία, ' unjust, injustice.' It is translated 'wrong,' 2 Cor. 12:13¹³For what is it wherein ye were inferior to other churches, except it be that I myself was not burdensome to you? forgive me this wrong. (2 Corinthians 12:13); ‘unjust,' Luke 16:8; 18:6⁸And the lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely: for the children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children of light. (Luke 16:8)
⁶And the Lord said, Hear what the unjust judge saith. (Luke 18:6); 'unrighteousness,' Luke 16:9⁹And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations. (Luke 16:9); 2 Thess. 2:10¹⁰And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved. (2 Thessalonians 2:10); 1 John 5:17,¹⁷All unrighteousness is sin: and there is a sin not unto death. (1 John 5:17) &c. 2, ἀμαρτία, ‘deviation, sin.' This is the word commonly translated 'sin.' It is used in Romans to Rom. 5:11¹¹And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement. (Romans 5:11) for man's sins; then in Rom. 5:12¹²Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned: (Romans 5:12) onward for the principle of sin, or sin as man's nature, Rom. 3:9, 20; 4:⁹What then? are we better than they? No, in no wise: for we have before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin; (Romans 3:9)
²⁰Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin. (Romans 3:20)7, 8; 5:12, 13, 20, 21; 6: 1-23; 7:5-25; 1 John 1:7-9,⁷But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. ⁸If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. ⁹If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. (1 John 1:7‑9) &c. (once translated 'sinful,' Rom. 8.3; ‘offense,' 2 Cor. 11: 7.) 3, ἀνομία, -μος, ‘lawless’, ‘lawlessness’. Translated 'unrighteousness,' 2 Cor. 6:14¹⁴Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness? (2 Corinthians 6:14); ‘iniquity’, Matt. 24:12¹²And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold. (Matthew 24:12); Rom. 4:7; 6:19⁷Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered. (Romans 4:7)
¹⁹I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness. (Romans 6:19); 2 Thess. 2:7,⁷For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. (2 Thessalonians 2:7) &c., and (incorrectly) 'transgression of the law' in 1 John 3:4⁴Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is the transgression of the law. (1 John 3:4) (the verse should read, "Every one that practices sin practices also lawlessness; and sin is lawlessness." This is important, being a definition of sin. We read of some who sinned without law.) 4, παρανομία, lit. 'beside the law:' 'transgression.' Translated 'iniquity' in 2 Peter 2:16¹⁶But was rebuked for his iniquity: the dumb ass speaking with man's voice forbad the madness of the prophet. (2 Peter 2:16); and the verb ‘contrary to the law,' Acts 23:3³Then said Paul unto him, God shall smite thee, thou whited wall: for sittest thou to judge me after the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law? (Acts 23:3). 5, παράπτμα, ' a falling away, offense, fault.' Translated ‘fall,' Rom. 11:11, 12: 'fault,' Gal. 6:1¹Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted. (Galatians 6:1); James 5. 16: ‘offense,' Rom. 4:25; 5:15, 16, 17, 18, 20:²⁵Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our justification. (Romans 4:25) ‘trespass,' Matt. 6:14, 15; 18:35¹⁴For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: ¹⁵But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. (Matthew 6:14‑15)
³⁵So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also unto you, if ye from your hearts forgive not every one his brother their trespasses. (Matthew 18:35); Mark 2:25, 26²⁵And he said unto them, Have ye never read what David did, when he had need, and was an hungred, he, and they that were with him? ²⁶How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the showbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him? (Mark 2:25‑26); 2 Cor. 5:19¹⁹To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation. (2 Corinthians 5:19); Eph. 2:1¹And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins; (Ephesians 2:1); Col. 2:13: 'sins,' Eph. 1:7; 2:5⁷In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace; (Ephesians 1:7)
⁵Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;) (Ephesians 2:5); Col. 2:13¹³And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses; (Colossians 2:13). 6, πονηρία, 'wickedness, malignity.' Translated ' wickedness,' Matt. 22:18¹⁸But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites? (Matthew 22:18); Mark 7:22²²Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: (Mark 7:22); Luke 11:39³⁹And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and the platter; but your inward part is full of ravening and wickedness. (Luke 11:39); Rom. 1:29²⁹Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, (Romans 1:29); 1 Cor. 5: 8; Eph. 6:12: 'iniquity,' Acts 3:26²⁶Unto you first God, having raised up his Son Jesus, sent him to bless you, in turning away every one of you from his iniquities. (Acts 3:26). Transgression is παράβασις from 'to go beyond' or avoid a boundary; it supposes a law which can be broken, Rom. 4:15; 5:14¹⁵Because the law worketh wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression. (Romans 4:15)
¹⁴Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. (Romans 5:14); Gal. 3:19¹⁹Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator. (Galatians 3:19); 1 Tim. 2:14¹⁴And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. (1 Timothy 2:14); Heb. 2:2; 9:15:²For if the word spoken by angels was stedfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompence of reward; (Hebrews 2:2) it is always translated 'transgression,' except in Rom. 2:23,²³Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonorest thou God? (Romans 2:23) where it is 'breaking.' The verb is once ‘fall by transgression,' Acts 1:25²⁵That he may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place. (Acts 1:25). παρέρχομαι, ' to pass by,' is once translated 'transgressed,' Luke 15:29²⁹And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my friends: (Luke 15:29). Two Greek words are translated Error: 1, άγνόημα, ‘a sin of ignorance,' Heb. 9:7⁷But into the second went the high priest alone once every year, not without blood, which he offered for himself, and for the errors of the people: (Hebrews 9:7). 2, πλάνη, 'a wandering, straying.' It is 'error' in Matt. 27:64⁶⁴Command therefore that the sepulchre be made sure until the third day, lest his disciples come by night, and steal him away, and say unto the people, He is risen from the dead: so the last error shall be worse than the first. (Matthew 27:64); Rom. 1:27²⁷And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet. (Romans 1:27); James 5:20²⁰Let him know, that he which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death, and shall hide a multitude of sins. (James 5:20); 2 Peter 2:18; 3: 17¹⁸For when they speak great swelling words of vanity, they allure through the lusts of the flesh, through much wantonness, those that were clean escaped from them who live in error. (2 Peter 2:18); John 4:6⁶Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour. (John 4:6); Jude 11¹¹Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core. (Jude 11) ' delusion' in 2 Thess. 2:11: 'deceit' in Thess. 2:3: and ‘to deceive' in Eph. 4:14¹⁴That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; (Ephesians 4:14).

Sleight

Eph. 4:14¹⁴That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; (Ephesians 4:14).—Methodic craft, 'as practiced by dice-players,' characterized the teachings to which the apostle refers.

Snare.

Trap set for animals, a hidden danger (Prov. 1:17¹⁷Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any bird. (Proverbs 1:17)): Luke 21:35³⁵For as a snare shall it come on all them that dwell on the face of the whole earth. (Luke 21:35); Rom. 11:9⁹And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them: (Romans 11:9); 1 Tim. 3:7; 6:9⁷Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without; lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. (1 Timothy 3:7)
⁹But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. (1 Timothy 6:9); 2 Tim. 2:26: also a noose, that could be thrown over to ensnare, 1 Cor. 7:35³⁵And this I speak for your own profit; not that I may cast a snare upon you, but for that which is comely, and that ye may attend upon the Lord without distraction. (1 Corinthians 7:35).

Sober, Sober-Minded, Sobriety.-

Clearness of mind, unaffected by false influences: 1 Thess. 5:6, 8;:⁶Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober. (1 Thessalonians 5:6)
⁸But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. (1 Thessalonians 5:8) Tim. 3:11; Titus 2:2²That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity, in patience. (Titus 2:2); 1 Pet. 1:13; 5:8¹³Wherefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and hope to the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you at the revelation of Jesus Christ; (1 Peter 1:13)
⁸Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: (1 Peter 5:8). 2, ‘sound mind,' opposed to that which is foolish or erratic, Acts 26:25²⁵But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. (Acts 26:25); Rom. 12:3³For I say, through the grace given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think; but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith. (Romans 12:3); 2 Cor. 5:13¹³For whether we be beside ourselves, it is to God: or whether we be sober, it is for your cause. (2 Corinthians 5:13); 1 Tim. 2:9, 15; 3:2⁹In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; (1 Timothy 2:9)
¹⁵Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety. (1 Timothy 2:15)
²A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behavior, given to hospitality, apt to teach; (1 Timothy 3:2); Tit. 1:8; 2:4, 12⁸But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good men, sober, just, holy, temperate; (Titus 1:8)
⁴That they may teach the young women to be sober, to love their husbands, to love their children, (Titus 2:4)
¹²Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world; (Titus 2:12); 1 Pet. 4:7⁷But the end of all things is at hand: be ye therefore sober, and watch unto prayer. (1 Peter 4:7).

Soldier.

Those named in the N. T. are Roman soldiers. By Acts 23: 23 it will be seen that a large number were kept at Jerusalem. The Jews had some to guard the temple, referred to in Matt. 27:65, 66⁶⁵Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch: go your way, make it as sure as ye can. ⁶⁶So they went, and made the sepulchre sure, sealing the stone, and setting a watch. (Matthew 27:65‑66). That the soldiers' temptation was to oppress the inhabitants is plain from the counsel John gave them, Luke 3: 14. Paul describes the characteristics of the Christian soldier in 2 Tim. 2: 3, 4.

Soothsaying.

Divining, making professed revelations; but in Acts 16:16¹⁶And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying: (Acts 16:16) the young woman was possessed by a 'spirit,' which Paul cast out. Cf. Divination.

Sorcerer, Sorcery.

1, μἀγος Magi or wise men of the East, who might turn their knowledge to a legitimate or to a bad use. It is connected with magical arts in Acts 8:9, 11; 13:6, 8⁹But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: (Acts 8:9)
¹¹And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had bewitched them with sorceries. (Acts 8:11)
⁶And when they had gone through the isle unto Paphos, they found a certain sorcerer, a false prophet, a Jew, whose name was Bar-jesus: (Acts 13:6)
⁸But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn away the deputy from the faith. (Acts 13:8). 2, φαρμακός influenced by ‘a drug’, and hence magical incantation, Rev. 9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15:²¹Neither repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their fornication, nor of their thefts. (Revelation 9:21)
²³And the light of a candle shall shine no more at all in thee; and the voice of the bridegroom and of the bride shall be heard no more at all in thee: for thy merchants were the great men of the earth; for by thy sorceries were all nations deceived. (Revelation 18:23)
⁸But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death. (Revelation 21:8) translated 'witchcraft' in Gal. 5:20²⁰Idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, (Galatians 5:20).

Soul

ψυχή, life, soul. The word is often translated 'life:' Matt. 10: 39; John 10:11, 15, 17¹¹I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. (John 10:11)
¹⁵As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay down my life for the sheep. (John 10:15)
¹⁷Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life, that I might take it again. (John 10:17); 1 John 3:16¹⁶Hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid down his life for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for the brethren. (1 John 3:16); Rev. 8:9⁹And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed. (Revelation 8:9). It is translated ‘heart’ in Eph. 6: 6 and ‘mind’ in Acts 14:2²But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles, and made their minds evil affected against the brethren. (Acts 14:2); Phil. 1:27²⁷Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ: that whether I come and see you, or else be absent, I may hear of your affairs, that ye stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel; (Philippians 1:27); Heb. 12:3,³For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds. (Hebrews 12:3) in all of which it is better translated ‘soul’. A man is composed of spirit, soul, and body, 1 Thess. 5:23²³And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. (1 Thessalonians 5:23). It is not always easy to distinguish between the soul and the spirit, but scripture makes a difference: ψυχή is the only word translated 'soul' in the A.V., and πνεῦμα is the common word for ‘spirit’. In Gen. 2:7⁷And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. (Genesis 2:7) we read that God breathed into Adam's nostrils the breath of life; and he, not had a soul, but became a soul: cf. 1 Cor. 15:45⁴⁵And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit. (1 Corinthians 15:45). So that the 'soul' represents personality, the “I” of each person. This agrees with Acts 2:41,⁴¹Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls. (Acts 2:41) where instead of speaking of so many ‘persons’, it is 3000 ‘souls’: cf. also Luke 12:19¹⁹And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry. (Luke 12:19) Again, salvation is for the individual: "thou shalt be saved," Acts 16:31,³¹And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house. (Acts 16:31) which is the same as the soul being saved, Heb. 10:39³⁹But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul. (Hebrews 10:39). Further, as to the Spirit, we learn that the essence of the law was for man to love God with his whole being: "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength," Mark 12:30³⁰And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. (Mark 12:30). Now here the ‘soul’ is named; but what about the 'spirit,' which is also a part of man, and which we may be sure is included? The 'spirit' has been described as ‘the seat of the intellectual and moral power' of the man. This agrees both with 1 Cor. 2:11,¹¹For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God. (1 Corinthians 2:11) and with the above passage, for the heart, mind, and strength are the powers controlled by the ‘spirit’. In accordance with this we get exhortations as to our spirit which would not at all apply to our soul, as "Let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit," 2 Cor. 7:1¹Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God. (2 Corinthians 7:1). Let the adorning of the wives be a "meek and quiet spirit," 1 Peter 3:4⁴But let it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God of great price. (1 Peter 3:4). "Blessed are the poor in spirit," Matt. 5:3³Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:3). The spirit and the soul are the immortal parts of man. The Lord Jesus at His death commended His spirit unto His Father, Luke 23:46⁴⁶And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost. (Luke 23:46) and in Heb. 12:23²³To the general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men made perfect, (Hebrews 12:23) we are come to "the spirits of just men made perfect." Of the soul Jesus said men cannot kill it, Matt. 10: 28. John in the Revelation on two occasions saw the souls of the martyrs. (Rev. 6:9; 20:4⁹And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: (Revelation 6:9)
⁴And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. (Revelation 20:4).) The spirit is the higher part of man, the part in which he is in relationship with God, inasmuch as God had breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. When the Holy Spirit is given to a Christian it is that he should not do the things that he would do by the flesh, Gal. 5:17: he is to pray with the Spirit; sing with the Spirit; walk in the Spirit; be led by the Spirit; so that in some passages it is difficult to say whether it is the Holy Spirit or a mans own spirit that is spoken of. Blessed privilege for all who know it, and are walking in the power of an ungrieved Spirit.

Spikenard

υάρδος πιστικός, ‘pure nard,' supposed to be called spikenard because of the 'spikes' put forth from the stalk of the plant. It is described as having a taste bitter and acrid, but is a costly aromatic of agreeable smell, Mark 14:3³And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head. (Mark 14:3); John 12:3³Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odor of the ointment. (John 12:3).

Spirit.

See Soul.

Spiritual.

Mostly used in the N. T. in reference to the Holy Spirit, and that which He begets in the Christian, and which a natural man cannot know, 1 Cor. 2:13-16¹³Which things also we speak, not in the words which man's wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth; comparing spiritual things with spiritual. ¹⁴But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned. ¹⁵But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he himself is judged of no man. ¹⁶For who hath known the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct him? But we have the mind of Christ. (1 Corinthians 2:13‑16). The saints are built up a spiritual house, 1 Pet. 2:5: they are blessed with all spiritual blessings in the heavenlies in Christ, Eph. 1:3³Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ: (Ephesians 1:3). As to the state of the saints we read of some who were 'spiritual,' Gal. 6:1,¹Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted. (Galatians 6:1) and some who were not spiritual, but carnal, 1 Cor. 3:1¹And I, brethren, could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal, even as unto babes in Christ. (1 Corinthians 3:1). The body of the saint will be raised a spiritual body, fit for the glory, 1 Cor. 15:44, 46⁴⁴It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body. (1 Corinthians 15:44)
⁴⁶Howbeit that was not first which is spiritual, but that which is natural; and afterward that which is spiritual. (1 Corinthians 15:46). There is also spiritual wickedness in the heavenlies against which the Christian has to wrestle, Eph. 6:12¹²For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. (Ephesians 6:12).

Star in the East

Matt. 2:2-10²Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him. ³When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. ⁴And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born. ⁵And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judea: for thus it is written by the prophet, ⁶And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. ⁷Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, inquired of them diligently what time the star appeared. ⁸And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also. ⁹When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. ¹⁰When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. (Matthew 2:2‑10).-This was doubtless a 'star' that God caused to appear for the occasion: "It stood over where the child was." Traditions were abroad that a deliverer was soon to be born, and God led the Magi to associate this star with the birth of a king of the Jews. They called it 'his star.'

Stoning.

A capital punishment by stones being hurled at the person. It was practiced in Egypt, Ex. 8:26,²⁶And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians to the Lord our God: lo, shall we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will they not stone us? (Exodus 8:26) and was enacted by Moses, Lev. 20:2, 27,²Again, thou shalt say to the children of Israel, Whosoever he be of the children of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn in Israel, that giveth any of his seed unto Molech; he shall surely be put to death: the people of the land shall stone him with stones. (Leviticus 20:2)
²⁷A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. (Leviticus 20:27) &c. Attempts were twice made to stone the Lord, John 8:59; 10:31⁵⁹Then took they up stones to cast at him: but Jesus hid himself, and went out of the temple, going through the midst of them, and so passed by. (John 8:59)
³¹Then the Jews took up stones again to stone him. (John 10:31). Stephen was stoned to death, Acts 7:58, 59⁵⁸And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul. ⁵⁹And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. (Acts 7:58‑59). Paul was once stoned, and left for dead, Acts 14:19¹⁹And there came thither certain Jews from Antioch and Iconium, who persuaded the people, and, having stoned Paul, drew him out of the city, supposing he had been dead. (Acts 14:19).

Stumblingblock.

1, σκάνδαλον, 'to halt' (used for the ‘catch' of a trap or snare, that gives way when trodden on), Rom. 11:9⁹And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them: (Romans 11:9); Rev. 2:14: in 1 Cor. 1: 23 preaching Christ crucified became a stumbling-block to the Jews who demanded a sign. 2, πρόςκομμα, anything laid in the way, over which one may stumble, Rom. 14:13¹³Let us not therefore judge one another any more: but judge this rather, that no man put a stumblingblock or an occasion to fall in his brother's way. (Romans 14:13); 1 Cor. 8:9⁹But take heed lest by any means this liberty of yours become a stumblingblock to them that are weak. (1 Corinthians 8:9). Translated 'stumbling' in 1 Peter 2:8,⁸And a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word, being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed. (1 Peter 2:8) and ‘offense’ in Rom. 14:20²⁰For meat destroy not the work of God. All things indeed are pure; but it is evil for that man who eateth with offence. (Romans 14:20); and with λίθος, 'stumbling stone' in Rom. 9:32, 33³²Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone; ³³As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. (Romans 9:32‑33).

Supper

δεῖπνον, ‘an evening meal.' a, It refers to an ordinary meal or a feast, Mark 6:21²¹And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee; (Mark 6:21); Luke 14:12¹²Then said he also to him that bade him, When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither thy kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbors; lest they also bid thee again, and a recompence be made thee. (Luke 14:12); John 12:2²There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. (John 12:2); Rev. 19: 9. b, Typical of the gospel feast, Luke 14:16-24¹⁶Then said he unto him, A certain man made a great supper, and bade many: ¹⁷And sent his servant at supper time to say to them that were bidden, Come; for all things are now ready. ¹⁸And they all with one consent began to make excuse. The first said unto him, I have bought a piece of ground, and I must needs go and see it: I pray thee have me excused. ¹⁹And another said, I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them: I pray thee have me excused. ²⁰And another said, I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot come. ²¹So that servant came, and showed his lord these things. Then the master of the house being angry said to his servant, Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in hither the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind. ²²And the servant said, Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. ²³And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled. ²⁴For I say unto you, That none of those men which were bidden shall taste of my supper. (Luke 14:16‑24). c, The paschal feast, Luke 22:20²⁰Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you. (Luke 22:20); John 13:2, 4²And supper being ended, the devil having now put into the heart of Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, to betray him; (John 13:2)
⁴He riseth from supper, and laid aside his garments; and took a towel, and girded himself. (John 13:4). d, The supper of the great God for the fowls of the air when He acts in judgment, Rev. 19:17¹⁷And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God; (Revelation 19:17). e, The Lord's supper, 1 Cor. 11:20²⁰When ye come together therefore into one place, this is not to eat the Lord's supper. (1 Corinthians 11:20).

Supplication

See Prayer.

Sword.

The Romans used short broad swords, which hung in sheaths to a belt. The common people also carried swords, as is seen by Peter having one when the Lord was arrested. When the Lord was about to leave them He told them to buy a sword (take care of themselves). The sword of the Spirit is the word of God (Eph. 6:17¹⁷And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God: (Ephesians 6:17)), which is sharper than any two-edged sword, Heb. 4:12¹²For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. (Hebrews 4:12). Magistrates bearing a sword (not a rod), Rom. 13:4,⁴For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil. (Romans 13:4) shows that capital punishment is in no way rescinded by the gospel. The Lord, on account of His rejection, said He had not come to send peace on the earth but a sword, Matt. 10:34: cf. Luke 2:14¹⁴Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. (Luke 2:14).

Sycamore.

This is supposed to be the black mulberry, which in the East is still called the Sycamenia, Luke 17: 6.

Sycamore

Luke 19:4⁴And he ran before, and climbed up into a sycomore tree to see him: for he was to pass that way. (Luke 19:4).—The Ficus Sycomorus of botanists, bearing sycamore-figs, which are small and are only eaten by the poor. It has strong branches, low down, and is admirably adapted for the purpose for which Zacchזus selected it.

Synagogue

.See “The Synagogue and the Sanhedrim”, just after “Jewish Sects”.

Tabernacle

The tabernacle is often spoken of in the Epistle to the Hebrews (Heb. 8, 9.), the temporary character of which coincides with the character of the epistle, the saints being viewed as on earth; and this stands in greater contrast to the many ‘eternal' things treated of in the epistle. The Lord was the minister of the 'true' tabernacle, and high priest of good things to come by a 'greater and more perfect' tabernacle (Heb. 8:2; 9:11²A minister of the sanctuary, and of the true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man. (Hebrews 8:2)
¹¹But Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to say, not of this building; (Hebrews 9:11)). The saints were further led away from the earthly tabernacle by the solemn warning: "We have an altar whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle", Heb. 13:10¹⁰We have an altar, whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle. (Hebrews 13:10); Christ was to supersede it all. Paul and Peter both beautifully apply the term “tabernacle” to their bodies, as only a temporary residence here.

Tabernacles, Feast of.-

See Feasts.

Talent.

See “Money and Measures”, just before “Principal Persons, Places, and Subjects”.

Talitha

‘a damsel,' Mark 5:41⁴¹And he took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha cumi; which is, being interpreted, Damsel, I say unto thee, arise. (Mark 5:41).-This is said to be a corrupt form of a Hebrew or Syriac word. The Syriac Testament has the same word in Luke 8:54⁵⁴And he put them all out, and took her by the hand, and called, saying, Maid, arise. (Luke 8:54).

Tares

ζιζάυιον ‘darnel,' Matt. 13:25-40²⁵But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. ²⁶But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. ²⁷So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? ²⁸He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? ²⁹But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. ³⁰Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn. ³¹Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field: ³²Which indeed is the least of all seeds: but when it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in the branches thereof. ³³Another parable spake he unto them; The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. ³⁴All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and without a parable spake he not unto them: ³⁵That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been kept secret from the foundation of the world. ³⁶Then Jesus sent the multitude away, and went into the house: and his disciples came unto him, saying, Declare unto us the parable of the tares of the field. ³⁷He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed is the Son of man; ³⁸The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one; ³⁹The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels. ⁴⁰As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world. (Matthew 13:25‑40).-A noxious weed, which grows up tall and resembles wheat until the ear begins to be filled. The Arabs still call it ‘Zawan'. It is plentiful in Palestine, and a source of anxiety to the growers of wheat. The women and children often pull up the darnel before the wheat is cut, others separate it after the wheat is cut, but before it is thrashed. It is symbolical of Satan's counterfeits brought into the kingdom.

Taxed,

Taxing,Luke 2:1; 2, 3, 5¹And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. (Luke 2:1)
¹And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. (Luke 2:1)
¹Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Iturea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, (Luke 3:1)
¹And it came to pass, that, as the people pressed upon him to hear the word of God, he stood by the lake of Gennesaret, (Luke 5:1) Acts 5:37³⁷After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished; and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed. (Acts 5:37).‒The Romans at times took a census simply of the people, and at other times they made a register of every one's estate, dignity, age, employment, and office. The census in Luke is supposed to have been a census of persons only (carried out among the Jews in their own way as to house and lineage), and the one in Acts to have been a full census of property, &c., which led to rebellion.

Teacher.

See “Offices and Gifts in the Church”, just before “The books of the New Testament, briefly considered”.

Temple.

1, ίερόυ, from 'sacred,' used for the courts of the temple. It embraced the place where the people came to worship, and where the Lord taught, Mark 12:35³⁵And Jesus answered and said, while he taught in the temple, How say the scribes that Christ is the Son of David? (Mark 12:35); Luke 20:1¹And it came to pass, that on one of those days, as he taught the people in the temple, and preached the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes came upon him with the elders, (Luke 20:1); John 8:20,²⁰These words spake Jesus in the treasury, as he taught in the temple: and no man laid hands on him; for his hour was not yet come. (John 8:20) &c.; also where they bought and sold, Matt. 21:12¹²And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, (Matthew 21:12). 2, ναός, from 'to dwell, inhabit,' and hence the house itself. It was here that Zacharias was visited by the angel, Luke 1:9, 21, 22,⁹According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord. (Luke 1:9)
²¹And the people waited for Zacharias, and marvelled that he tarried so long in the temple. ²²And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they perceived that he had seen a vision in the temple: for he beckoned unto them, and remained speechless. (Luke 1:21‑22) and is referred to in Matt. 23:16, 17, 21¹⁶Woe unto you, ye blind guides, which say, Whosoever shall swear by the temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the temple, he is a debtor! ¹⁷Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gold, or the temple that sanctifieth the gold? (Matthew 23:16‑17)
²¹And whoso shall swear by the temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth therein. (Matthew 23:21). Matt. 27:5⁵And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. (Matthew 27:5) presents a difficulty, because Judas is represented as casting the pieces of silver in the house itself, to which none had admission but the priests. Apparently he was repulsed by the chief priests and elders, and in his remorse may have thrown the money inside the holy place. Our Lord used the same word when He spake of His body, John 2:19¹⁹Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up. (John 2:19). It is also used when the church is declared to be "the temple of God," 1 Cor. 3:16, 17¹⁶Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? ¹⁷If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are. (1 Corinthians 3:16‑17); 2 Cor. 6:16¹⁶And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. (2 Corinthians 6:16); Eph. 2:21²¹In whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord: (Ephesians 2:21); the individual saint also is a "temple of the Holy Ghost," 1 Cor. 6:19¹⁹What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own? (1 Corinthians 6:19). The same word is employed for the place wherein Antichrist will sit, 2 Thess. 2: 4. In the Revelation this same word is used in every mention of the temple. In Luke 11:51⁵¹From the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias, which perished between the altar and the temple: verily I say unto you, It shall be required of this generation. (Luke 11:51) it is literally "between the altar and the house."

Temptation.

Used in the sense of a, to make trial, test, prove, as when God 'tempted' Abraham, Gen. 22:1¹And it came to pass after these things, that God did tempt Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham: and he said, Behold, here I am. (Genesis 22:1); translated 'try' in Heb. 11:17¹⁷By faith Abraham, when he was tried, offered up Isaac: and he that had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, (Hebrews 11:17); cf. Rev. 2:2, 10; 3:10²I know thy works, and thy labor, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars: (Revelation 2:2)
¹⁰Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. (Revelation 2:10)
¹⁰Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep thee from the hour of temptation, which shall come upon all the world, to try them that dwell upon the earth. (Revelation 3:10) b, ' to tempt to evil,' as when the Lord was tempted by the devil, Matt. 4:1,¹Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. (Matthew 4:1) &c.; as also the saints and all mankind are tempted, 1 Cor, 7:5; 1 Thess. 3:5⁵For this cause, when I could no longer forbear, I sent to know your faith, lest by some means the tempter have tempted you, and our labor be in vain. (1 Thessalonians 3:5). c ‘to tempt with an evil purpose,' as when the scribes and Pharisees sought to catch our Lord in His replies, Matt. 16:1; 19:3,¹The Pharisees also with the Sadducees came, and tempting desired him that he would show them a sign from heaven. (Matthew 16:1)
³The Pharisees also came unto him, tempting him, and saying unto him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause? (Matthew 19:3) &c. d. 'Putting to the proof,' as when Peter said to Sapphira, "How is it that ye have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord?" Acts 5:9⁹Then Peter said unto her, How is it that ye have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord? behold, the feet of them which have buried thy husband are at the door, and shall carry thee out. (Acts 5:9); cf. also Acts 15:10¹⁰Now therefore why tempt ye God, to put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? (Acts 15:10); 1 Cor. 10: 9; Heb. 3:9⁹When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my works forty years. (Hebrews 3:9). e, Another form of temptation is when it comes from within, when one is driven away of his own lusts, James 1:13,14¹³Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man: ¹⁴But every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. (James 1:13‑14). The Lord was tempted in all points like as we are, except this, from within, Heb. 4:15¹⁵For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin. (Hebrews 4:15). This form of temptation is from indwelling sin, temptations do not give a bad conscience if they are resisted, as they were by the Lord. He succors those that are tempted, Heb. 2:18¹⁸For in that he himself hath suffered being tempted, he is able to succor them that are tempted. (Hebrews 2:18). Satan is emphatically the Tempter, Matt. 4:3³And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread. (Matthew 4:3); 1 Thess. 3:5⁵For this cause, when I could no longer forbear, I sent to know your faith, lest by some means the tempter have tempted you, and our labor be in vain. (1 Thessalonians 3:5).

Testament.

See Covenant.

Theater

. A place used for public games, &c., but which was available for any public assembly, Acts 19:29, 31²⁹And the whole city was filled with confusion: and having caught Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul's companions in travel, they rushed with one accord into the theatre. (Acts 19:29)
³¹And certain of the chief of Asia, which were his friends, sent unto him, desiring him that he would not adventure himself into the theatre. (Acts 19:31). They were of a circular form with tiers of seats, and were open to the heavens.

Thorn

There are several varieties of thorns in Palestine, some of which grow into trees, Matt. 7:16; 13: 7, 22; 27:29,¹⁶Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? (Matthew 7:16)
²⁹And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews! (Matthew 27:29) &c. In reference to the 'crown of thorns,' there is a species called by the Arabs nebk or nabka, which has soft and pliant branches, easily twisted, but with sharp spines that would give much pain. The word for the ‘thorn in the flesh' given to Paul is used for anything sharp, as a pointed stick, or spine of a thorn. Apparently its effect was something that made him appear contemptible to the gainsayers, 2 Cor. 10:10¹⁰For his letters, say they, are weighty and powerful; but his bodily presence is weak, and his speech contemptible. (2 Corinthians 10:10).

Threshing.

Corn is threshed in the East either by oxen treading over it (which is spoken of in 1 Cor. 9:9⁹For it is written in the law of Moses, Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn. Doth God take care for oxen? (1 Corinthians 9:9); 1 Tim. 5:18¹⁸For the scripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The laborer is worthy of his reward. (1 Timothy 5:18)), or by a small flat cart, in the bottom of which spikes are placed. These tear the straw into pieces ready for the cattle as food, the corn falling beneath the straw. He that thresheth does it in hope of obtaining the corn, 1 Cor. 9:10¹⁰Or saith he it altogether for our sakes? For our sakes, no doubt, this is written: that he that ploweth should plow in hope; and that he that thresheth in hope should be partaker of his hope. (1 Corinthians 9:10); as the apostle hoped to reap the fruit of his labors: cf. Gal. 6: 9.

Throne.

Heaven is God's throne, Matt. 5:34; 23: 22³⁴But I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven; for it is God's throne: (Matthew 5:34); Acts 7:49⁴⁹Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest? (Acts 7:49). The Lord Jesus is sitting upon the throne of God—upon His Father's throne, Heb. 8:1; 12:2¹Now of the things which we have spoken this is the sum: We have such an high priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens; (Hebrews 8:1)
²Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God. (Hebrews 12:2). The twelve apostles will sit upon thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel, Matt. 19:28²⁸And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. (Matthew 19:28); Luke 22:30³⁰That ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. (Luke 22:30). The Lord Jesus will have a throne, and the faithful are to sit with Him on His throne (marvelous grace!) Rev. 3:21²¹To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne. (Revelation 3:21). In the Revelation the throne of God is repeatedly spoken of, and around the throne the four and twenty elders sit upon thrones (not 'seats,' as in the A.V.), Rev. 4:4; 11:16⁴And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold. (Revelation 4:4)
¹⁶And the four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon their faces, and worshipped God, (Revelation 11:16). Satan gives a throne (seat in the A.V.) to the Roman beast, Rev. 13:2²And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. (Revelation 13:2). The Great White Throne of judgment will be set to declare the final doom of the wicked dead, Rev. 20:11¹¹And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. (Revelation 20:11).

Thyine

θύἴνος.—A close-grained wood giving a fragrant smell especially when burnt. It was also used for decorative purposes. It is held by some to be the same as the citron wood of the Romans, Rev. 18:12¹²The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12).

Tithe

Matt. 23:23²³Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. (Matthew 23:23); Luke 18:12¹²I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess. (Luke 18:12) Heb. 7:5, 6, 8, 9⁵And verily they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the office of the priesthood, have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though they come out of the loins of Abraham: ⁶But he whose descent is not counted from them received tithes of Abraham, and blessed him that had the promises. (Hebrews 7:5‑6)
⁸And here men that die receive tithes; but there he receiveth them, of whom it is witnessed that he liveth. ⁹And as I may so say, Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes in Abraham. (Hebrews 7:8‑9).-Under the law the tenth part of the increase of the flock and of the fruits of the ground was devoted to the service of the sanctuary, Lev. 27:30³⁰And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the Lord's: it is holy unto the Lord. (Leviticus 27:30); but giving tithes was practiced earlier than the law, Gen. 14:20; 28:20-22²⁰And blessed be the most high God, which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him tithes of all. (Genesis 14:20)
²⁰And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If God will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on, ²¹So that I come again to my father's house in peace; then shall the Lord be my God: ²²And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house: and of all that thou shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto thee. (Genesis 28:20‑22); Heb. 7: 2, 6.

Tomb.

See article “Sepulchers, Tombs and Burials” just before “Money and Measures”.

Tongues.

The gift of speaking ‘in other tongues' was given to the apostles at Pentecost, somewhat over-riding in grace the confusion of tongues in Gen. 11:7⁷Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. (Genesis 11:7). It was a sign to the gathered multitude, Acts 2:4-11⁴And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. ⁵And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven. ⁶Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language. ⁷And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are not all these which speak Galileans? ⁸And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? ⁹Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, ¹⁰Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, ¹¹Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. (Acts 2:4‑11). At the conversion of Cornelius the Gentiles also spake with tongues, and magnified God, Acts 10:45, 46⁴⁵And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost. ⁴⁶For they heard them speak with tongues, and magnify God. Then answered Peter, (Acts 10:45‑46). There was also the gift of tongues at Ephesus, and in the assembly at Corinth, 1 Cor. 14. These tongues were to cease, 1 Cor. 13: 8, while all the gifts needful for the spread of the gospel, and the perfecting of the saints remain: Eph. 4:11-13¹¹And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; ¹²For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: ¹³Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ: (Ephesians 4:11‑13).

Topaz

τοπάζιον, Rev. 21:20²⁰The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. (Revelation 21:20).-Supposed to be a transparent stone of greenish-yellow color: occurs in the LXX in Ex. 28:17; 36:17¹⁷And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this shall be the first row. (Exodus 28:17)
¹⁷And he made fifty loops upon the uttermost edge of the curtain in the coupling, and fifty loops made he upon the edge of the curtain which coupleth the second. (Exodus 36:17) (39:10); Job 28:19¹⁹The topaz of Ethiopia shall not equal it, neither shall it be valued with pure gold. (Job 28:19); Ps. 118:127 (119:127); Ezek. 28:13¹³Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. (Ezekiel 28:13).

Trance

Acts 10:10; 11: 5; 22:17¹⁰And he became very hungry, and would have eaten: but while they made ready, he fell into a trance, (Acts 10:10)
¹⁷And it came to pass, that, when I was come again to Jerusalem, even while I prayed in the temple, I was in a trance; (Acts 22:17).-State of being beyond one's self, ‘exstacy.'

Transfigured,

Transformed.1, μετασχηματίζω, ' to change in fashion or form,' spoken of Satan and his ministers who transform themselves so as to deceive, 2 Cor. 11:13, 14, 15¹³For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into the apostles of Christ. ¹⁴And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light. ¹⁵Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also be transformed as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be according to their works. (2 Corinthians 11:13‑15). 2, μεταμορφόω, used for the Lord being 'transfigured,' Matt. 17:2²And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light. (Matthew 17:2); Mark 9:2²And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured before them. (Mark 9:2); and for the Christian being 'transformed ' by the renewing of his mind, Rom. 12: 2, and 'changed' by beholding the glory of the Lord, 2 Cor. 3:18¹⁸But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. (2 Corinthians 3:18).

Transgression.

See Sin.

Tribulation,

Great.In Matt. 24:21²¹For then shall be great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be. (Matthew 24:21) a great tribulation is spoken of, such as had not been, nor ever shall be, which by the context refers to the Jews: cf. Jer. 30:7⁷Alas! for that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of Jacob's trouble; but he shall be saved out of it. (Jeremiah 30:7); Dan. 12:1: yet Gentiles will be affected by it, for in Rev. 7:14,¹⁴And I said unto him, Sir, thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb. (Revelation 7:14) a great multitude of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues have come out of the great tribulation that will then have come upon the world. There is a threat of ‘great tribulation' in the address to the church in Thyatira, Rev. 2:22,²²Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and them that commit adultery with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds. (Revelation 2:22) doubtless general, not the same as ‘the great tribulation,' which is specific, and immediately precedes the Lord's appearing.

Tribute.

The tax payable to Rome by the Jews, Matt. 17: 25; 22:17, 19¹⁷Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute unto Caesar, or not? (Matthew 22:17)
¹⁹Show me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a penny. (Matthew 22:19); Luke 20:22; 23:2²²Is it lawful for us to give tribute unto Caesar, or no? (Luke 20:22)
²And they began to accuse him, saying, We found this fellow perverting the nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, saying that he himself is Christ a King. (Luke 23:2); Rom. 13:6, 7⁶For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God's ministers, attending continually upon this very thing. ⁷Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor. (Romans 13:6‑7). 2, Two drachma, valued about 1S. 3½d., the tribute for the temple, Matt. 17:24,²⁴And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tribute money came to Peter, and said, Doth not your master pay tribute? (Matthew 17:24) to pay which the Lord wrought a miracle.

Turtledoves

Luke 2:24²⁴And to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons. (Luke 2:24).—A species of pigeon. They were so common in Palestine that the poor could offer a pair of them for a sacrifice, and such were offered when the Lord was presented in the temple.

Undergirding

Acts 27:17¹⁷Which when they had taken up, they used helps, undergirding the ship; and, fearing lest they should fall into the quicksands, strake sail, and so were driven. (Acts 27:17).-A system anciently used of binding ropes or chains round a ship in bad weather.

Usury.

Matt. 25:27²⁷Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchangers, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury. (Matthew 25:27); Luke 19:23²³Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might have required mine own with usury? (Luke 19:23). 'Interest' on money: the Greek word conveys no idea of undue interest.

Veil.

1, the Veil Moses Put on When His Face Shone: It Still Remains on the Hearts of Israel, Though It Is Really Done Away in Christ for Those Who Believe, 2 Cor. 3:13-16¹³And not as Moses, which put a vail over his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that which is abolished: ¹⁴But their minds were blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in the reading of the old testament; which vail is done away in Christ. ¹⁵But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the vail is upon their heart. ¹⁶Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be taken away. (2 Corinthians 3:13‑16). 2, the Veil of the Tabernacle and the Temple Which Shut in the Holy of Holies Typical of Christ’s Flesh. It Was Torn From the Top to the Bottom at His Death, Thus Giving to the Believer Access to God Himself by a New and Living Way, Matt. 27: 51; Heb. 6:19; 9:3; 10:20¹⁹Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within the veil; (Hebrews 6:19)
³And after the second veil, the tabernacle which is called the Holiest of all; (Hebrews 9:3)
²⁰By a new and living way, which he hath consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh; (Hebrews 10:20).

Vine.

The well-known bearer of grapes, Matt. 26: 29; Mark 14:25²⁵Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God. (Mark 14:25); Luke 22:18¹⁸For I say unto you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come. (Luke 22:18); James 3:12¹²Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear olive berries? either a vine, figs? so can no fountain both yield salt water and fresh. (James 3:12). Christ was 'the true Vine' when on earth in contrast to Israel who was not ‘true,' John 15:1-5¹I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman. ²Every branch in me that beareth not fruit he taketh away: and every branch that beareth fruit, he purgeth it, that it may bring forth more fruit. ³Now ye are clean through the word which I have spoken unto you. ⁴Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me. ⁵I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing. (John 15:1‑5); cf. Psa. 80. The 'vine of the earth' is gathered for judgment, Rev. 14:18, 19¹⁸And another angel came out from the altar, which had power over fire; and cried with a loud cry to him that had the sharp sickle, saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth; for her grapes are fully ripe. ¹⁹And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. (Revelation 14:18‑19).

Vinegar

Matt. 27:34, 48³⁴They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. (Matthew 27:34)
⁴⁸And straightway one of them ran, and took a spunge, and filled it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink. (Matthew 27:48); John 19:29, 30,²⁹Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to his mouth. ³⁰When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost. (John 19:29‑30) &c.-The thin, sour wine drunk by the soldiers.

Vineyard

Matt. 20; 21:28-41²⁸But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard. ²⁹He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went. ³⁰And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not. ³¹Whether of them twain did the will of his father? They say unto him, The first. Jesus saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That the publicans and the harlots go into the kingdom of God before you. ³²For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him. ³³Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country: ³⁴And when the time of the fruit drew near, he sent his servants to the husbandmen, that they might receive the fruits of it. ³⁵And the husbandmen took his servants, and beat one, and killed another, and stoned another. ³⁶Again, he sent other servants more than the first: and they did unto them likewise. ³⁷But last of all he sent unto them his son, saying, They will reverence my son. ³⁸But when the husbandmen saw the son, they said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and let us seize on his inheritance. ³⁹And they caught him, and cast him out of the vineyard, and slew him. ⁴⁰When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen? ⁴¹They say unto him, He will miserably destroy those wicked men, and will let out his vineyard unto other husbandmen, which shall render him the fruits in their seasons. (Matthew 21:28‑41); Mark 12: 1-9; Luke 13:6; 20:13-16⁶He spake also this parable; A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard; and he came and sought fruit thereon, and found none. (Luke 13:6)
¹³Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send my beloved son: it may be they will reverence him when they see him. ¹⁴But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the heir: come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours. ¹⁵So they cast him out of the vineyard, and killed him. What therefore shall the lord of the vineyard do unto them? ¹⁶He shall come and destroy these husbandmen, and shall give the vineyard to others. And when they heard it, they said, God forbid. (Luke 20:13‑16); 1 Cor. 9:7⁷Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges? who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock? (1 Corinthians 9:7).—Israel is the vineyard mostly alluded to in the Gospels. A portion of the produce was paid as rent.

Viper

Acts 28:8⁸And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him. (Acts 28:8).-A small venomous snake. It is applied both by John the Baptist and by the Lord to the rulers of Israel, Matt. 3:7; 12:34; 23: 33⁷But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? (Matthew 3:7)
³⁴O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. (Matthew 12:34); Luke 3:7⁷Then said he to the multitude that came forth to be baptized of him, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? (Luke 3:7). They showed a moral likeness to the devil, the old serpent.

Visitation.

Israel knew not when God visited them in the Person of Christ, Luke 19:44⁴⁴And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation. (Luke 19:44). The converted Jews ought so to walk that their enemies should confess to their integrity when God again visits Israel in blessing, 1 Peter 2:12¹²Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation. (1 Peter 2:12).

Vow

Acts 18:18; 21:23¹⁸And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren, and sailed thence into Syria, and with him Priscilla and Aquila; having shorn his head in Cenchrea: for he had a vow. (Acts 18:18)
²³Do therefore this that we say to thee: We have four men which have a vow on them; (Acts 21:23).—The vow of Paul and of the four men appears to have been the vow of Nazariteship, by the head being shaven. The final shaving must be at the temple, Num. 6:18¹⁸And the Nazarite shall shave the head of his separation at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall take the hair of the head of his separation, and put it in the fire which is under the sacrifice of the peace offerings. (Numbers 6:18).

Wash,

to1, υίπτω. ἀπον-, 'to wash,' face, hands, feet, &c., Matt. 6:17; 15:2; 27:24¹⁷But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and wash thy face; (Matthew 6:17)
²Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread. (Matthew 15:2)
²⁴When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. (Matthew 27:24); Mark 7:3³For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders. (Mark 7:3); John 9: 7, 11, 15; 13:5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14⁵After that he poureth water into a bason, and began to wash the disciples' feet, and to wipe them with the towel wherewith he was girded. ⁶Then cometh he to Simon Peter: and Peter saith unto him, Lord, dost thou wash my feet? (John 13:5‑6)
⁸Peter saith unto him, Thou shalt never wash my feet. Jesus answered him, If I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me. (John 13:8)
¹⁰Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all. (John 13:10)
¹²So after he had washed their feet, and had taken his garments, and was set down again, he said unto them, Know ye what I have done to you? (John 13:12)
¹⁴If I then, your Lord and Master, have washed your feet; ye also ought to wash one another's feet. (John 13:14); 1 Tim. 5:10¹⁰Well reported of for good works; if she have brought up children, if she have lodged strangers, if she have washed the saints' feet, if she have relieved the afflicted, if she have diligently followed every good work. (1 Timothy 5:10). 2, λούω, ἀπολ-, from ‘to loosen,' cleanse the body, Acts 9:37; 16:33; 22:16³⁷And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died: whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber. (Acts 9:37)
³³And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway. (Acts 16:33)
¹⁶And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord. (Acts 22:16); 1 Cor. 6:11¹¹And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God. (1 Corinthians 6:11); Eph. 5:26²⁶That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word, (Ephesians 5:26); Tit. 3:5⁵Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost; (Titus 3:5); Heb. 10:22²²Let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with pure water. (Hebrews 10:22); 2 Peter 2:22²²But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire. (2 Peter 2:22); Rev. 1:5⁵And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, (Revelation 1:5). In John 13:10¹⁰Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all. (John 13:10) the person being cleansed stands in contrast to the feet being washed, nipto, because of the defilements of the way. 3, βαπτίζω, ‘dip,' &c., Mark 7:4, 8⁴And when they come from the market, except they wash, they eat not. And many other things there be, which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots, brazen vessels, and of tables. (Mark 7:4)
⁸For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do. (Mark 7:8); Luke 11:38³⁸And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not first washed before dinner. (Luke 11:38); Heb. 9:10¹⁰Which stood only in meats and drinks, and divers washings, and carnal ordinances, imposed on them until the time of reformation. (Hebrews 9:10). 4. βρέχω, 'to wet,' rain, Luke 7:38, 44³⁸And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment. (Luke 7:38)
⁴⁴And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head. (Luke 7:44). 5, πλύνω, ἀποπ-, 'to wash,' as clothes, Luke 5:2²And saw two ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them, and were washing their nets. (Luke 5:2); Rev, 7:14.

Well

John 4:6, 14⁶Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour. (John 4:6)
¹⁴But whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life. (John 4:14); 2 Peter 2:17¹⁷These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever. (2 Peter 2:17).-1, πηγή signifies 'fountain' or ' pring.' 2, φρέαρ, ‘well or pit,' John 4:11, 12¹¹The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water? ¹²Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? (John 4:11‑12).

Whale

κητος - Any sea-monster or huge fish, Matt. 12:40⁴⁰For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. (Matthew 12:40). The O. T. says ‘a great fish,' without specifying what fish. It may have been a large shark, which has a much larger gullet than a whale, and in the stomach of which bodies of men have been sometimes found entire.

Wheat.

See Corn.

Willworship,

Col. 2:23²³Which things have indeed a show of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body; not in any honor to the satisfying of the flesh. (Colossians 2:23).—Voluntary or self-chosen worship: see Col. 2:18¹⁸Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind, (Colossians 2:18).

Windows.

Really doors, with lattice-work to admit the air and give shade from the sun, Acts 20:9⁹And there sat in a window a certain young man named Eutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep: and as Paul was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead. (Acts 20:9); 2 Cor. 11: 33.

Wine

οἶνος, fermented juice of the grape. It was used in the Paschal supper, and in the Lord's supper. Paul recommended Timothy to drink wine for his frequent infirmities. It was intoxicating, Eph. 5:18¹⁸And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit; (Ephesians 5:18); 1 Tim. 3:8⁸Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; (1 Timothy 3:8). New wine is used typically of the new order of things introduced by Christ as needing new vessels to contain it, Matt. 9. 17. The 'new wine' of Acts 2:13¹³Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine. (Acts 2:13) is 'sweet wine,' the sweetness being preserved made it more intoxicating.

Winepress.

A place where grapes were pressed or trodden with the feet, Matt. 21:33³³Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country: (Matthew 21:33); used as a figure for the wicked being crushed in God's judgments on the earth, Rev. 14:19, 20; 19:15¹⁹And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. ²⁰And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs. (Revelation 14:19‑20)
¹⁵And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. (Revelation 19:15).

Winevat

Mark 12:1¹And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country. (Mark 12:1).-The cavity under a winepress into which the juice could run.

Winked

Acts 17:30³⁰And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent: (Acts 17:30).-God 'overlooked' the former times of ignorance, but now enjoins all men everywhere to repent.

Winter.

See “The Seasons and Divisions of Time”just after “Physical Features of Palestine”.

Witchcraft.

See Sorcery.

Witness.

As in Israel, so in the church, any accusation should be confirmed by two or three witnesses, Matt. 18:16¹⁶But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. (Matthew 18:16); 2 Cor. 13:1¹This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established. (2 Corinthians 13:1); 1 Tim. 5:19¹⁹Against an elder receive not an accusation, but before two or three witnesses. (1 Timothy 5:19); Heb. 10:28²⁸He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or three witnesses: (Hebrews 10:28). See MARTYR.

Wolf.

The well-known wild animal, used metaphorically to describe men who molest, worry, and scatter the followers of Christ, Matt. 7:15; 10:16¹⁵Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. (Matthew 7:15)
¹⁶Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16); Luke 10:3³Go your ways: behold, I send you forth as lambs among wolves. (Luke 10:3); John 10:12¹²But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep. (John 10:12); Acts 20:29²⁹For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. (Acts 20:29).

World.

1, Κὀσμος, ‘Order, Regularity,' and 'The World,' Because of Its Natural Order; ‘the World' in All Its Varied Characters, Its Inhabitants, Its Riches, Its Spirit, Its Wisdom, Its Sin, Its Sorrows, Its Judgment, &C., Matt. 4:8⁸Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and showeth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; (Matthew 4:8); John 1:29; 12:31²⁹The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. (John 1:29)
³¹Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this world be cast out. (John 12:31); 1 Cor. 3:19¹⁹For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written, He taketh the wise in their own craftiness. (1 Corinthians 3:19); 2 Cor. 7:10¹⁰For godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be repented of: but the sorrow of the world worketh death. (2 Corinthians 7:10); James 4:4⁴Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God. (James 4:4); 1 John 2:17; 5:19¹⁷And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever. (1 John 2:17)
¹⁹And we know that we are of God, and the whole world lieth in wickedness. (1 John 5:19). 2, Αἰών, ‘Being, Age, Duration of Time;' a, 'Age,' in Connection With the World, the Course of Existing Things, Matt. 12:32; 13:22, 39, 40³²And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come. (Matthew 12:32)
²²He also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth the word; and the care of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful. (Matthew 13:22)
³⁹The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels. ⁴⁰As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world. (Matthew 13:39‑40); Luke 1:70; 16:8⁷⁰As he spake by the mouth of his holy prophets, which have been since the world began: (Luke 1:70)
⁸And the lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done wisely: for the children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children of light. (Luke 16:8); John 9:32³²Since the world began was it not heard that any man opened the eyes of one that was born blind. (John 9:32); Rom. 12:2²And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God. (Romans 12:2); 2 Cor. 4:4⁴In whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them. (2 Corinthians 4:4); Eph. 3:21; 6:12²¹Unto him be glory in the church by Christ Jesus throughout all ages, world without end. Amen. (Ephesians 3:21)
¹²For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. (Ephesians 6:12); 2 Tim. 1:9⁹Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began, (2 Timothy 1:9); Heb. 9:26,²⁶For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself. (Hebrews 9:26) &C. B, the Material World, Heb. 1:2; 11:3²Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds; (Hebrews 1:2)
³Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear. (Hebrews 11:3). 3, Οἰκουμένη From 'To Inhabit,' the Habitable World, Matt. 24:14¹⁴And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come. (Matthew 24:14); Acts 11:28; 19:27; 24: 5²⁸And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. (Acts 11:28)
²⁷So that not only this our craft is in danger to be set at nought; but also that the temple of the great goddess Diana should be despised, and her magnificence should be destroyed, whom all Asia and the world worshippeth. (Acts 19:27); Rom. 10:18¹⁸But I say, Have they not heard? Yes verily, their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world. (Romans 10:18); Heb. 1:6⁶And again, when he bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world, he saith, And let all the angels of God worship him. (Hebrews 1:6); Rev. 3:10; 12:9; 16:14¹⁰Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep thee from the hour of temptation, which shall come upon all the world, to try them that dwell upon the earth. (Revelation 3:10)
⁹And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. (Revelation 12:9)
¹⁴For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty. (Revelation 16:14). 4, Γῆ, 'The Earth, Land,' Rev. 13:3³And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast. (Revelation 13:3).

World to Come.

In Heb. 2:5⁵For unto the angels hath he not put in subjection the world to come, whereof we speak. (Hebrews 2:5) it is 'habitable world to come'; in Heb. 6:5⁵And have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the world to come, (Hebrews 6:5); Mark 10:30³⁰But he shall receive an hundredfold now in this time, houses, and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with persecutions; and in the world to come eternal life. (Mark 10:30); Luke 18:30³⁰Who shall not receive manifold more in this present time, and in the world to come life everlasting. (Luke 18:30); Eph. 1:21²¹Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: (Ephesians 1:21) it is 'age to come';both stand in contrast to the present age: cf. Titus 2:12¹²Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world; (Titus 2:12).

Wormwood

ἄψινθος, from ‘not to be drunk,' because of its unfitness and bitterness, Rev. 8:11¹¹And the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter. (Revelation 8:11). The allusion appears to be to the class of plants called Artemisia rather than to any particular variety.

Worship, Worshipper.

The principal word used for worship is προσκυνέω, 'to adore,' to prostrate in homage. It is used for the homage given to man, as in Rev. 3:9⁹Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee. (Revelation 3:9); for the worship that will be given to the dragon and the beast, Rev. 13:4, 8, 12, 15⁴And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast: and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who is able to make war with him? (Revelation 13:4)
⁸And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. (Revelation 13:8)
¹²And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. (Revelation 13:12)
¹⁵And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. (Revelation 13:15); and to the worship of God and of Christ, Matt. 2:2, 11²Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him. (Matthew 2:2)
¹¹And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh. (Matthew 2:11); Heb. 1:6⁶And again, when he bringeth in the firstbegotten into the world, he saith, And let all the angels of God worship him. (Hebrews 1:6); Rev. 4:10; 14:7,¹⁰The four and twenty elders fall down before him that sat on the throne, and worship him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, (Revelation 4:10)
⁷Saying with a loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters. (Revelation 14:7) &c. It is the word in John 4:20-24,²⁰Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. ²¹Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. ²²Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. ²³But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. ²⁴God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. (John 4:20‑24) where the Lord said that worship to God must be in spirit and in truth, and that the Father seeketh such worshippers. The worship of the heart must answer to the nature of God and to the grace of the Father. Another Greek word, λατρεύω, Acts 24:14¹⁴But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets: (Acts 24:14); Phil. 3: 3, is often translated 'serve,' and has been called 'worship-service.' Anna ‘served' God with fasting and prayers night and day, Luke 2:37³⁷And she was a widow of about fourscore and four years, which departed not from the temple, but served God with fastings and prayers night and day. (Luke 2:37). It is to be rendered to God only, Matt. 4:10: cf. 2 Tim. 1:3³I thank God, whom I serve from my forefathers with pure conscience, that without ceasing I have remembrance of thee in my prayers night and day; (2 Timothy 1:3); Heb. 9:14; 12:28; 13:10¹⁴How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? (Hebrews 9:14)
²⁸Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear: (Hebrews 12:28)
¹⁰We have an altar, whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle. (Hebrews 13:10); Rev. 7.15; 22:3.

Wrestling

Eph. 6:12¹²For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. (Ephesians 6:12).-This is doubtless an allusion to the contests with which the inhabitants of Ephesus were familiar. The Christian wrestles not against flesh and blood; but against the various powers of the enemy in the heavenlies.

Yoke.

That which unites the oxen in plowing, Luke 14:19¹⁹And another said, I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them: I pray thee have me excused. (Luke 14:19). Used symbolically of the laborious servitude of the law, Acts 15:10¹⁰Now therefore why tempt ye God, to put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? (Acts 15:10); Gal. 5:1¹Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage. (Galatians 5:1); in contrast to which is the yoke of the Lord, which is easy, and the burden light, Matt. 11:29, 30²⁹Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. ³⁰For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light. (Matthew 11:29‑30). We are not to be unequally yoked to unbelievers, 2 Cor. 6:14¹⁴Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness? (2 Corinthians 6:14). Paul calls some one his true yokefellow (probably Epaphroditus), Phil, 4:3.

1. Because of the uncertainty of identifying the precious stones in the N. T., references are given to the Septuagint if the same Greek word is used therein.

Click here to show subject links in the text for more information.