Principal Persons

From: Bible Handbook: New Testament By: Walter Biggar Scott

• 1.1 hr. read • grade level: 8

Abaddon, Rev. 9:11¹¹And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. (Revelation 9:11) -A Hebrew word, which in the Greek is Apollyon,,destroyer,. He is angel of the bottomless pit, and king of the destroying locusts. It is symbolical of Satan.

Abraham.

The first of the patriarchs, and the great ancestor of Israel. He was called of God to leave his country and his father's house, to go into Palestine, but we learn from the New Testament that he tarried in Mesopotamia until his father's death, Acts 7:2-4²And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran, ³And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall show thee. ⁴Then came he out of the land of the Chaldeans, and dwelt in Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell. (Acts 7:2‑4). Besides the promise made to Abraham as to his natural seed, Gen. 15:5⁵And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and he said unto him, So shall thy seed be. (Genesis 15:5); John 8:33³³They answered him, We be Abraham's seed, and were never in bondage to any man: how sayest thou, Ye shall be made free? (John 8:33) &c., God also made another promise to him respecting his seed, Christ, Gal. 3:16¹⁶Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ. (Galatians 3:16); cf. Gen. 12:2, 3; 22:18,²And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing: ³And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed. (Genesis 12:2‑3)
¹⁸And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice. (Genesis 22:18) through whom all who believe become 'children of Abraham,' Gal. 3: 7.

Adam

Referred to in the N. T. to bring out by contrast the character of the Lord Jesus in distinction from man by nature. "The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is out of heaven."1 "The first Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam a quickening Spirit," 1 Cor. 15:45, 47⁴⁵And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam was made a quickening spirit. (1 Corinthians 15:45)
⁴⁷The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is the Lord from heaven. (1 Corinthians 15:47). We must look for no other: the last has appeared. Adam and Christ also represent two headships: all under one die, and all under the other are made alive. 1 Cor. 15:22²²For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive. (1 Corinthians 15:22).

Agabus

Acts 11:28; 21:10²⁸And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. (Acts 11:28)
¹⁰And as we tarried there many days, there came down from Judea a certain prophet, named Agabus. (Acts 21:10).-A Christian prophet who foretold a great famine over the whole habitable world. This was said about A.D. 42, and history confirms the prophecy. Agabus also foretold that Paul would be arrested at Jerusalem.

Agar

Gal. 4: 24, 25.-Same as Hagar, the bondwoman, who allegorically answers to Jerusalem, which was in bondage (under which the Galatians were putting themselves): whereas Sarah was a free woman, which corresponds to the Jerusalem above.

Agrippa.

See article on Agrippa, under “History of the Jews”.

Alexander

.-1, Son of Simon, Mark 15: 21. 2, One acting with the high priest, Acts 4:6⁶And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem. (Acts 4:6). 3, At Ephesus, Acts 19:33³³And they drew Alexander out of the multitude, the Jews putting him forward. And Alexander beckoned with the hand, and would have made his defence unto the people. (Acts 19:33). 4, The coppersmith, who made shipwreck of faith, and did Paul much evil, and withstood his words. 1 Tim. 1:20²⁰Of whom is Hymeneus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme. (1 Timothy 1:20); 2 Tim. 4:14¹⁴Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil: the Lord reward him according to his works: (2 Timothy 4:14).

Ananias

1, High priest, nominated by Herod, King of Chalcis, about A.D. 48. Paul appeared before him, and on Ananias ordering him to be smitten, he said, 'God shall smite thee, thou whited wall.' He was deposed by Agrippa, and slain by assassins, Acts 23:2; 24:1²And the high priest Ananias commanded them that stood by him to smite him on the mouth. (Acts 23:2)
¹And after five days Ananias the high priest descended with the elders, and with a certain orator named Tertullus, who informed the governor against Paul. (Acts 24:1). 2, The disciple who fell dead at the apostles' feet when he lied to the Holy Ghost, Acts 5:1¹But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession, (Acts 5:1). 3, The devout disciple at Damascus sent to restore sight to Paul after his conversion: Acts 9:10-17; 22:12¹⁰And there was a certain disciple at Damascus, named Ananias; and to him said the Lord in a vision, Ananias. And he said, Behold, I am here, Lord. ¹¹And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the street which is called Straight, and inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul, of Tarsus: for, behold, he prayeth, ¹²And hath seen in a vision a man named Ananias coming in, and putting his hand on him, that he might receive his sight. ¹³Then Ananias answered, Lord, I have heard by many of this man, how much evil he hath done to thy saints at Jerusalem: ¹⁴And here he hath authority from the chief priests to bind all that call on thy name. ¹⁵But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel: ¹⁶For I will show him how great things he must suffer for my name's sake. ¹⁷And Ananias went his way, and entered into the house; and putting his hands on him said, Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest, hath sent me, that thou mightest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Ghost. (Acts 9:10‑17)
¹²And one Ananias, a devout man according to the law, having a good report of all the Jews which dwelt there, (Acts 22:12).

Andrew

John 1:40,⁴⁰One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. (John 1:40) &c.-One of the apostles, and brother of Peter. He brought Peter to the Lord. Nothing further of importance is recorded of him.

Anna

Luke 2:36-38³⁶And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser: she was of a great age, and had lived with an husband seven years from her virginity; ³⁷And she was a widow of about fourscore and four years, which departed not from the temple, but served God with fastings and prayers night and day. ³⁸And she coming in that instant gave thanks likewise unto the Lord, and spake of him to all them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem. (Luke 2:36‑38). -The aged prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher, who praised the Lord at the presentation of Jesus in the temple; one of the remnant of Israel who were really looking for the Messiah.

Annas

Luke 3:2²Annas and Caiaphas being the high priests, the word of God came unto John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness. (Luke 3:2); John 18:13, 24¹³And led him away to Annas first; for he was father in law to Caiaphas, which was the high priest that same year. (John 18:13)
²⁴Now Annas had sent him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest. (John 18:24); Acts 4:6⁶And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem. (Acts 4:6).-He was appointed high priest by Quirinus, Governor of Syria, A.D. 7, but seven years after was superseded. He seems to have retained the title of high priest while Caiaphas, his son-in-law, held the office.

Antipas

Rev. 2:13¹³I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is: and thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth. (Revelation 2:13).-A faithful martyr, slain at Pergamos, but of whom nothing more is known.

Antipas

Herod.- See article on Herod Antipas, under “History of the Jews”.

Apollos

Acts 18:24; 19:1²⁴And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the scriptures, came to Ephesus. (Acts 18:24)
¹And it came to pass, that, while Apollos was at Corinth, Paul having passed through the upper coasts came to Ephesus: and finding certain disciples, (Acts 19:1); 1 Cor. 1:12; 3:4; 16:12¹²Now this I say, that every one of you saith, I am of Paul; and I of Apollos; and I of Cephas; and I of Christ. (1 Corinthians 1:12)
⁴For while one saith, I am of Paul; and another, I am of Apollos; are ye not carnal? (1 Corinthians 3:4)
¹²As touching our brother Apollos, I greatly desired him to come unto you with the brethren: but his will was not at all to come at this time; but he will come when he shall have convenient time. (1 Corinthians 16:12); Titus 3:13¹³Bring Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their journey diligently, that nothing be wanting unto them. (Titus 3:13).-An eloquent disciple, ‘mighty in the scriptures’, and fervent in the Spirit; yet he knew only the baptism of John, until he was more perfectly instructed by Aquila and Priscilla; he became a companion of Paul.

Apollyon

.-See Abaddon.

Aquila

Acts 18:2, 18²And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto them. (Acts 18:2)
¹⁸And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren, and sailed thence into Syria, and with him Priscilla and Aquila; having shorn his head in Cenchrea: for he had a vow. (Acts 18:18); Rom. 16:3³Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus: (Romans 16:3); 1 Cor. 16:19¹⁹The churches of Asia salute you. Aquila and Priscilla salute you much in the Lord, with the church that is in their house. (1 Corinthians 16:19).-A Christian found by Paul at Corinth, with whom he lived and worked as a tent-maker. With Priscilla, his wife, he went with Paul to Ephesus. Paul styles them his 'helpers in Christ Jesus,' and states that they had endangered their lives for his sake.

Archelaus

.See article on Archelaus, under “History of the Jews”.

Areopagite

Acts 17:34³⁴Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them. (Acts 17:34).-One of the council of the high court of Areopagus at Athens.

Aristarchus

Acts 19:29; 20:4; 27:2²⁹And the whole city was filled with confusion: and having caught Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul's companions in travel, they rushed with one accord into the theatre. (Acts 19:29)
⁴And there accompanied him into Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe, and Timotheus; and of Asia, Tychicus and Trophimus. (Acts 20:4)
²And entering into a ship of Adramyttium, we launched, meaning to sail by the coasts of Asia; one Aristarchus, a Macedonian of Thessalonica, being with us. (Acts 27:2); Col. 4:10¹⁰Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas, (touching whom ye received commandments: if he come unto you, receive him;) (Colossians 4:10); Philem. 24²⁴Marcus, Aristarchus, Demas, Lucas, my fellowlaborers. (Philemon 24).—A Thessalonian Christian who accompanied Paul on several journeys, and in his voyage to Rome. In Col. 4:10¹⁰Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas, (touching whom ye received commandments: if he come unto you, receive him;) (Colossians 4:10) Paul calls him his 'fellow-prisoner.'

Aser

Luke 2:36³⁶And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser: she was of a great age, and had lived with an husband seven years from her virginity; (Luke 2:36); Rev. 7:6⁶Of the tribe of Aser were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Nepthalim were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Manasses were sealed twelve thousand. (Revelation 7:6).-The same as Asher, one of the twelve tribes.

Athenians

Acts 17:21²¹(For all the Athenians and strangers which were there spent their time in nothing else, but either to tell, or to hear some new thing.) (Acts 17:21).-The inhabitants of Athens. They were remarkable for their desire for something new. Demosthenes rebuked his countrymen for always asking, 'What news?' which entirely agrees with the above scripture.

Augustus

Caesar, Luke 2:1¹And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. (Luke 2:1).-The first Roman Emperor. He was 'Imperator,' B.C. 31, and Augustus, B.C. 27. His real name was Caius Octavius, the same as his father. In Acts 25:21, 25; 27²¹But when Paul had appealed to be reserved unto the hearing of Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar. (Acts 25:21)
²⁵But when I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death, and that he himself hath appealed to Augustus, I have determined to send him. (Acts 25:25)
²⁵Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer: for I believe God, that it shall be even as it was told me. (Acts 27:25):1 The term 'Augustus ' is used instead of 'emperor:' Nero was at that time Emperor of Rome.

Balaam

2 Peter 2:15¹⁵Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness; (2 Peter 2:15); Jude 11¹¹Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core. (Jude 11); Rev. 2:14¹⁴But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication. (Revelation 2:14).-The N. T. throws light upon the character of this soothsayer. He 'loved the wages of unrighteousness,' and taught Balac how to seduce the children of Israel, which was really doing Satan's work. He was slain by the Israelites in their war against Midian: Josh. 13: 22.

Barabbas

Matt. 27:16-26¹⁶And they had then a notable prisoner, called Barabbas. ¹⁷Therefore when they were gathered together, Pilate said unto them, Whom will ye that I release unto you? Barabbas, or Jesus which is called Christ? ¹⁸For he knew that for envy they had delivered him. ¹⁹When he was set down on the judgment seat, his wife sent unto him, saying, Have thou nothing to do with that just man: for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him. ²⁰But the chief priests and elders persuaded the multitude that they should ask Barabbas, and destroy Jesus. ²¹The governor answered and said unto them, Whether of the twain will ye that I release unto you? They said, Barabbas. ²²Pilate saith unto them, What shall I do then with Jesus which is called Christ? They all say unto him, Let him be crucified. ²³And the governor said, Why, what evil hath he done? But they cried out the more, saying, Let him be crucified. ²⁴When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. ²⁵Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children. ²⁶Then released he Barabbas unto them: and when he had scourged Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified. (Matthew 27:16‑26).-The notable robber, in prison for insurrection and murder, who was chosen by the rulers of Israel in preference to the Lord Jesus. Thought by some to be Satan's mimicry of the true 'Son of the Father,' which is what the name Barabbas signifies.

Barachias

Matt. 23. 35.-See Zacharias.

Bar-Jesus.

See Elymas.

Bar-Jona

Matt. 16. 17.-Peter referred to as 'Simon, son of Jonas.'

Barnabas‘Son of Consolation’,

Acts 4:36; 9:27; 11:22-30; 12:25; 13³⁶And Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas, (which is, being interpreted, The son of consolation,) a Levite, and of the country of Cyprus, (Acts 4:36)
²⁷But Barnabas took him, and brought him to the apostles, and declared unto them how he had seen the Lord in the way, and that he had spoken to him, and how he had preached boldly at Damascus in the name of Jesus. (Acts 9:27)
²²Then tidings of these things came unto the ears of the church which was in Jerusalem: and they sent forth Barnabas, that he should go as far as Antioch. ²³Who, when he came, and had seen the grace of God, was glad, and exhorted them all, that with purpose of heart they would cleave unto the Lord. ²⁴For he was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith: and much people was added unto the Lord. ²⁵Then departed Barnabas to Tarsus, for to seek Saul: ²⁶And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. ²⁷And in these days came prophets from Jerusalem unto Antioch. ²⁸And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. ²⁹Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judea: ³⁰Which also they did, and sent it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul. (Acts 11:22‑30)
²⁵And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem, when they had fulfilled their ministry, and took with them John, whose surname was Mark. (Acts 12:25)
²⁵And as John fulfilled his course, he said, Whom think ye that I am? I am not he. But, behold, there cometh one after me, whose shoes of his feet I am not worthy to loose. (Acts 13:25).; 14.; 15.; 1 Cor. 9:6⁶Or I only and Barnabas, have not we power to forbear working? (1 Corinthians 9:6); Gal. 2:1, 9, 13¹Then fourteen years after I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, and took Titus with me also. (Galatians 2:1)
⁹And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. (Galatians 2:9)
¹³And the other Jews dissembled likewise with him; insomuch that Barnabas also was carried away with their dissimulation. (Galatians 2:13); Col. 4:10¹⁰Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas, (touching whom ye received commandments: if he come unto you, receive him;) (Colossians 4:10). He was a Levite of Cyprus; his name was Joses, but he was called Barnabas by the disciples. He sold his land and laid the money at the apostles' feet. He introduced Paul to the apostles at Jerusalem and related his conversion. When the apostles heard of the blessing at Antioch they sent Barnabas there, who greatly helped the converts. He fetched Paul from Tarsus to Antioch, and afterward went with him to Jerusalem to attend the conference of Acts 15 He also accompanied Paul in his first missionary journey; but desiring on another journey to take his relative, Mark (who before had left them), and Paul not consenting to it, he separated from him, and sailed with Mark to Cyprus. He was carried away by the dissimulation related in Gal. 2. 13.

Barsabas.

1, Joseph, surnamed Justus, who was one of the two proposed for the apostleship in place of Judas Iscariot, Acts 1:23²³And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias. (Acts 1:23). 2, Judas, sent with Silas from Jerusalem to Antioch to confirm the decision as to Gentile converts. They are styled 'chief men among the brethren.' They were prophets who exhorted and confirmed the brethren at Antioch. Acts 15:22, 27, 32²²Then pleased it the apostles and elders, with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, chief men among the brethren: (Acts 15:22)
²⁷We have sent therefore Judas and Silas, who shall also tell you the same things by mouth. (Acts 15:27)
³²And Judas and Silas, being prophets also themselves, exhorted the brethren with many words, and confirmed them. (Acts 15:32).

Bartholomew

Matt. 10:3,³Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; (Matthew 10:3) &c.-One of the twelve apostles. See Nathanael.

Bartimזus,

Mark 10:46-52,⁴⁶And they came to Jericho: and as he went out of Jericho with his disciples and a great number of people, blind Bartimeus, the son of Timeus, sat by the highway side begging. ⁴⁷And when he heard that it was Jesus of Nazareth, he began to cry out, and say, Jesus, thou Son of David, have mercy on me. ⁴⁸And many charged him that he should hold his peace: but he cried the more a great deal, Thou Son of David, have mercy on me. ⁴⁹And Jesus stood still, and commanded him to be called. And they call the blind man, saying unto him, Be of good comfort, rise; he calleth thee. ⁵⁰And he, casting away his garment, rose, and came to Jesus. ⁵¹And Jesus answered and said unto him, What wilt thou that I should do unto thee? The blind man said unto him, Lord, that I might receive my sight. ⁵²And Jesus said unto him, Go thy way; thy faith hath made thee whole. And immediately he received his sight, and followed Jesus in the way. (Mark 10:46‑52) a blind beggar of Jericho, who on crying to Jesus as the Son of David was heard and received his sight.

Beelzebub, or Beelzebulsaid

by the scribes and Pharisees to be the prince of demons, Matt. 12:24, 27²⁴But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils. (Matthew 12:24)
²⁷And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges. (Matthew 12:27); Luke 11:15-19¹⁵But some of them said, He casteth out devils through Beelzebub the chief of the devils. ¹⁶And others, tempting him, sought of him a sign from heaven. ¹⁷But he, knowing their thoughts, said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and a house divided against a house falleth. ¹⁸If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand? because ye say that I cast out devils through Beelzebub. ¹⁹And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your sons cast them out? therefore shall they be your judges. (Luke 11:15‑19).-The meaning of the word is not known, but Jesus takes up the accusation as applying to Satan.

Belial

2 Cor. 6:15¹⁵And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? (2 Corinthians 6:15).-By the use of the term in the O. T. it appears to be a symbolical name for evil, and as such would well apply to Satan.

Bernice, or Berenice

Acts 25:13,¹³And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came unto Caesarea to salute Festus. (Acts 25:13) daughter of Herod Agrippa I., wife of her uncle, Herod, King of Chalcis, and afterward wife of Polemon, king of Cilicia. With her brother, Agrippa II., she visited Festus at Caesarea and formed part of the court before which Paul's case was heard. Eventually she became mistress of Vespasian, and afterward of Titus.

Boanerges

Mark 3:17,¹⁷And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder: (Mark 3:17) 'Sons of Thunder.'-A name given by the Lord to James and John, perhaps to mark their future ardent zeal: cf. Luke 9:54⁵⁴And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did? (Luke 9:54).

Caesar

not a name in the N. T., but a title given to any of the Roman emperors. There were during the N. T. history the emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. The question, ‘Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar?’ meant exactly the same as ‘Is it lawful to give tribute to the emperor’, or 'to Rome?'

Caiaphas

Matt. 26:3, 57³Then assembled together the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders of the people, unto the palace of the high priest, who was called Caiaphas, (Matthew 26:3)
⁵⁷And they that had laid hold on Jesus led him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were assembled. (Matthew 26:57); Luke 3:2²Annas and Caiaphas being the high priests, the word of God came unto John the son of Zacharias in the wilderness. (Luke 3:2); Acts 4:6⁶And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem. (Acts 4:6).-He was high priest under Tiberias, during the Lord's ministry; but was deposed by Vitellius, A D. 37. He was son-in-law of Annas.

Cainthe

firstborn of Eve.-Held up as an example of wickedness, 1 John 3:12¹²Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his brother. And wherefore slew he him? Because his own works were evil, and his brother's righteous. (1 John 3:12); Jude 11¹¹Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the gainsaying of Core. (Jude 11).

Canaanite

Matt. 10:4⁴Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. (Matthew 10:4); Mark 3:18¹⁸And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus, and Simon the Canaanite, (Mark 3:18).-See Simon.

Castor and Pollux

Acts 28:11¹¹And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux. (Acts 28:11).-The Greek word is simply Dioscuri, 'sons of Jupiter,' supposed to refer to Castor and Pollux of Mythology, who were said to preserve from shipwreck.

Cephas,

See Peter.

Cherubim

χερουβίμ.Symbolical executors of God's power, either in blessing or in punishing: Heb. 9:5⁵And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat; of which we cannot now speak particularly. (Hebrews 9:5).

Claudia

2 Tim. 4:21²¹Do thy diligence to come before winter. Eubulus greeteth thee, and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren. (2 Timothy 4:21).-A Christian woman named by Paul in his salutations from Rome, together with Pudens and Linus. All of these are supposed to have been British subjects at Rome. About the same time that Paul wrote the second Epistle to Timothy, the Latin poet Martial wrote some epigrams, in which he mentions three friends: Pudens, his wife Claudia, and Linus. It is remarkable that the three names agree, and it may be as supposed.

Claudius

Acts 11:28; 18:2²⁸And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. (Acts 11:28)
²And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto them. (Acts 18:2).-Fourth Roman emperor, who attained to the empire partially through the influence of Herod Agrippa 1., A.D. 41. In return for this he added Judaea, Samaria, and some districts of Lebanon to Agrippa's jurisdictien, and appointed Agrippa's brother, Herod, to Chalcis.

Claudius Lysias

Acts 23. 26.-The Commandant of Jerusalem, who, when Paul was dragged out of the temple and attacked, protected him, and sent him to Caesarea for safety.

Clement.

Phil. 4:3³And I entreat thee also, true yokefellow, help those women which labored with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and with other my fellowlaborers, whose names are in the book of life. (Philippians 4:3).-Paul's fellow-laborer at Philippi. He is accounted one of the Apostolic Fathers.

Cleopas, Clopas

Luke 24:18¹⁸And the one of them, whose name was Cleopas, answering said unto him, Art thou only a stranger in Jerusalem, and hast not known the things which are come to pass there in these days? (Luke 24:18).-One of the two disciples who traveled to Emmaus, with whom the Lord conversed and to whom He made himself known in the breaking of bread. Supposed by some to be the same person as the Cleopas, or Clopas, named in John 19:25²⁵Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene. (John 19:25).

Cornelius

Acts 10.-A devout Roman centurion, who saw in a vision an angel of God telling him to send for Peter. While Peter preached to the gathered company the Holy Spirit fell on them, and they were baptized. These were the first Gentile converts.

Crispus

Acts 18:8⁸And Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, believed on the Lord with all his house; and many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized. (Acts 18:8); 1 Cor. 1:14¹⁴I thank God that I baptized none of you, but Crispus and Gaius; (1 Corinthians 1:14).-The chief ruler of the synagogue at Corinth; he believed at the preaching of Paul, who baptized him and his household.

Cyrenius

Luke 2 2.—Called in Roman history 'Quirinus,' twice governor of Syria, once at the time of the birth of Christ, and again in A.D. 6. On both occasions a ' census' was made.

David.

Many times referred to in the N.T., but particularly to show that Christ was born of the seed of David, His genealogy being given in Matt. 1 and Luke 3.: cf. John 7:42⁴²Hath not the scripture said, That Christ cometh of the seed of David, and out of the town of Bethlehem, where David was? (John 7:42); Rom. 1:3³Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh; (Romans 1:3); 2 Tim. 2:8⁸Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead according to my gospel: (2 Timothy 2:8). Christ was often spoken of as the ' Son of David,' Matt. 9:27; 20²⁷And when Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him, crying, and saying, Thou Son of David, have mercy on us. (Matthew 9:27)
²⁷And whosoever will be chief among you, let him be your servant: (Matthew 20:27). 30, 31; 21:9, Mark 10:47, 48⁴⁷And when he heard that it was Jesus of Nazareth, he began to cry out, and say, Jesus, thou Son of David, have mercy on me. ⁴⁸And many charged him that he should hold his peace: but he cried the more a great deal, Thou Son of David, have mercy on me. (Mark 10:47‑48). He was David's Lord as well as Son, Matt. 22:43⁴³He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying, (Matthew 22:43); the root and the offspring of David, Rev. 22:16; 5:5¹⁶I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star. (Revelation 22:16)
⁵And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book, and to loose the seven seals thereof. (Revelation 5:5). He also had the key of David, authority to open or shut: Rev. 3:7⁷And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things saith he that is holy, he that is true, he that hath the key of David, he that openeth, and no man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man openeth; (Revelation 3:7).

Demas

Col. 4:14¹⁴Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas, greet you. (Colossians 4:14); Phile. 24.—A convert of, and fellow-laborer with Paul, but on Paul's second imprisonment, he had to write that Demas had forsaken him, having loved this present world: 2 Tim. 4:10¹⁰For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present world, and is departed unto Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia, Titus unto Dalmatia. (2 Timothy 4:10).

Demetrius.

1, The silversmith of Ephesus, who sought to excite his fellow-workmen when their trade was in danger, Acts 19; 24:2,²And when he was called forth, Tertullus began to accuse him, saying, Seeing that by thee we enjoy great quietness, and that very worthy deeds are done unto this nation by thy providence, (Acts 24:2) A disciple of whom John could say that he had a good report by all, and by the truth itself: 3 John 12¹²Demetrius hath good report of all men, and of the truth itself: yea, and we also bear record; and ye know that our record is true. (3 John 12).

Diana

Acts 19: 24-37.-The Latin name of the Greek goddess, "Αοτεμις, who, the Ephesians said, was worshipped by all Asia and the world.

Didymus.

See Thomas.

Dionysius

Acts 17:34³⁴Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them. (Acts 17:34).-Member of the great council of Areopagus at Athens, who believed the word preached by Paul and slave unto him.

Diotrephes

3 John 9⁹I wrote unto the church: but Diotrephes, who loveth to have the preeminence among them, receiveth us not. (3 John 9).-A professing Christian who loved to have the pre-eminence, and who forbade any to receive the brethren, casting out of the church those that did. The apostle John said he would deal with him if he came where he was.

Dorcas

.-See Tabitha.

Drusilla

Acts 24:24²⁴And after certain days, when Felix came with his wife Drusilla, which was a Jewess, he sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in Christ. (Acts 24:24) -The daughter of Herod Agrippa I., was married to Aziz, king of Emesa, but was induced by Felix, the procurator, to live with him. She and her son perished in the eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79.

Elamites

Acts 2:9⁹Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, (Acts 2:9).-Inhabitants of Elam, a country lying south of Assyria proper, and N. of Persia: cf. Dan. 8:2²And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was at Shushan in the palace, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in a vision, and I was by the river of Ulai. (Daniel 8:2).

Elias

.-Another form of the name of Elijah. He is referred to in the N.T., a, in reference to John the Baptist, Matt. 11:14,¹⁴And if ye will receive it, this is Elias, which was for to come. (Matthew 11:14) &c.; b, he appeared as prophet with Moses on the mount of transfiguration, Matt. 17:3, 4,³And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him. ⁴Then answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to be here: if thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias. (Matthew 17:3‑4) &c.; c, some judged the Lord to be Elias, Matt. 16:14,¹⁴And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some, Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. (Matthew 16:14) &c.; d, Elijah, at the time of a famine was sent only to a Gentile widow, Luke 4:25, 26²⁵But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days of Elias, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when great famine was throughout all the land; ²⁶But unto none of them was Elias sent, save unto Sarepta, a city of Sidon, unto a woman that was a widow. (Luke 4:25‑26); e, James and John sought to follow Elijah in calling down fire from heaven, but were rebuked by their Master, Luke 9:54⁵⁴And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did? (Luke 9:54); f, Elijah thought he alone remained faithful, but God had His unknown ones, Rom. 11:2²God hath not cast away his people which he foreknew. Wot ye not what the scripture saith of Elias? how he maketh intercession to God against Israel, saying, (Romans 11:2); g, he is held up as an example, though a man of like passions with ourselves, of offering effectual prayer: James 5:17¹⁷Elias was a man subject to like passions as we are, and he prayed earnestly that it might not rain: and it rained not on the earth by the space of three years and six months. (James 5:17).

Elisabeth

Luke 1:5-57⁵There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. ⁶And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless. ⁷And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they both were now well stricken in years. ⁸And it came to pass, that while he executed the priest's office before God in the order of his course, ⁹According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord. ¹⁰And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the time of incense. ¹¹And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing on the right side of the altar of incense. ¹²And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him. ¹³But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias: for thy prayer is heard; and thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name John. ¹⁴And thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at his birth. ¹⁵For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb. ¹⁶And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord their God. ¹⁷And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord. ¹⁸And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years. ¹⁹And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to show thee these glad tidings. ²⁰And, behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not my words, which shall be fulfilled in their season. ²¹And the people waited for Zacharias, and marvelled that he tarried so long in the temple. ²²And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they perceived that he had seen a vision in the temple: for he beckoned unto them, and remained speechless. ²³And it came to pass, that, as soon as the days of his ministration were accomplished, he departed to his own house. ²⁴And after those days his wife Elisabeth conceived, and hid herself five months, saying, ²⁵Thus hath the Lord dealt with me in the days wherein he looked on me, to take away my reproach among men. ²⁶And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, ²⁷To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. ²⁸And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favored, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women. ²⁹And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be. ³⁰And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favor with God. ³¹And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. ³²He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: ³³And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. ³⁴Then said Mary unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know not a man? ³⁵And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. ³⁶And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren. ³⁷For with God nothing shall be impossible. ³⁸And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her. ³⁹And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Juda; ⁴⁰And entered into the house of Zacharias, and saluted Elisabeth. ⁴¹And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost: ⁴²And she spake out with a loud voice, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. ⁴³And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? ⁴⁴For, lo, as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy. ⁴⁵And blessed is she that believed: for there shall be a performance of those things which were told her from the Lord. ⁴⁶And Mary said, My soul doth magnify the Lord, ⁴⁷And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour. ⁴⁸For he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: for, behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed. ⁴⁹For he that is mighty hath done to me great things; and holy is his name. ⁵⁰And his mercy is on them that fear him from generation to generation. ⁵¹He hath showed strength with his arm; he hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts. ⁵²He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree. ⁵³He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath sent empty away. ⁵⁴He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy; ⁵⁵As he spake to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever. ⁵⁶And Mary abode with her about three months, and returned to her own house. ⁵⁷Now Elisabeth's full time came that she should be delivered; and she brought forth a son. (Luke 1:5‑57).-The wife of Zacharias the priest, and mother of John the Baptist. She being filled with the Holy Spirit hailed her cousin Mary as the mother of her Lord.

Elymas

Acts 13:8⁸But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn away the deputy from the faith. (Acts 13:8).-Said to be an Arabic word signifying sorcerer, by which he was perhaps better known than by his name Bar-Jesus, that is, son of Jesus or Joshua. He opposed Paul, and was struck with blindness.

Emmanuel

Matt. 1:23²³Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us. (Matthew 1:23).-The word is interpreted ‘God with us’, that is, in the Person of the Lord Jesus. This passage alone suffices to declare His Godhead.

Enoch

Heb. 11:5⁵By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him: for before his translation he had this testimony, that he pleased God. (Hebrews 11:5); Jude 14¹⁴And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these, saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, (Jude 14).-Referred to in the N.T. as one who was by faith translated without dying (type of the rapture of the church), and who before that event had the testimony that he pleased God. There can be no doubt that Jude refers to an unrecorded prophecy by Enoch, and did not copy from the apocryphal book bearing Enoch's name.

Epaphras

Col. 1:7; 4:12⁷As ye also learned of Epaphras our dear fellowservant, who is for you a faithful minister of Christ; (Colossians 1:7)
¹²Epaphras, who is one of you, a servant of Christ, saluteth you, always laboring fervently for you in prayers, that ye may stand perfect and complete in all the will of God. (Colossians 4:12); Phile. 23. -One of the saints at Colosse, where he was a faithful minister of Christ. At Rome Paul speaks of him in the Epistle to the Colossians as our dear fellow-servant,' but in Philemon he calls him my fellow-prisoner.'

Epaphroditus

Phil. 2:25; 4:18²⁵Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother, and companion in labor, and fellowsoldier, but your messenger, and he that ministered to my wants. (Philippians 2:25)
¹⁸But I have all, and abound: I am full, having received of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you, an odor of a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable, wellpleasing to God. (Philippians 4:18).-A brother and companion in labor and fellow-soldier ' of Paul. He was sent by the saints at Philippi with subsidies to Paul, and probably remained with him some time, where he was sick nigh unto death.

Epicureans

. Acts 17:18¹⁸Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoicks, encountered him. And some said, What will this babbler say? other some, He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods: because he preached unto them Jesus, and the resurrection. (Acts 17:18). -Greek philosophers, who held that physical indulgence constituted true happiness. It is from them that the English word ‘epicure’ is derived.

Erastus

.-1, Chamberlain or treasurer of the city of Corinth who sent his salutation to Rome, Rom. 16: 23. 2, One named in Acts 19:22²²So he sent into Macedonia two of them that ministered unto him, Timotheus and Erastus; but he himself stayed in Asia for a season. (Acts 19:22); 2 Tim. 4:20,²⁰Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick. (2 Timothy 4:20) as a fellow-worker with Paul.

Esau

.-Referred to in the N.T. a, as an instance of God's sovereignty, Rom. 9:13¹³As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. (Romans 9:13); b, as a profane person (βέβηλος), who not valuing God's gift of birthright, sold it for one morsel of food, Heb. 12:16¹⁶Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. (Hebrews 12:16); nevertheless Isaac was by faith able to bless him concerning things to come: Heb. 11:20²⁰By faith Isaac blessed Jacob and Esau concerning things to come. (Hebrews 11:20).: cf. Gen. 27: 39, 40.

Euodias

Phil. 4:2²I beseech Euodias, and beseech Syntyche, that they be of the same mind in the Lord. (Philippians 4:2). -A christian woman of Philippi, whom Paul exhorted to be of " the same mind in the Lord " with Syntyche. They had labored much with him in the gospel.

Eutychus

Acts 20:9,⁹And there sat in a window a certain young man named Eutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep: and as Paul was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead. (Acts 20:9) the youth who when asleep fell from the third floor of a house at Troas, while Paul was preaching, and who was restored by the apostle.

Eve

2 Cor. 11:3³But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. (2 Corinthians 11:3); 1 Tim. 2:13, 14¹³For Adam was first formed, then Eve. ¹⁴And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. (1 Timothy 2:13‑14).-Introduced in the N. T. as an example of one being deceived by the subtlety of Satan. She was in the transgression, but in grace women shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith, love, and holiness with sobriety: cf. Gen. 3. 16.

Felix

Acts 23, 24, 26; 24:3-27; 25:14³We accept it always, and in all places, most noble Felix, with all thankfulness. ⁴Notwithstanding, that I be not further tedious unto thee, I pray thee that thou wouldest hear us of thy clemency a few words. ⁵For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes: ⁶Who also hath gone about to profane the temple: whom we took, and would have judged according to our law. ⁷But the chief captain Lysias came upon us, and with great violence took him away out of our hands, ⁸Commanding his accusers to come unto thee: by examining of whom thyself mayest take knowledge of all these things, whereof we accuse him. ⁹And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. ¹⁰Then Paul, after that the governor had beckoned unto him to speak, answered, Forasmuch as I know that thou hast been of many years a judge unto this nation, I do the more cheerfully answer for myself: ¹¹Because that thou mayest understand, that there are yet but twelve days since I went up to Jerusalem for to worship. ¹²And they neither found me in the temple disputing with any man, neither raising up the people, neither in the synagogues, nor in the city: ¹³Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me. ¹⁴But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the law and in the prophets: ¹⁵And have hope toward God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust. ¹⁶And herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence toward God, and toward men. ¹⁷Now after many years I came to bring alms to my nation, and offerings. ¹⁸Whereupon certain Jews from Asia found me purified in the temple, neither with multitude, nor with tumult. ¹⁹Who ought to have been here before thee, and object, if they had ought against me. ²⁰Or else let these same here say, if they have found any evil doing in me, while I stood before the council, ²¹Except it be for this one voice, that I cried standing among them, Touching the resurrection of the dead I am called in question by you this day. ²²And when Felix heard these things, having more perfect knowledge of that way, he deferred them, and said, When Lysias the chief captain shall come down, I will know the uttermost of your matter. ²³And he commanded a centurion to keep Paul, and to let him have liberty, and that he should forbid none of his acquaintance to minister or come unto him. ²⁴And after certain days, when Felix came with his wife Drusilla, which was a Jewess, he sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in Christ. ²⁵And as he reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come, Felix trembled, and answered, Go thy way for this time; when I have a convenient season, I will call for thee. ²⁶He hoped also that money should have been given him of Paul, that he might loose him: wherefore he sent for him the oftener, and communed with him. ²⁷But after two years Porcius Festus came into Felix' room: and Felix, willing to show the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound. (Acts 24:3‑27)
¹⁴And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul's cause unto the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by Felix: (Acts 25:14).-Procurator of Judaea,' appointed by Claudius, about A. D. 53; superseded by Portius Festus in A. D. 60. Felix had been a slave, and ruled as one, most deplorably; but he escaped the punishment he deserved by the intercession of his brother, Pallas, with Nero. He married Drusilla, daughter of Herod Agrippa I., whom he induced to leave her husband, Aziz, king of Emesa. Though he had trembled at Paul's preaching, his mean character is exhibited in expecting to be bribed to release him, and by leaving him bound to please the Jews.

Festus, Portius

Acts 24:27; 25:1-24; 26:24, 25, 32²⁷But after two years Porcius Festus came into Felix' room: and Felix, willing to show the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound. (Acts 24:27)
¹Now when Festus was come into the province, after three days he ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem. ²Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him against Paul, and besought him, ³And desired favor against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him. ⁴But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and that he himself would depart shortly thither. ⁵Let them therefore, said he, which among you are able, go down with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him. ⁶And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, he went down unto Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat commanded Paul to be brought. ⁷And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove. ⁸While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended any thing at all. ⁹But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and said, Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things before me? ¹⁰Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou very well knowest. ¹¹For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar. ¹²Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go. ¹³And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came unto Caesarea to salute Festus. ¹⁴And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul's cause unto the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by Felix: ¹⁵About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment against him. ¹⁶To whom I answered, It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have licence to answer for himself concerning the crime laid against him. ¹⁷Therefore, when they were come hither, without any delay on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought forth. ¹⁸Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed: ¹⁹But had certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive. ²⁰And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked him whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these matters. ²¹But when Paul had appealed to be reserved unto the hearing of Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar. ²²Then Agrippa said unto Festus, I would also hear the man myself. To morrow, said he, thou shalt hear him. ²³And on the morrow, when Agrippa was come, and Bernice, with great pomp, and was entered into the place of hearing, with the chief captains, and principal men of the city, at Festus' commandment Paul was brought forth. ²⁴And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here present with us, ye see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that he ought not to live any longer. (Acts 25:1‑24)
²⁴And as he thus spake for himself, Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make thee mad. ²⁵But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. (Acts 26:24‑25)
³²Then said Agrippa unto Festus, This man might have been set at liberty, if he had not appealed unto Caesar. (Acts 26:32) Appointed procurator of Judaea by Nero in A. D. 60.

Fortunatus

1 Cor. 16. 17.-A Corinthian convert who was with Paul at Ephesus when he wrote his first Epistle to the Corinthians, and returned to Corinth with the epistle.

Gabriel

Luke 1:19, 26,¹⁹And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to show thee these glad tidings. (Luke 1:19)
²⁶And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, (Luke 1:26) an angel, who said, " I stand in the presence of God." He was sent to both Zacharias and to Mary to announce the conception of John the Baptist and of the Lord Jesus: cf. Dan. 8:16; 9:21¹⁶And I heard a man's voice between the banks of Ulai, which called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision. (Daniel 8:16)
²¹Yea, whiles I was speaking in prayer, even the man Gabriel, whom I had seen in the vision at the beginning, being caused to fly swiftly, touched me about the time of the evening oblation. (Daniel 9:21).

Gadarenes, Gergesenes, Gerasenes

(the Greek MSS. have these three names), Matt. 8:28²⁸And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way. (Matthew 8:28); Mark 5:1¹And they came over unto the other side of the sea, into the country of the Gadarenes. (Mark 5:1); Luke 8:26, 37²⁶And they arrived at the country of the Gadarenes, which is over against Galilee. (Luke 8:26)
³⁷Then the whole multitude of the country of the Gadarenes round about besought him to depart from them; for they were taken with great fear: and he went up into the ship, and returned back again. (Luke 8:37).-The inhabitants of the country on the east of the Sea of Galilee, where the Lord cured a man possessed by demons. On losing their swine, the inhabitants besought the Lord to leave the place. In the district there are places that exactly correspond with the details of the gospel narrative.

Gaius

.-I, A convert of Macedonia, Acts 19:29²⁹And the whole city was filled with confusion: and having caught Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul's companions in travel, they rushed with one accord into the theatre. (Acts 19:29). 2, A convert of Derbe, Acts 20:4⁴And there accompanied him into Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe, and Timotheus; and of Asia, Tychicus and Trophimus. (Acts 20:4). 3, A Christian whom Paul had baptized; he calls him his ' host' and of the whole church.' Rom. 16:23²³Gaius mine host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother. (Romans 16:23); 1 Cor. 1: 14. 4, A convert, to whom the third Epistle by John is addressed 3 John 1¹The elder unto the wellbeloved Gaius, whom I love in the truth. (3 John 1).

Gallio

Acts 18:12-17¹²And when Gallio was the deputy of Achaia, the Jews made insurrection with one accord against Paul, and brought him to the judgment seat, ¹³Saying, This fellow persuadeth men to worship God contrary to the law. ¹⁴And when Paul was now about to open his mouth, Gallio said unto the Jews, If it were a matter of wrong or wicked lewdness, O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you: ¹⁵But if it be a question of words and names, and of your law, look ye to it; for I will be no judge of such matters. ¹⁶And he drave them from the judgment seat. ¹⁷Then all the Greeks took Sosthenes, the chief ruler of the synagogue, and beat him before the judgment seat. And Gallio cared for none of those things. (Acts 18:12‑17).-A Roman pro-consul of the province of Achaia. Paul was accused before him at Corinth of " persuading men to worship God contrary to the law;" but he refused to entertain the accusation, and drove them away.

Gamaliel

Acts 5:34; 22:3³⁴Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee, named Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, had in reputation among all the people, and commanded to put the apostles forth a little space; (Acts 5:34)
³I am verily a man which am a Jew, born in Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, yet brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, and taught according to the perfect manner of the law of the fathers, and was zealous toward God, as ye all are this day. (Acts 22:3).-A doctor of the law of great repute, at whose feet Paul had been brought up. He gave the wise counsel when the apostles were arrested, that if their mission were not of God it would come to nothing; and if it were of God they could not overthrow it He is reported by the Jews to have died a Pharisee, but ecclesiastical traditions claim him as a Christian.

Gog and Magog

Rev. 20:8⁸And shall go out to deceive the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea. (Revelation 20:8).-Two nations which Satan, after he is released from his 1,000 years' imprisonment, will gather together to war against the camp of the saints and the beloved city (Jerusalem). Fire will come from God and devour them: cf. Ezek. 38.; 39. Doubtless nations to the north and north-east of Palestine are alluded to, Russia being the head of them.

Grecian'Ελληνιστής ‒

Greek-speaking Jews, and should not be confounded with Gentile Greeks: Acts 6:1, 9:29; 11:20²⁰And some of them were men of Cyprus and Cyrene, which, when they were come to Antioch, spake unto the Grecians, preaching the Lord Jesus. (Acts 11:20) but in the last passage the Editors read ' Greeks.'

Hebrews

Acts 6. I; 2 Cor. 11:22²²Are they Hebrews? so am I. Are they Israelites? so am I. Are they the seed of Abraham? so am I. (2 Corinthians 11:22); Phil. 3:5⁵Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, an Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee; (Philippians 3:5).-The name is supposed to come from Eber or Heber, of whom Abraham was a descendant: cf. Luke 3. 34, 35, and thus Abraham is called ' the Hebrew,' Gen. 14:13,¹³And there came one that had escaped, and told Abram the Hebrew; for he dwelt in the plain of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner: and these were confederate with Abram. (Genesis 14:13) and hence the name is applied to the children of Israel in their natural descent, in distinction from their being God's people. Paul called himself a Hebrew of the Hebrews, signifying the pure descent, without any mixture of Gentile or proselyte blood.

Hermogenes

2 Tim. 1:15¹⁵This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes. (2 Timothy 1:15).-A convert of the Roman province of Asia, who is named with Phygellus as " having turned away " from Paul, not necessarily as apostates, but as giving up Paul's gospel and the special heavenly teaching committed to him.

Herod

.-See “Herod the Great” Under “Historical Connection of the Old Testament With the New.” Herod, Family of.-See Diagram at the End of “Historical Connection of the Old Testament With the New.” Herodians

.-See article on “The Herodians” insection on “Jewish Sects”

Herodias

See reference to Herodias in articles on “Philip Antipas” and “Herod Antopas” under “History of the Jews”.

Hymenזus

1 Tim. 1:20²⁰Of whom is Hymeneus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme. (1 Timothy 1:20); 2 Tim. 2:17¹⁷And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymeneus and Philetus; (2 Timothy 2:17).-One who had made shipwreck of the faith, and who had erred concerning the truth saying that the resurrection was passed already, and who stumbled others. Paul delivered Hymenזus and Alexander to Satan, that they might learn not to blaspheme.

Israel

Israelite.-See Jews.

Jacob

.-The Patriarch, mentioned in connection with Abraham and Isaac, as when the Lord declared that God was not the God of the dead but of the living, because it had been said to Moses that God was their God, Matt. 22:32³²I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? God is not the God of the dead, but of the living. (Matthew 22:32); Mark 12:26²⁶And as touching the dead, that they rise: have ye not read in the book of Moses, how in the bush God spake unto him, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? (Mark 12:26); Luke 20:37³⁷Now that the dead are raised, even Moses showed at the bush, when he calleth the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. (Luke 20:37). Jacob is also spoken of as an instance of God's sovereignty: God had loved Jacob, but had hated Esau: Rom. 9:13¹³As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. (Romans 9:13).

Jairus

. Ruler of the synagogue, whose daughter Jesus raised from the dead: Mark 5:22²²And, behold, there cometh one of the rulers of the synagogue, Jairus by name; and when he saw him, he fell at his feet, (Mark 5:22); Luke 8:41⁴¹And, behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of the synagogue: and he fell down at Jesus' feet, and besought him that he would come into his house: (Luke 8:41)

Jambres

.-See Jannes

James

.-1, Son of Zebedee, one of the twelve apostles, Matt. 4:21; 10²¹And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending their nets; and he called them. (Matthew 4:21)
²¹And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father the child: and the children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death. (Matthew 10:21).2; Mark 1:19; 3:17¹⁹And when he had gone a little further thence, he saw James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the ship mending their nets. (Mark 1:19)
¹⁷And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder: (Mark 3:17).-He was brother of John, probably an elder brother by being always named first. He and his brother were termed 'Sons of Thunder' (see Boanerges). The two brothers and Peter seem to have been chosen by the Lord to a kind of first place: cf. Mark 5:37; 9:2; 14:33³⁷And he suffered no man to follow him, save Peter, and James, and John the brother of James. (Mark 5:37)
²And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves: and he was transfigured before them. (Mark 9:2)
³³And he taketh with him Peter and James and John, and began to be sore amazed, and to be very heavy; (Mark 14:33). James was killed with the sword by Herod Agrippa 1., about A.D. 44: Acts 12:2²And he killed James the brother of John with the sword. (Acts 12:2). He may be alluded to in 1 Cor. 15:7⁷After that, he was seen of James; then of all the apostles. (1 Corinthians 15:7). 2, Son of Alphזus, one of the twelve apostles, Matt. 10:3³Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; (Matthew 10:3); Mark 3:18¹⁸And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus, and Simon the Canaanite, (Mark 3:18); Luke 6:15¹⁵Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon called Zelotes, (Luke 6:15); Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13).-These are the only passages where with certainty this apostle is alluded to by name; but in the Acts we find a James at Jerusalem holding a sort of first place, and saying at the conference 'My sentence is,' chap. 15:19, which naturally points him out as an apostle, and who could that be but James, the son of Alphזus? Chapter 12:17; 15 13; 21:18; Gal. 2:9⁹And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. (Galatians 2:9). The same is doubtless the writer of the Epistle bearing his name; and he also appears to have been the brother of Jude: Luke 6:16¹⁶And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. (Luke 6:16); Jude 1¹Jude, the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, to them that are sanctified by God the Father, and preserved in Jesus Christ, and called: (Jude 1).

3, The Lord's Brother, Matt. 13:55⁵⁵Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? (Matthew 13:55); Mark 6:3³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3); Gal. 1:19¹⁹But other of the apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother. (Galatians 1:19). -He could not have been an apostle, for we read distinctly, "neither did his brethren believe in him," John 7:5⁵For neither did his brethren believe in him. (John 7:5). In Gal. 1:19¹⁹But other of the apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother. (Galatians 1:19) he is found at Jerusalem; but is there doubtless called the Lord's brother to distinguish him from the James that was referred to as usually being at Jerusalem, and named in Gal. 2:9⁹And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. (Galatians 2:9). In Gal. 1:19¹⁹But other of the apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother. (Galatians 1:19) the words do not necessarily imply, according to the learned, that James, the Lord's brother, was an apostle.

4, The Less, Mark 15:40,⁴⁰There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome; (Mark 15:40) also mentioned simply as James in Matt. 27:56⁵⁶Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children. (Matthew 27:56); Luke 24:10¹⁰It was Mary Magdalene, and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, and other women that were with them, which told these things unto the apostles. (Luke 24:10). These are only mentioned to point out their mother, named Mary. James and Joses being common names -the Lord having brothers of the same name-there is no means of otherwise identifying James the Less.

Jannes and Jambres

2 Tim. 3:8, 9⁸Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so do these also resist the truth: men of corrupt minds, reprobate concerning the faith. ⁹But they shall proceed no further: for their folly shall be manifest unto all men, as theirs also was. (2 Timothy 3:8‑9).-These, according to ancient Jewish tradition, were the chief of the Egyptian magicians. who were allowed by God to imitate, to a certain extent, the wonders wrought by Moses.

Jason-1,

A kinsman of Paul, Rom. 16:21²¹Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater, my kinsmen, salute you. (Romans 16:21). 2, One attacked because of his connection with the apostle at Thessalonica, Acts 17:5-9⁵But the Jews which believed not, moved with envy, took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, and gathered a company, and set all the city on an uproar, and assaulted the house of Jason, and sought to bring them out to the people. ⁶And when they found them not, they drew Jason and certain brethren unto the rulers of the city, crying, These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also; ⁷Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus. ⁸And they troubled the people and the rulers of the city, when they heard these things. ⁹And when they had taken security of Jason, and of the other, they let them go. (Acts 17:5‑9).

Jesus

the Lord Jesus was the personal name of the Lord as a man, Matt. 1:21²¹And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21). It signifies Jehovah the Savior. He was born of the Virgin Mary, conceived by the Holy Ghost, ver. 20. Of His childhood we read that He waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom, and the grace of God was upon Him. At the age of twelve years He was found in the temple, sitting among the doctors, hearing them and asking them questions: doubtless He also taught without as yet seeming to teach, for they were astonished at His understanding and His answers. He was thus about His Father's business; but He went to Nazareth, and was subject to His parents: the two things being beautifully combined. For the next eighteen years we know only that He increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man. When He began to be about thirty years of age, He came forth, was baptized by John, and sealed by the Holy Spirit. Then He was tempted of the devil. Being announced by John as the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world, He began His ministry. It consisted chiefly in preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing diseases of every kind, casting out the demons, and raising the dead. He fulfilled the O.T. scriptures that spoke of what Messiah would do. The Lord was here also for another purpose, namely, to save souls; as many as received Him to them gave He power to become the sons of God. He revealed God to them as Father, gave them eternal life, and by the gift of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost they became as one body, united to the Lord in glory as the Head of the church. He was the second Man and the last Adam, being Head, as it were, of a new race in His saints, who were delivered from their old standing in Adam, and in new creation given a new standing in Christ. From the first He was refused by the leaders of Israel: " His own received him not." Still a few were gathered to Him, of whom He chose twelve apostles. After a ministry of about three years and a half, the time had arrived, according to the counsels of God, for Jesus to be offered up as a sacrifice for sin. In the garden of Gethsemane He was in the deepest anguish at the prospect of bearing sin, and asked if it were possible the cup might pass from Him, but bowed to His Father's will. He was arrested, and crucified: His blood was shed, by which redemption was accomplished. On the third day He rose from the dead; breathed into the apostles the Spirit and power of life; and after appearing several times to many witnesses, He ascended to heaven. That the Lord Jesus was God as well as man is clearly proved in scripture, both by direct statement and by His works: for He accomplished what no mere man could do, such as casting out demons, raising the dead, forgiving sins, reading the thoughts of men, and by raising Himself from the dead. The Lord Jesus being God as well as man, there is necessarily a mystery enshrouding His Person that is beyond man's grasp: we are told that no man knoweth the Son but the Father, and no one knoweth who the Son is but the Father. This should be no stumbling block,, but should call forth reverence, adoration, and worship.

Jesus

.-1, Acts 7:45⁴⁵Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David; (Acts 7:45); Heb. 4. 8, the Greek form of ' Joshua.' 2, A disciple at Rome, also called Justus, Col. 4:11¹¹And Jesus, which is called Justus, who are of the circumcision. These only are my fellowworkers unto the kingdom of God, which have been a comfort unto me. (Colossians 4:11).

Jews

.-This term was not used until after the division of the ten tribes from the two, 2 Kings 16:6,⁶At that time Rezin king of Syria recovered Elath to Syria, and drave the Jews from Elath: and the Syrians came to Elath, and dwelt there unto this day. (2 Kings 16:6) and is supposed to be derived from 'Judah,' the chief of the two tribes, in distinction from 'Israel,' the name given to the ten tribes. Those who returned from the captivity were of the two tribes, and these, with any of the ten tribes who may have been left in the land or have returned and dwelt in Palestine are called 'Jews.' The Lord is called 'King of the Jews,' and He said, 'Salvation is of the Jews.' But the name of ' Israel ' is also used: the elders are called 'the elders of Israel' or the 'elders of the Jews.' John showed himself to Israel; the Lord said He had not found such faith in Israel, &c. Thus it appears that the term 'Israel' is often used as if there had been no division of the tribes. The Lord said He was sent to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. It is also used in the sense of those privileged of God,' as all are not Israel that are of Israel. Nathanael was declared to be truly an Israelite in whom was no guile. In John's Gospel the Jews ' refer to those in Judaea in distinction from 'the people' who gathered to the feasts from other parts. In the Revelation (2:9; 3:9) some in the church falsely claim to be Jews (symbolical of privileged persons), who are really of the synagogue of Satan: such as they who seek to Judaize Christianity, and to assimilate christian worship to forms and ceremonies.

Jezebel

Rev. 2:20²⁰Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed unto idols. (Revelation 2:20). -Symbolical of a wicked and seductive spirit that led into idolatry. See her character in the Old Testament, where she is called an " accursed woman."

Joanna

Luke 8:3; 24:10,³And Joanna the wife of Chuza Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto him of their substance. (Luke 8:3)
¹⁰It was Mary Magdalene, and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, and other women that were with them, which told these things unto the apostles. (Luke 24:10) wife of Chuza, steward of Herod Agrippa; she had been cured of some infirmity, and ministered to the Lord of her property. She was honored by being one who carried to the disciples the news of His resurrection.

John the Baptist

the forerunner of Christ; he was the son of Zacharias and Elisabeth, born to them in their old age, both of whom were of the tribe of Levi. His name was fixed by Gabriel, and he was a Nazarite from his birth. Of his early life we know nothing; his ministry was carried on in the wilderness, and he was clothed in camel's hair, and ate locusts and wild honey. His baptism was to repentance, and his mission was to prepare the way for the Messiah, though it extended to proclaiming Jesus as the true light that lighteth every man, and as the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world. In one sense he was the Elijah who was to usher in the coming of the Lord, and in another sense he was not, because Jesus was not accepted by Israel as the Messiah. He was declared to be the greatest born of women, and yet the least in the kingdom of heaven was greater than he, because of the new place such would be in. His faithfulness in rebuking Herod Antipas for his sin led to his imprisonment and ultimately to his death. While in prison his faith seems to have failed, for he sent to ask if Jesus was the coming one, or were they to look for another. The Lord in reply pointed to His works, which showed that He was the true Messiah.

John the Apostle

the son of Zebedee and brother of James.

He was a fisherman before being called to be an apostle. He was one of the three who were with the Lord on the mount of transfiguration and on other occasions. He called himself 'the one whom Jesus loved,' and at the last Passover he leaned on Jesus' bosom. He and James were called ' Sons of Thunder' (see Boanerges); but except in uniting with his brother in asking if they should call down fire from heaven (Luke 9:54⁵⁴And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did? (Luke 9:54)), he appears to have been of a loving and lovable spirit. The Lord at His crucifixion committed His mother to John's care. He was the writer of the Gospel and Epistles bearing his name and of the Revelation. As to his after life, tradition and legends add much. We know he was in the Isle of Patmos; it is said that he had to work in the mines there, but was liberated and went to Ephesus, where he had previously labored. An interesting story is related of a convert having fallen away and become the head of a band of robbers, John went after him, and on being captured by the robbers demanded to see their captain, and was the means of melting his heart into contrition and restoring him to the Lord and to His saints.

John.

1, One of the Council in Acts 4:6⁶And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem. (Acts 4:6). 2, the Nephew of Barnabas, Whose Surname Was Mark. See Mark.

Jona

,John 1:42⁴²And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. (John 1:42).-The father of Peter: see Matt. 16:17,¹⁷And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. (Matthew 16:17) and in John 21:15¹⁵So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs. (John 21:15) he is called Jonas; the Greek is the same.

Jonas

.-The prophet Jonah, Matt. 12:39-41; 16:4³⁹But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas: ⁴⁰For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. ⁴¹The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. (Matthew 12:39‑41)
⁴A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given unto it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas. And he left them, and departed. (Matthew 16:4); Luke 11:29-32²⁹And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to say, This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet. ³⁰For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the Son of man be to this generation. ³¹The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. ³²The men of Nineve shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. (Luke 11:29‑32); referred to in the N.T. as a type of the Lord, being three days and three nights 'in the heart of the earth.' No other sign was to be given to the nation that had rejected Him who was 'greater than Jonah.'

Joseph

.-I, The Patriarch, John 4:5⁵Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. (John 4:5); Acts 7:9-18⁹And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him, ¹⁰And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house. ¹¹Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance. ¹²But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first. ¹³And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh. ¹⁴Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls. ¹⁵So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers, ¹⁶And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem. ¹⁷But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt, ¹⁸Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph. (Acts 7:9‑18); Heb. 11:21, 22²¹By faith Jacob, when he was a dying, blessed both the sons of Joseph; and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff. ²²By faith Joseph, when he died, made mention of the departing of the children of Israel; and gave commandment concerning his bones. (Hebrews 11:21‑22); Rev. 7:8⁸Of the tribe of Zabulon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Joseph were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Benjamin were sealed twelve thousand. (Revelation 7:8). 2, The husband of Mary, Matt. 10:18-24; 2:13, 19¹⁸And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles. ¹⁹But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak. ²⁰For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you. ²¹And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father the child: and the children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death. ²²And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that endureth to the end shall be saved. ²³But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come. ²⁴The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant above his lord. (Matthew 10:18‑24)
¹³And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him. (Matthew 2:13)
¹⁹But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, (Matthew 2:19); Luke 1:27; 2, 4:16, 33, 43; 3:23²⁷To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. (Luke 1:27)
²³And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli, (Luke 3:23); John 1:45⁴⁵Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. (John 1:45). He was 'of the house and lineage of David,' and a just man; he followed the instructions from heaven, and sought the safety of the Lord when a babe. He was a carpenter by trade, but all Jews learned a trade, so that this does not tell us his position in life. At the presentation at Jerusalem they offered two turtle doves, which was the offering of the poor. John 6:42⁴²And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came down from heaven? (John 6:42) is the latest mention we have of Joseph; it is supposed he died early, for Jesus when on the cross commended His mother to the apostle John. 3, Joseph of Arimathזa, Matt. 27:57-59⁵⁷When the even was come, there came a rich man of Arimathea, named Joseph, who also himself was Jesus' disciple: ⁵⁸He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded the body to be delivered. ⁵⁹And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, (Matthew 27:57‑59); Mark 15:43,⁴³Joseph of Arimathea, an honorable counsellor, which also waited for the kingdom of God, came, and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus. (Mark 15:43); Luke 23:50⁵⁰And, behold, there was a man named Joseph, a counsellor; and he was a good man, and a just: (Luke 23:50); John 19:38³⁸And after this Joseph of Arimathea, being a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, besought Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave. He came therefore, and took the body of Jesus. (John 19:38). He was a counselor in Israel, a good and a just man, who did not consent to the condemning of the Lord. Though he had been a secret disciple, he fearlessly went to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus, and interred Him in his own new tomb. Scripture says he was a rich man, and this agrees with Isa. 53.9, ' He was with the rich in his death.' 4, Joseph called Barsabas, surnamed

Justus, Acts 10:23²³Then called he them in, and lodged them. And on the morrow Peter went away with them, and certain brethren from Joppa accompanied him. (Acts 10:23). He was one of the two selected as fit persons to fill the place of Judas Iscariot, having been with the Lord Jesus throughout His ministry.

Joses

Matt. 13:55⁵⁵Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? (Matthew 13:55); Mark 6:3³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3). One of the brethren of the Lord. For Matt. 27:56⁵⁶Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children. (Matthew 27:56); Mark 15:40, 47,⁴⁰There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome; (Mark 15:40)
⁴⁷And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses beheld where he was laid. (Mark 15:47) see James. For Acts 4:36³⁶And Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas, (which is, being interpreted, The son of consolation,) a Levite, and of the country of Cyprus, (Acts 4:36) see Barnabas.

Juda

Mark 6:3³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3).-One of the brothers of the Lord.

Judah

Heb. 8:8⁸For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah: (Hebrews 8:8).-The two tribes, in distinction from Israel, the ten tribes; with both of which the new covenant is to be made.

Judas

.-1, One of the apostles, Luke 6:16¹⁶And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. (Luke 6:16); John 14:22²²Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world? (John 14:22); Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13). In two places the Authorized Version has added the words ' brother of:' reading ' Judas, brother of James;' but it may be ' son of,' and we know not which James is referred to; but if Jude who wrote the Epistle is the same person, then ' brother' is correct. In the list of the apostles in Matt. 10:3³Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; (Matthew 10:3) and Mark 3:18¹⁸And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus, and Simon the Canaanite, (Mark 3:18) it will be seen that Judas is not named, but instead occurs the name of Lebbזus, whose surname is Thaddeus, which leads to the conclusion that these are other names of Judas. Very little is recorded of this apostle: he asked the Lord how He would manifest Himself o His disciples and not unto the world. 2 Judas of Galilee, Acts 5:37,³⁷After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished; and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed. (Acts 5:37) who raised an insurrection " in the days of the taxing," A.D. 6. He was slain by the Romans, and his followers dispersed. 3, Judas, Acts 15:22²²Then pleased it the apostles and elders, with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, chief men among the brethren: (Acts 15:22).-See Barsabas. 4, Judas, with whom Paul lodged, Acts 9:11¹¹And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the street which is called Straight, and inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul, of Tarsus: for, behold, he prayeth, (Acts 9:11). 5, Judas Iscariot, son of Simon, Matt. 10:4⁴Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. (Matthew 10:4); Mark 3:19¹⁹And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into an house. (Mark 3:19); Luke 6:16¹⁶And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. (Luke 6:16); John 6:71; 13:2, 26⁷¹He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. (John 6:71)
²And supper being ended, the devil having now put into the heart of Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, to betray him; (John 13:2)
²⁶Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon. (John 13:26); &c. One of the twelve apostles; he was entrusted with 'the bag,' though he was alas! a thief. Judas being chosen one of the apostles was a trial of man under new circumstances. He was an associate, ' friend,' of the Lord: saw Him in public and in private; heard His words, saw His actions, and witnessed His miracles. Could have asked Him anything, and have had all his doubts solved and his difficulties removed. But alas! he yielded to temptation, and then Satan entered into him, and he stayed not till he had with a kiss betrayed his Lord for thirty pieces of silver (about £3 15s.). His remorse speedily followed, and he confessed that he had betrayed innocent blood, and was impelled to return the money he had coveted: a complete dupe of Satan, who first leads into sin, and then mocks those led astray. He hanged himself, and then, either being cut down or his body falling, his bowels gushed out.

Jude

.-The writer of the epistle bearing his name. He says of himself that he was 'the servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James,' which has naturally led to the conclusion that he is the same as Judas the apostle, because of Luke 6:16¹⁶And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. (Luke 6:16) and Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13). In both passages the word ' brother' is added, and is most probably correct.

Junia

Rom. 16:7⁷Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. (Romans 16:7).-A relative and fellow-prisoner of Paul, 'of note among the apostles,' and who was ' in Christ' before Paul.

Jupiter

Acts 14:12, 13; 19:35¹²And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker. ¹³Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their city, brought oxen and garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with the people. (Acts 14:12‑13)
³⁵And when the townclerk had appeased the people, he said, Ye men of Ephesus, what man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the image which fell down from Jupiter? (Acts 19:35).-The supreme deity of Greek and Roman mythology.

Justus

1, Acts 1:23²³And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias. (Acts 1:23).-See Barsabas.

2, One at Corinth, Who 'Worshipped God,' Acts 18: 7.

3, One Who Was Also Named Jesus, One of Paul's Fellow-Workers, Col. 4:11¹¹And Jesus, which is called Justus, who are of the circumcision. These only are my fellowworkers unto the kingdom of God, which have been a comfort unto me. (Colossians 4:11).

Lazarus

1, John 11:1-43; 12:1-17,¹Now a certain man was sick, named Lazarus, of Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha. ²(It was that Mary which anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick.) ³Therefore his sisters sent unto him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom thou lovest is sick. ⁴When Jesus heard that, he said, This sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of God, that the Son of God might be glorified thereby. ⁵Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus. ⁶When he had heard therefore that he was sick, he abode two days still in the same place where he was. ⁷Then after that saith he to his disciples, Let us go into Judea again. ⁸His disciples say unto him, Master, the Jews of late sought to stone thee; and goest thou thither again? ⁹Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world. ¹⁰But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because there is no light in him. ¹¹These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep. ¹²Then said his disciples, Lord, if he sleep, he shall do well. ¹³Howbeit Jesus spake of his death: but they thought that he had spoken of taking of rest in sleep. ¹⁴Then said Jesus unto them plainly, Lazarus is dead. ¹⁵And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him. ¹⁶Then said Thomas, which is called Didymus, unto his fellowdisciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him. ¹⁷Then when Jesus came, he found that he had lain in the grave four days already. ¹⁸Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off: ¹⁹And many of the Jews came to Martha and Mary, to comfort them concerning their brother. ²⁰Then Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary sat still in the house. ²¹Then said Martha unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. ²²But I know, that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee. ²³Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall rise again. ²⁴Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day. ²⁵Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: ²⁶And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest thou this? ²⁷She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I believe that thou art the Christ, the Son of God, which should come into the world. ²⁸And when she had so said, she went her way, and called Mary her sister secretly, saying, The Master is come, and calleth for thee. ²⁹As soon as she heard that, she arose quickly, and came unto him. ³⁰Now Jesus was not yet come into the town, but was in that place where Martha met him. ³¹The Jews then which were with her in the house, and comforted her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up hastily and went out, followed her, saying, She goeth unto the grave to weep there. ³²Then when Mary was come where Jesus was, and saw him, she fell down at his feet, saying unto him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. ³³When Jesus therefore saw her weeping, and the Jews also weeping which came with her, he groaned in the spirit, and was troubled, ³⁴And said, Where have ye laid him? They said unto him, Lord, come and see. ³⁵Jesus wept. ³⁶Then said the Jews, Behold how he loved him! ³⁷And some of them said, Could not this man, which opened the eyes of the blind, have caused that even this man should not have died? ³⁸Jesus therefore again groaning in himself cometh to the grave. It was a cave, and a stone lay upon it. ³⁹Jesus said, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of him that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time he stinketh: for he hath been dead four days. ⁴⁰Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God? ⁴¹Then they took away the stone from the place where the dead was laid. And Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou hast heard me. ⁴²And I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the people which stand by I said it, that they may believe that thou hast sent me. ⁴³And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth. (John 11:1‑43)
¹Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. ²There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. ³Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odor of the ointment. ⁴Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, which should betray him, ⁵Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor? ⁶This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. ⁷Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this. ⁸For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always. ⁹Much people of the Jews therefore knew that he was there: and they came not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus also, whom he had raised from the dead. ¹⁰But the chief priests consulted that they might put Lazarus also to death; ¹¹Because that by reason of him many of the Jews went away, and believed on Jesus. ¹²On the next day much people that were come to the feast, when they heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, ¹³Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna: Blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord. ¹⁴And Jesus, when he had found a young ass, sat thereon; as it is written, ¹⁵Fear not, daughter of Sion: behold, thy King cometh, sitting on an ass's colt. ¹⁶These things understood not his disciples at the first: but when Jesus was glorified, then remembered they that these things were written of him, and that they had done these things unto him. ¹⁷The people therefore that was with him when he called Lazarus out of his grave, and raised him from the dead, bare record. (John 12:1‑17) one whom Jesus loved at Bethany, whom He called ' our friend,' and whom He raised from the dead, proving that He was the resurrection as well as the life. Lazarus afterward sat at the table with the Lord, when Martha and Mary made Him a supper. The Jews came to see one who had been dead, but who was then alive; yet those in authority sought to put Lazarus also to death, because many believed on Jesus on account a this miracle. Not a word is said as to the experience of Lazarus between his death and his being raised, as if too sacred a subject to be uttered, as it was with what Paul heard when in the third heavens. 2, The name given to the beggar of the parable

in Luke 16:20-25,²⁰And there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate, full of sores, ²¹And desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table: moreover the dogs came and licked his sores. ²²And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried; ²³And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. ²⁴And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame. ²⁵But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented. (Luke 16:20‑25) who when he died was carried into Abraham's bosom, where he was ' comforted.'

Lebbזus

.-See Judas.

Levi

Mark 2:14¹⁴And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus sitting at the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed him. (Mark 2:14); Luke 5:27, 29²⁷And after these things he went forth, and saw a publican, named Levi, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he said unto him, Follow me. (Luke 5:27)
²⁹And Levi made him a great feast in his own house: and there was a great company of publicans and of others that sat down with them. (Luke 5:29).-The son of Alphזus, another name of the apostle Matthew.

Libertines

Acts 6:9⁹Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians, and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen. (Acts 6:9).-Supposed to refer to persons who, after being taken prisoners by Rome, had been set at liberty.

Lot

spoken of as a righteous man, who was daily vexed by the ungodliness of those among whom he dwelt. His deliverance as a just man is recorded, 2 Peter 2:7⁷And delivered just Lot, vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked: (2 Peter 2:7); and the destruction of his city is held up as a type of the sudden judgment that will be executed when "the Son of man is revealed." The lingerer is told to " Remember Lot's wife:" Luke 17.28-32.

Lucius

.-I, Acts 13:1,¹Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. (Acts 13:1) a teacher, or prophet, of Cyrene. 2, A kinsman of Paul, Rom. 6:21,²¹What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now ashamed? for the end of those things is death. (Romans 6:21). whose salutation is sent to Rome.

Luke

Col. 4:14¹⁴Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas, greet you. (Colossians 4:14); 2 Tim. 4:11,¹¹Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the ministry. (2 Timothy 4:11) and called Lucas in Phile. 24,—Paul's fellow-laborer. Paul also styles him ‘the beloved physician’. He is supposed to have been a Gentile. When we remember that Luke is the writer of the third Gospel and of the Acts of the Apostles, it seems remarkable that his name should so seldom be mentioned. In the Gospel he never pointedly alludes to himself; he was present at many of the scenes recorded in the Acts, and in chapter 16 he says " we endeavored to go into Macedonia." He was with Paul at Philippi and other places, went with him to Jerusalem, and also traveled with him to Rome. When Paul wrote the second Epistle to Timothy, Luke was still with the apostle.

Lydia

Acts 16:14, 40¹⁴And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city of Thyatira, which worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened, that she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul. (Acts 16:14)
⁴⁰And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of Lydia: and when they had seen the brethren, they comforted them, and departed. (Acts 16:40).-A woman of Thyatira, ' a seller of purple,' whom Paul met at Philippi, in Macedonia. She believed and was baptized, and her household. She constrained Paul to take up his abode with her.

Lysanias

Luke 3:10¹⁰And the people asked him, saying, What shall we do then? (Luke 3:10).-Tetrarch of Abilene.

Magdalene

Matt. 27. 56.-Simply one belonging to the city of Magdala.

Malchus

John 18:10¹⁰Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was Malchus. (John 18:10).-Servant of the high priest, whose ear Peter cut off. The Lord's healing it miraculously was a testimony at the moment of His arrest to His supernatural power and to His submission.

Manaen

Acts 13:1¹Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. (Acts 13:1).-A prophet or teacher at Antioch. He had been ' brought up with Herod the tetrarch' (doubtless Herod Anti-pas), Herod's foster-brother' (margin).

Mark

Marcus, Acts 12:12, 25; 15:37, 39¹²And when he had considered the thing, he came to the house of Mary the mother of John, whose surname was Mark; where many were gathered together praying. (Acts 12:12)
²⁵And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem, when they had fulfilled their ministry, and took with them John, whose surname was Mark. (Acts 12:25)
³⁷And Barnabas determined to take with them John, whose surname was Mark. (Acts 15:37)
³⁹And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other: and so Barnabas took Mark, and sailed unto Cyprus; (Acts 15:39); 2 Tim. 4:11¹¹Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the ministry. (2 Timothy 4:11).-He is described as ' John, whose surname was Mark,' also as ' sister's son to Barnabas.' His mother's name was Mary, to whose house at Jerusalem Peter resorted when miraculously delivered from prison, and where he may have been the means of the conversion of ' son,' 1 Pet. 5:13¹³The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son. (1 Peter 5:13). He accompanied Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey, but forsook them at Perga. On Barnabas wishing to take him again, Paul thought it not good to take one who had previously left the work; so Paul and Barnabas separated. Paul and Mark were afterward reconciled; he was with Paul at Rome, and was commended to the Colossians, chap. 4. 10; was with Peter at Babylon; and Paul, when a prisoner a second time, asked for him to be brought, for he was serviceable for the ministry. Mark was used of God to write the Gospel which bears his name.

Martha

Luke 10:38, 40, 41³⁸Now it came to pass, as they went, that he entered into a certain village: and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house. (Luke 10:38)
⁴⁰But Martha was cumbered about much serving, and came to him, and said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone? bid her therefore that she help me. ⁴¹And Jesus answered and said unto her, Martha, Martha, thou art careful and troubled about many things: (Luke 10:40‑41); John 11:1-39; 12:2¹Now a certain man was sick, named Lazarus, of Bethany, the town of Mary and her sister Martha. ²(It was that Mary which anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick.) ³Therefore his sisters sent unto him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom thou lovest is sick. ⁴When Jesus heard that, he said, This sickness is not unto death, but for the glory of God, that the Son of God might be glorified thereby. ⁵Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus. ⁶When he had heard therefore that he was sick, he abode two days still in the same place where he was. ⁷Then after that saith he to his disciples, Let us go into Judea again. ⁸His disciples say unto him, Master, the Jews of late sought to stone thee; and goest thou thither again? ⁹Jesus answered, Are there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world. ¹⁰But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because there is no light in him. ¹¹These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep. ¹²Then said his disciples, Lord, if he sleep, he shall do well. ¹³Howbeit Jesus spake of his death: but they thought that he had spoken of taking of rest in sleep. ¹⁴Then said Jesus unto them plainly, Lazarus is dead. ¹⁵And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him. ¹⁶Then said Thomas, which is called Didymus, unto his fellowdisciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him. ¹⁷Then when Jesus came, he found that he had lain in the grave four days already. ¹⁸Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off: ¹⁹And many of the Jews came to Martha and Mary, to comfort them concerning their brother. ²⁰Then Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary sat still in the house. ²¹Then said Martha unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. ²²But I know, that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee. ²³Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall rise again. ²⁴Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day. ²⁵Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: ²⁶And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest thou this? ²⁷She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I believe that thou art the Christ, the Son of God, which should come into the world. ²⁸And when she had so said, she went her way, and called Mary her sister secretly, saying, The Master is come, and calleth for thee. ²⁹As soon as she heard that, she arose quickly, and came unto him. ³⁰Now Jesus was not yet come into the town, but was in that place where Martha met him. ³¹The Jews then which were with her in the house, and comforted her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up hastily and went out, followed her, saying, She goeth unto the grave to weep there. ³²Then when Mary was come where Jesus was, and saw him, she fell down at his feet, saying unto him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my brother had not died. ³³When Jesus therefore saw her weeping, and the Jews also weeping which came with her, he groaned in the spirit, and was troubled, ³⁴And said, Where have ye laid him? They said unto him, Lord, come and see. ³⁵Jesus wept. ³⁶Then said the Jews, Behold how he loved him! ³⁷And some of them said, Could not this man, which opened the eyes of the blind, have caused that even this man should not have died? ³⁸Jesus therefore again groaning in himself cometh to the grave. It was a cave, and a stone lay upon it. ³⁹Jesus said, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of him that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time he stinketh: for he hath been dead four days. (John 11:1‑39)
²There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. (John 12:2).-Martha was probably the widow of Simon the leper (cf. Matt. 26:6-13⁶Now when Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, ⁷There came unto him a woman having an alabaster box of very precious ointment, and poured it on his head, as he sat at meat. ⁸But when his disciples saw it, they had indignation, saying, To what purpose is this waste? ⁹For this ointment might have been sold for much, and given to the poor. ¹⁰When Jesus understood it, he said unto them, Why trouble ye the woman? for she hath wrought a good work upon me. ¹¹For ye have the poor always with you; but me ye have not always. ¹²For in that she hath poured this ointment on my body, she did it for my burial. ¹³Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached in the whole world, there shall also this, that this woman hath done, be told for a memorial of her. (Matthew 26:6‑13); Mark 14:3 -9³And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head. ⁴And there were some that had indignation within themselves, and said, Why was this waste of the ointment made? ⁵For it might have been sold for more than three hundred pence, and have been given to the poor. And they murmured against her. ⁶And Jesus said, Let her alone; why trouble ye her? she hath wrought a good work on me. ⁷For ye have the poor with you always, and whensoever ye will ye may do them good: but me ye have not always. ⁸She hath done what she could: she is come aforehand to anoint my body to the burying. ⁹Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached throughout the whole world, this also that she hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her. (Mark 14:3‑9); John 12:1-11¹Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. ²There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. ³Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odor of the ointment. ⁴Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, which should betray him, ⁵Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence, and given to the poor? ⁶This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. ⁷Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this. ⁸For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always. ⁹Much people of the Jews therefore knew that he was there: and they came not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus also, whom he had raised from the dead. ¹⁰But the chief priests consulted that they might put Lazarus also to death; ¹¹Because that by reason of him many of the Jews went away, and believed on Jesus. (John 12:1‑11)), for she appears to be head of the favored family at Bethany, which Jesus loved, and to which He resorted. Having such a guest at her house she naturally wished to entertain Him well; but when she wished the aid of her sister, the Lord had to remind her that Mary had chosen the better part of being, in this instance, a receiver rather than a giver. The death and resurrection of Lazarus brought her into a truer appreciation of the character of her Lord as the Christ, the Son of God. At the supper made for Him six days before the Passover, Martha still served, but there is no gentle rebuke now, Lazarus sitting at table with Him was a living witness of the power of the One she entertained. Tradition says that Martha and Lazarus went to Marseilles and long served the Lord.

Mary, the Mother of Jesus

Matt. 1:16,18,20; 2:11; 13:55¹⁶And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ. (Matthew 1:16)
¹⁸Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost. (Matthew 1:18)
²⁰But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. (Matthew 1:20)
¹¹And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh. (Matthew 2:11)
⁵⁵Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? (Matthew 13:55) Mark 6:3³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3); Luke 1:27,30-56;2:5, 16, 19, 34²⁷To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. (Luke 1:27)
³⁰And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favor with God. ³¹And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. ³²He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: ³³And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. ³⁴Then said Mary unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know not a man? ³⁵And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. ³⁶And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren. ³⁷For with God nothing shall be impossible. ³⁸And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word. And the angel departed from her. ³⁹And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Juda; ⁴⁰And entered into the house of Zacharias, and saluted Elisabeth. ⁴¹And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost: ⁴²And she spake out with a loud voice, and said, Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. ⁴³And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? ⁴⁴For, lo, as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy. ⁴⁵And blessed is she that believed: for there shall be a performance of those things which were told her from the Lord. ⁴⁶And Mary said, My soul doth magnify the Lord, ⁴⁷And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour. ⁴⁸For he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: for, behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed. ⁴⁹For he that is mighty hath done to me great things; and holy is his name. ⁵⁰And his mercy is on them that fear him from generation to generation. ⁵¹He hath showed strength with his arm; he hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts. ⁵²He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of low degree. ⁵³He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath sent empty away. ⁵⁴He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy; ⁵⁵As he spake to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever. ⁵⁶And Mary abode with her about three months, and returned to her own house. (Luke 1:30‑56)
⁵To be taxed with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. (Luke 2:5)
¹⁶And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. (Luke 2:16)
¹⁹But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart. (Luke 2:19)
³⁴And Simeon blessed them, and said unto Mary his mother, Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel; and for a sign which shall be spoken against; (Luke 2:34).-' The Virgin,' pointed out in the Old Testament (Isa. 7:14¹⁴Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. (Isaiah 7:14)) as the mother of Immanuel, God with us. Gabriel announced to her that the Holy Ghost should come upon her, and the power of the Highest should overshadow her, and her Son should be called the Son of God. She replied, " Behold the handmaid of the Lord: be it unto me according to thy word." She then went to her cousin Elisabeth, who, filled with the Holy Ghost, pronounced her blessed, and called her ' the mother of my Lord.' The Roman enrollment caused Joseph, Mary's affianced husband, to take her to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. Shepherds came, and related what they had seen and heard. Mary kept all these things and pondered them in her heart. When Jesus was presented in the temple, and the devout Simeon foretold that He would be a light to the Gentiles and the glory of Israel,' Mary wondered at the things spoken, and had to hear that a sword should pierce through her own soul. To avoid Herod's murderous intent Joseph carried the young child and Mary into Egypt, and on returning they abode in Nazareth. We next hear of Mary when she sought Jesus at Jerusalem, when He was twelve years old. She was with Him at the marriage in Cana of Galilee, and witnessed His first recorded miracle. Later on Mary came with his brethren,' and sought to speak to Jesus, but He said that those who did the will of God were His brother, and sister, and mother. We do not again hear of Mary until she stood and beheld Jesus nailed to the cross-doubtless a sword now pierced her soul. She would surely rejoice to hear of His resurrection, and was perhaps among the 500 who saw him at one time. We find her gathered with the apostles at Jerusalem, waiting for the gift of the Holy Spirit, Acts 1:14,¹⁴These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren. (Acts 1:14) and then hear of her no more. Mary said that all generations should call her blessed, which all Christians gladly do; for indeed it was a great favor to be thus used of God; but we in no way find that she had a place of honor given her beyond that of other servants of God. Jesus was called ' her firstborn son,' implying that she had other children. The people said, " Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James and Joses, and of Juda and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us?" Mark 6:3,³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3) &c.

Mary, the Wife of Cleophas

John 19:25²⁵Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene. (John 19:25). where she is said to be the sister of the Lord's mother. By comparing this passage with Matt. 27:56, 61; 28:1⁵⁶Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children. (Matthew 27:56)
⁶¹And there was Mary Magdalene, and the other Mary, sitting over against the sepulchre. (Matthew 27:61)
¹In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre. (Matthew 28:1); Mark 15:40, 47; 16:1⁴⁰There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome; (Mark 15:40)
⁴⁷And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses beheld where he was laid. (Mark 15:47)
¹And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him. (Mark 16:1); Luke 24:10,¹⁰It was Mary Magdalene, and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, and other women that were with them, which told these things unto the apostles. (Luke 24:10) it appears probable that 'the other Mary' and Mary the mother of James (or James the less) and Joses, point to the same person, which may have been the wife of Cleophas. That Mary, the Lord's mother, should have a sister of the same name need not cause surprise, when it is pointed out that the two names are not spelled the same in the Greek: one is literally Maria, as we also have Mary and Maria.

Mary, Sister of Lazarus

Luke 10:39, 42³⁹And she had a sister called Mary, which also sat at Jesus' feet, and heard his word. (Luke 10:39)
⁴²But one thing is needful: and Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her. (Luke 10:42); John 20:11: 1-45; 12:3³Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odor of the ointment. (John 12:3).Apparently a younger sister of Martha in the united family at Bethany, and who were all loved by the Lord. We find Mary sitting at the feet of Jesus hearing His words: she had chosen the good part which was not to be taken from her. At the death of her brother she had to learn Jesus as the resurrection and the life; and at the supper prepared for the Lord a few days before the last passover, in true appreciation of Him she anointed His head and His feet with costly ointment. The indignation of the disciples drew out the Lord's commendation of her act: He declared that she had done a ' good work' upon Him; she did it for His burial. It should be told of her in the whole world. This act must not be associated with that recorded in Luke 7:36-50³⁶And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he went into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat. ³⁷And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, ³⁸And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment. ³⁹Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have known who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him: for she is a sinner. ⁴⁰And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And he saith, Master, say on. ⁴¹There was a certain creditor which had two debtors: the one owed five hundred pence, and the other fifty. ⁴²And when they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them both. Tell me therefore, which of them will love him most? ⁴³Simon answered and said, I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged. ⁴⁴And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head. ⁴⁵Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in hath not ceased to kiss my feet. ⁴⁶My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment. ⁴⁷Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little. ⁴⁸And he said unto her, Thy sins are forgiven. ⁴⁹And they that sat at meat with him began to say within themselves, Who is this that forgiveth sins also? ⁵⁰And he said to the woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace. (Luke 7:36‑50) by a woman ' which was a sinner.'

Mary.-

1, Mother of MarkActs 12:12, we only read of her as having a house at Jerusalem, at which a meeting for prayer was held at night when Peter was in prison. 2, A Christian woman who had bestowed much labor on Paul, to whom he sends greetings: Rom. 16:6⁶Greet Mary, who bestowed much labor on us. (Romans 16:6).

Mary Magdalene

Matt. 27:56⁵⁶Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children. (Matthew 27:56); Luke 8:2²And certain women, which had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities, Mary called Magdalene, out of whom went seven devils, (Luke 8:2); John 20:1¹The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre. (John 20:1); &c.— One out of whom had been cast seven demons, and one who ministered to the Lord of her substance. We read no more of her until the crucifixion, when she was with the other women beholding the wonderful scene. She waited to see where the body of her Lord was laid. On Saturday evening she bought spices that she might embalm the body, and early the next morning was at the sepulcher; but found the tomb empty. She ran with the news to Peter and John; was so, and then went away to their own home. But Mary stood without, weeping, and stooping down saw two angels sitting where the body of her Lord had been laid, to whom she lamented the loss of His body. But, turning round, Jesus appeared and revealed Himself to her. She called Him Rabboni, Teacher. He sent her with the joyful message to His disciples, " I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God." She was the first to whom our Lord appeared after His resurrection, and her deep love was thus rewarded. The name is really ' Mary of Magdala,' and has no connection with the modern term of ' Magdalen.'

Matthew

Matt. 9:9; 10:3⁹And as Jesus passed forth from thence, he saw a man, named Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose, and followed him. (Matthew 9:9)
³Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; (Matthew 10:3); Mark 3:18¹⁸And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus, and Simon the Canaanite, (Mark 3:18); Luke 6:15¹⁵Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon called Zelotes, (Luke 6:15); Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13). -One of the twelve apostles, also called Levi. He was one of the collectors for those who farmed the Roman taxes. When called by Jesus he immediately left his office, and made a feast for the Lord. Beyond this we do not read anything of him except in connection with the other apostles. He wrote the Gospel bearing his name, in which he styles himself Matthew the publican or tax gatherer.

Matthias

Acts 1:23, 26²³And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias. (Acts 1:23)
²⁶And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles. (Acts 1:26).-One of those selected as having been associated with the apostles from the baptism of John, to fill the place of Judas Iscariot, and upon whom the lot fell. We read no more of Matthias.

Medes

. Acts 2:9⁹Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, (Acts 2:9).-Originally the inhabitants of Media, a large district to the north of Persia, and east of Assyria. Jews from Media were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost-remarkable as being the most distant place mentioned to which the ten tribes were carried.

Melchisedec

Heb. 5:6, 10; 6:20; 7:1-21⁶As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. (Hebrews 5:6)
¹⁰Called of God an high priest after the order of Melchisedec. (Hebrews 5:10)
²⁰Whither the forerunner is for us entered, even Jesus, made an high priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. (Hebrews 6:20)
¹For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him; ²To whom also Abraham gave a tenth part of all; first being by interpretation King of righteousness, and after that also King of Salem, which is, King of peace; ³Without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God; abideth a priest continually. ⁴Now consider how great this man was, unto whom even the patriarch Abraham gave the tenth of the spoils. ⁵And verily they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the office of the priesthood, have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though they come out of the loins of Abraham: ⁶But he whose descent is not counted from them received tithes of Abraham, and blessed him that had the promises. ⁷And without all contradiction the less is blessed of the better. ⁸And here men that die receive tithes; but there he receiveth them, of whom it is witnessed that he liveth. ⁹And as I may so say, Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes in Abraham. ¹⁰For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchisedec met him. ¹¹If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, (for under it the people received the law,) what further need was there that another priest should rise after the order of Melchisedec, and not be called after the order of Aaron? ¹²For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law. ¹³For he of whom these things are spoken pertaineth to another tribe, of which no man gave attendance at the altar. ¹⁴For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Juda; of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood. ¹⁵And it is yet far more evident: for that after the similitude of Melchisedec there ariseth another priest, ¹⁶Who is made, not after the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless life. ¹⁷For he testifieth, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. ¹⁸For there is verily a disannulling of the commandment going before for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof. ¹⁹For the law made nothing perfect, but the bringing in of a better hope did; by the which we draw nigh unto God. ²⁰And inasmuch as not without an oath he was made priest: ²¹(For those priests were made without an oath; but this with an oath by him that said unto him, The Lord sware and will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec:) (Hebrews 7:1‑21).-The king and priest who blessed Abraham, Gen. 14:18-20,¹⁸And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God. ¹⁹And he blessed him, and said, Blessed be Abram of the most high God, possessor of heaven and earth: ²⁰And blessed be the most high God, which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him tithes of all. (Genesis 14:18‑20) is in the New Testament a type of Christ as King of Peace in the millennium, and as Priest after a different order from Aaron. The Melchisedec priesthood differed from the Aaronic in that it did not descend from father to son ("without father, without mother," &c.), and that it had no succession; ‘abideth a priest forever’. We do not read of Melchisedec offering sacrifices, but of his blessing Abraham; so Christ in the millennium will be the ' blessing' Priest.

Mercurius

Acts 14:12¹²And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker. (Acts 14:12).-The herald of the gods in the Roman mythology, the same as Hermes of the Greeks. At Lystra the heathen supposed Paul to be Mercurius, and wanted to offer a sacrifice to him; but afterward, at the instigation of the Jews, they helped to stone him, and he was left for dead.

Messias

John 1:41; 4:25⁴¹He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. (John 1:41)
²⁵The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. (John 4:25).-The same as Messiah, which only occurs in Dan. 9:25, 26²⁵Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. ²⁶And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. (Daniel 9:25‑26) in connection with the seventy weeks. The name is interpreted in John 1:41⁴¹He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ. (John 1:41) to mean ' the Christ,' and in the margin, ' the anointed,' which is the meaning of both ' Messiah ' and ' Christ.' He is God's anointed One to carry out on earth the counsels of eternity respecting His ancient people Israel.

Michael

Jude 9⁹Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee. (Jude 9); Rev. 12:7⁷And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, (Revelation 12:7).-The Archangel, the only one read of in scripture. He contended with Satan for the body of Moses, but railed not against him. Michael and his angels will carry on war with Satan and his angels, and will prevail, and Satan will have no further access to heaven.

Mnason

Acts 21:16¹⁶There went with us also certain of the disciples of Caesarea, and brought with them one Mnason of Cyprus, an old disciple, with whom we should lodge. (Acts 21:16).-A native of Cyprus, an old disciple who traveled with Paul on his last visit to Jerusalem, and with whom he and those with him lodged.

Moloch

Acts 7:43⁴³Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon. (Acts 7:43).-The same as the Molech of the O. T., the god of the Ammonites, to whom children were offered in sacrifice: cf. Amos 5:26²⁶But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves. (Amos 5:26).

Moses

.-This name occurs in the New Testament as the embodiment of the law; "There is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust," John 5:45⁴⁵Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust. (John 5:45). b, in contrast to Jesus Christ, John 10:17¹⁷Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life, that I might take it again. (John 10:17). c, to show that the glory that accompanied Moses an the giving of the law is far exceeded by the ministry of the Spirit. 2 Cor. 3:7-11⁷But if the ministration of death, written and engraven in stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance; which glory was to be done away: ⁸How shall not the ministration of the spirit be rather glorious? ⁹For if the ministration of condemnation be glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. ¹⁰For even that which was made glorious had no glory in this respect, by reason of the glory that excelleth. ¹¹For if that which is done away was glorious, much more that which remaineth is glorious. (2 Corinthians 3:7‑11). d, The vail that Moses wore is still on the heart of Israel, whereas the Christian has an unveiled face to behold the glory of the Lord: 2 Cor. 3:13-18¹³And not as Moses, which put a vail over his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that which is abolished: ¹⁴But their minds were blinded: for until this day remaineth the same vail untaken away in the reading of the old testament; which vail is done away in Christ. ¹⁵But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the vail is upon their heart. ¹⁶Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be taken away. ¹⁷Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. ¹⁸But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord. (2 Corinthians 3:13‑18). e, The song of Moses (triumph over evil by God's judgment) will again be sung: Rev. 15:3³And they sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, saying, Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints. (Revelation 15:3).

Nathanael

John 1:45-49; 21:2⁴⁵Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. ⁴⁶And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. ⁴⁷Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! ⁴⁸Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. ⁴⁹Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel. (John 1:45‑49)
²There were together Simon Peter, and Thomas called Didymus, and Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two other of his disciples. (John 21:2).-The Israelite of whom the Lord said, " in whom is no guile," and who confessed Jesus to be the Son of God and the King of Israel. He is only again mentioned as being with the disciples when Peter went fishing. He is supposed by some to be identical with Bartholomew.

Nazarene

Matt. 2:23²³And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be called a Nazarene. (Matthew 2:23); Acts 24:5⁵For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes: (Acts 24:5).-A native of Nazareth. For some reason, now unknown, it was proverbial among the Jews that nothing good could come from Nazareth. The Lord's reception must rest on higher and holier grounds than anything of earth.

Nephthalim

Matt. 4:13, 15¹³And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, which is upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim: (Matthew 4:13)
¹⁵The land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim, by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles; (Matthew 4:15); Rev. 7:6⁶Of the tribe of Aser were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Nepthalim were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Manasses were sealed twelve thousand. (Revelation 7:6).-One of the twelve tribes: Naphtali.

Nicanor

Acts 6:5⁵And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: (Acts 6:5).‒One of those chosen to serve tables, of whom nothing more is read,

Nicodemus

John 3:1, 4, 9; 7:50; 19:39¹There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: (John 3:1)
⁴Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old? can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born? (John 3:4)
⁹Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be? (John 3:9)
⁵⁰Nicodemus saith unto them, (he that came to Jesus by night, being one of them,) (John 7:50)
³⁹And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight. (John 19:39).-The ruler of the Jews, who came to Jesus by night-like others, a disciple in secret. He could not understand how a man could be born again, though the Lord intimated that being a Jesus should not be condemned without being heard. After the crucifixion he bought a hundred pound weight of spices to anoint the body of the Lord, thus openly identifying himself with the One whom the rulers had rejected.

Nicolaitanes

Rev. 2:6, 15⁶But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate. (Revelation 2:6)
¹⁵So hast thou also them that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which thing I hate. (Revelation 2:15).-There were those at Ephesus who hated the works of this sect, as the Lord did also; but at Pergamos there were some who held the doctrine of the same. It cannot now be traced what their error was.

Nicolas

Acts 6:5⁵And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: (Acts 6:5).-A proselyte of Antioch. One of the seven chosen to take care of the poor saints at Jerusalem.

Niger

Noah

NoeMatt. 24:37, 38; Luke 3:36; 17:26, 27³⁶Which was the son of Cainan, which was the son of Arphaxad, which was the son of Sem, which was the son of Noe, which was the son of Lamech, (Luke 3:36)
²⁶And as it was in the days of Noe, so shall it be also in the days of the Son of man. ²⁷They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood came, and destroyed them all. (Luke 17:26‑27); Heb. 11:7⁷By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness which is by faith. (Hebrews 11:7); 1 Pet. 3:20²⁰Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water. (1 Peter 3:20); 2 Peter 2:5⁵And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly; (2 Peter 2:5). -Referred to in the N.T., a, for his raith in preparing an ark, according to the instructions by God, though no signs of danger were apparent; b, as a preacher of righteousness while the ark was being built; c, in being one of eight persons saved, when the flood came suddenly upon the ungodly, even as the coming of Christ will be when He comes to the earth.

Onesimus

Col. 4:9⁹With Onesimus, a faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you. They shall make known unto you all things which are done here. (Colossians 4:9); Phile. 10.‒The runaway slave of Philemon, who was converted through Paul's ministry at Rome and sent back to his master. Christianity was not brought in by Christ to set the world right, and so the slave was sent back to his master, and Paul asked to be charged with whatever Onesimus owed to Philemon.

Onesiphorus

2 Tim. 1:16; 4:19¹⁶The Lord give mercy unto the house of Onesiphorus; for he oft refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain: (2 Timothy 1:16)
¹⁹Salute Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus. (2 Timothy 4:19).-One honorably mentioned as having diligently sought out Paul at Rome on his second imprisonment, and refreshed him, not being ashamed of his chain. He had also ministered to Paul at Ephesus.

Parmenas

Acts 6:5⁵And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: (Acts 6:5).-One of the seven chosen to attend to the needs of the saints at Jerusalem.

Parthians

Acts 2:9⁹Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, (Acts 2:9).-Natives of Parthia, a large country in the far east, adjoining Media, on the south of the Caspian. Parthians were at Jerusalem at Pentecost. This is apparently the most distant country from which any had traveled on that occasion. That there should have been Israelites of the dispersion from so many districts, and such immense distances was no doubt ordered of God, for it was an occasion that had never been before. Thousands heard the gospel and could carry it back with them: cf. Medes.

Paul

formerly named Saul.-He was of the tribe of Benjamin, a native of Tarsus, a city of Cilicia, and born free of Rome. He was a Pharisee, and studied under Gamaliel. We first hear of him as a young man, at whose feet the clothes of the witnesses against the martyr Stephen were laid. He became a violent persecutor of the church, thinking he was therein doing God service. After his conversion (about A.D. 36), he began at once to preach that Jesus was the Son of God, Acts 9:20²⁰And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God. (Acts 9:20). He had his gospel and his mission direct from heaven, so that he had no need to seek a commission from Jerusalem, though he was not independent of the church already formed: he received his sight and the Holy Spirit by the laying on of hands of Ananias, a disciple of Damascus. A new phase began in the church by its heavenly character being taught by Paul, who was an apostle. To him was revealed the truth of the one body of Christ, and the doctrine of the church, that in Christ Jesus there is neither Jew nor Gentile, the middle wall being entirely broken down. Though the question of Gentile believers being exempt from keeping the law was settled at Jerusalem, yet. Paul suffered much persecution from the Jews and Judaizing teachers, who could not fall in with the Gentiles having an equal place with them. Paul was emphatically the apostle to the Gentiles, and this caused him to take several missionary journeys into Asia, and to cross to Europe. It is clear from 2 Cor. 11: 24-27 that in the Acts we do not get by any means a full account of his labors. He was arrested at Jerusalem, and sent to Cזsarea for his safety, To avoid being sent back to Jerusalem, where plots were made to murder him, he appealed to Rome, and was sent there. After two years of an easy imprisonment (Acts 28:30, 31³⁰And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him, ³¹Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him. (Acts 28:30‑31)), he was doubtless liberated, for this is implied in these last two verses of the Acts; and when previously could he have left Trophimus sick at Miletus? 2 Tim. 4:20²⁰Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick. (2 Timothy 4:20). We do not know all his movements, but apparently he visited Ephesus, 1 Tim. 1:3³As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine, (1 Timothy 1:3); Macedonia, 1 Tim. 1:3³As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine, (1 Timothy 1:3); Troas, 2 Tim. 4:13¹³The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments. (2 Timothy 4:13); Miletus, 2 Tim. 4:20²⁰Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick. (2 Timothy 4:20); Crete, Titus 1:5⁵For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: (Titus 1:5); and Nicopolis, Titus 3:12¹²When I shall send Artemas unto thee, or Tychicus, be diligent to come unto me to Nicopolis: for I have determined there to winter. (Titus 3:12). The early writers say he visited Spain, which we know he desired to do, Rom. 15.24, 23. When 2 Timothy was written he was again a prisoner, expecting the near approach of death. Tradition says he was beheaded with the sword, and this form of execution is probable, because he was a Roman citizen.

Persis

Rom. 16:20²⁰And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. (Romans 16:20).-A christian woman of Rome, who is called by Paul ' beloved,' and who labored much in the Lord.

Peter, Simon Peter, Cephas.-

Simon appears to have been his name at first, and Cephas or Peter to have been given him by the Lord, Luke 5:10; 6:14¹⁰And so was also James, and John, the sons of Zebedee, which were partners with Simon. And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch men. (Luke 5:10)
¹⁴Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew, (Luke 6:14); John 1:40⁴⁰One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. (John 1:40). He was a fisherman in partnership with James and John. They forsook all and became apostles, of whom Peter had a sort of first place. When a few of the apostles were chosen for any particular service, Peter is always one, and is named first; but beyond this we do not read that he had any authority over the others. Many incidents concerning him are related in the Gospels. He was energetic and impulsive. When he opposed the thought of Christ having to suffer, he was denounced as Satan, Matt. 16:23²³But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savorest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men. (Matthew 16:23). His self-confidence led him to deny his Lord, but he was truly repentant, and after the resurrection was personally sifted as to having more love to the Lord than the others had, and was then enjoined to feed and shepherd the sheep and lambs of Christ. The keys of the kingdom were committed to Peter, and we find him preaching the first sermon after the giving of the Holy Ghost at Pentecost, when about three thousand souls were added to the assembly; these were Jews. He was also the means of bringing in Cornelius, a Gentile. Thus he opened the kingdom to both Jews and Gentiles. Peter was the apostle to the circumcision, and Paul to the Gentiles, and he seems never to have got quite clear of his Jewish prejudices. Paul had to withstand him to the face at Antioch, ' for he was to be blamed,' when he separated himself from the Gentile converts. He confesses that there were some things in Paul's epistles which were hard to be understood: they would be beyond one who could not break entirely away from Judaism. Peter wrote the two Epistles bearing his name. Tradition says he was crucified at Rome, and was, by his own request, impaled head downwards. It is also recorded that his wife suffered with him.

Pharaoh

Acts 7:10, 13, 21¹⁰And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house. (Acts 7:10)
¹³And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh. (Acts 7:13)
²¹And when he was cast out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son. (Acts 7:21); Rom. 9:17¹⁷For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might show my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth. (Romans 9:17); Heb. 11:24²⁴By faith Moses, when he was come to years, refused to be called the son of Pharaoh's daughter; (Hebrews 11:24).-The kings of Egypt. One is introduced by Paul as an example of God's sovereignty. God had raised up Pharaoh to skew His power in him, that thus God's name might be declared throughout the world.

Phebe

Rom. 16:1¹I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the church which is at Cenchrea: (Romans 16:1).-A ministering servant (διάκονον) of the church, commended by Paul to the assembly at Rome to be helped by them; she had been a succorer of Paul and many others.

Philemon

Phile. I.-Greeted as a dearly beloved fellow-laborer; to him Paul wrote the Epistle bearing his name, when he sent back his slave Onesimus.

Philetus

2 Tim. 2:17¹⁷And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymeneus and Philetus; (2 Timothy 2:17). -a Professor Who Had Erred Concerning the Truth, Saying That the Resurrection Was Already Past (Probably Allegorizing It), by Whom the Faith of Some Had Been Overthrown.

Philip

one of the Apostles, Matt. 10:3³Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; (Matthew 10:3); Mark 3:18¹⁸And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus, and Simon the Canaanite, (Mark 3:18); Luke 6:14¹⁴Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew, (Luke 6:14); John 1:43-48; 14:8, 9⁴³The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. ⁴⁴Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter. ⁴⁵Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. ⁴⁶And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. ⁴⁷Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! ⁴⁸Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. (John 1:43‑48)
⁸Philip saith unto him, Lord, show us the Father, and it sufficeth us. ⁹Jesus saith unto him, Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen me hath seen the Father; and how sayest thou then, Show us the Father? (John 14:8‑9).-He was of Bethsaida, and was no sooner called to follow the Lord than he ' found' Nathaniel, and invited him to come to Jesus. He asked to be shown the Father, when the Lord referred him to. Himself, saying, " He that hath seen me hath seen the Father.... I am in the Father, and the Father in me." Nothing is heard of Philip after Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13).

Philip the Evangelist,

Acts 6:5; 8:5-40; 21:8⁵And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: (Acts 6:5)
⁵Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them. ⁶And the people with one accord gave heed unto those things which Philip spake, hearing and seeing the miracles which he did. ⁷For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were lame, were healed. ⁸And there was great joy in that city. ⁹But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: ¹⁰To whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power of God. ¹¹And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had bewitched them with sorceries. ¹²But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women. ¹³Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done. ¹⁴Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John: ¹⁵Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might receive the Holy Ghost: ¹⁶(For as yet he was fallen upon none of them: only they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.) ¹⁷Then laid they their hands on them, and they received the Holy Ghost. ¹⁸And when Simon saw that through laying on of the apostles' hands the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money, ¹⁹Saying, Give me also this power, that on whomsoever I lay hands, he may receive the Holy Ghost. ²⁰But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money. ²¹Thou hast neither part nor lot in this matter: for thy heart is not right in the sight of God. ²²Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee. ²³For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity. ²⁴Then answered Simon, and said, Pray ye to the Lord for me, that none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me. ²⁵And they, when they had testified and preached the word of the Lord, returned to Jerusalem, and preached the gospel in many villages of the Samaritans. ²⁶And the angel of the Lord spake unto Philip, saying, Arise, and go toward the south unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza, which is desert. ²⁷And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship, ²⁸Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet. ²⁹Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to this chariot. ³⁰And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest? ³¹And he said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired Philip that he would come up and sit with him. ³²The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth: ³³In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth. ³⁴And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man? ³⁵Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus. ³⁶And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized? ³⁷And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. ³⁸And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. ³⁹And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went on his way rejoicing. ⁴⁰But Philip was found at Azotus: and passing through he preached in all the cities, till he came to Caesarea. (Acts 8:5‑40)
⁸And the next day we that were of Paul's company departed, and came unto Caesarea: and we entered into the house of Philip the evangelist, which was one of the seven; and abode with him. (Acts 21:8).-One of the seven chosen to look after the poor at Jerusalem. When the church was scattered, Philip went to Samaria, preached the word, and wrought miracles, and many believed with great joy. Then the angel of the Lord directed Philip to go into the desert between Jerusalem and Gaza, where he joined the Ethiopian, and 'preached unto him Jesus,' and baptized him. The Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, and he found himself at Azotus. From thence he announced the glad tidings in all the cities till he arrived at Caesarea, where he afterward remained, and where he entertained Paul. Philip had four virgin daughters who prophesied.

Philip.-See Family of Herod

page 51. Philip I. had no possessions. Philip II. is referred to in Luke 3:1¹Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Iturea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, (Luke 3:1). See pages 53, 56.

Phygellus

2 Tim. 1:15¹⁵This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes. (2 Timothy 1:15).-Named as one of Asia, who had turned away from Paul, though perhaps not an apostate.

Pilate, Pontius Pilate

Matt. 27.; Mark 15.; Luke 3:1; 13:1; 23¹Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Iturea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, (Luke 3:1)
¹There were present at that season some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. (Luke 13:1)
¹And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him unto Pilate. (Luke 23:1).; John 18.; 19.-He was appointed governor (procurator) of Judaea, with full military and judicial authority, A.D. 25-6. Pilate had his headquarters at Jerusalem instead of Caesarea, which perhaps more easily brought him into conflict with the Jews. Josephus relates that he had outraged the prejudices of the Jews, cf. Luke 13:1,¹There were present at that season some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. (Luke 13:1) before he had anything to do with the trial of the Lord. He could see that the rulers had delivered Jesus out of envy, and determined to scourge Him and let Him go; but the clamor of the Jews was so great that he perhaps tried to find some plausible ground for condemning Him, but had to confess, ‘I find no fault in him.' The message from his wife also confirmed his desire to release Him; but the people, as well as the rulers, chose Barabbas instead of Christ; and the rulers declared that Pilate could not be Caesar's friend if he let the King of the Jews live. This decided the unprincipled judge. He took water, and, washing his hands, declared that he was innocent of the death of that just One; whereupon the rulers uttered that awful expression, "His blood be on us and on our children." Complaints from the Samaritans caused Pilate to be sent to Rome to answer the charges, A.D. 36, and he closed his life by his own hand. (Josephus, Ant. 18:4, 1, 2.)

Porcius.-See Festus.

Prisca, Priscilla

Acts 18:2, 18, 26²And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto them. (Acts 18:2)
¹⁸And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren, and sailed thence into Syria, and with him Priscilla and Aquila; having shorn his head in Cenchrea: for he had a vow. (Acts 18:18)
²⁶And he began to speak boldly in the synagogue: whom when Aquila and Priscilla had heard, they took him unto them, and expounded unto him the way of God more perfectly. (Acts 18:26); Rom. 16:3³Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus: (Romans 16:3); I Cor. 16:19; 2 Tim. 4:19¹⁹Salute Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus. (2 Timothy 4:19).-The wife of Aquila, both of whom Paul calls "my fellow-workers in Christ Jesus." They were with Paul at Corinth, and traveled with him to Ephesus, where they were enabled to " expound unto Apollos the way of God more perfectly." Priscilla is at times named before her husband.

Prochorus

Acts 6:5⁵And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: (Acts 6:5).-One of the seven chosen to look after the poor saints: nothing more is recorded of him.

Publius.-the Chief Man in the Island of Melita

when Paul was shipwrecked, who received and lodged the company courteously for three days. Paul healed his sick father: Acts 28: 7, 8.

Pudens.-See Claudia.

Rachel

Matt. 2:18¹⁸In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not. (Matthew 2:18).-Wife of Jacob, and mother of Benjamin, represented as weeping for the loss of her children when Herod killed all the infants of Bethlehem.

Rahab

Heb. 11:31³¹By faith the harlot Rahab perished not with them that believed not, when she had received the spies with peace. (Hebrews 11:31); James 2:25²⁵Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way? (James 2:25).-Referred to in the N. T., a, as an example of faith: she believed Israel was going to be victorious; b, as being justified, in her acts, on the principle of faith being proved by works. Called Rachab in Matt. 1:5⁵And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse; (Matthew 1:5).

Remphan

Acts 7:43,⁴³Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon. (Acts 7:43)-This is a quotation from Amos 5:26²⁶But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves. (Amos 5:26) in the LXX. In the Hebrew it reads 'Chiun,' instead of Remphan. What god is alluded to is not known.

Rufus-

1Son of Simon, a Cyrenian, who bore the cross of the Lord, Mark 15:21²¹And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross. (Mark 15:21). 2, A Christian at Rome to whom Paul sent a salutation, to which he adds ‘and his mother and mine,' no doubt as the literal mother of Rufus, and as one who had been practically a mother to Paul, Rom. 16:13¹³Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine. (Romans 16:13).

Salome

Mark 15:40; 16:1⁴⁰There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome; (Mark 15:40)
¹And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him. (Mark 16:1).-One of the women who witnessed the crucifixion, and who brought spices to anoint the Lord's body.

Sapphira

Acts 5:1¹But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession, (Acts 5:1).-The wife of Ananias, who had agreed with her husband to keep back part of the money for which they had sold their land. She fell down at the feet of Peter and expired.

Sara, Sarah

Rom. 4:19; 9:9¹⁹And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sara's womb: (Romans 4:19)
⁹For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sara shall have a son. (Romans 9:9); Heb. 11:11¹¹Through faith also Sara herself received strength to conceive seed, and was delivered of a child when she was past age, because she judged him faithful who had promised. (Hebrews 11:11) ' Pet. 3:6.-Wife of Abraham: held up as an example of faith, because she judged Him faithful who had promised. Also as an obedient wife, whose daughters morally all christian wives should be.

Satan.-

The personal name of the devilthe great enemy of God and man. He deceived Eve, and has been and is the great tempter of man to do evil, as he also tempted the Lord. He is called the ' god of this world' and the ' prince of the power of the air.' His power was annulled for the Christian by Christ on the cross, and believers are exhorted to resist him and he will flee from them; but his wiles are dangerous, for he is able to transform himself into an angel of light. He has access to the lower heavens, from which he and his angels will be cast out. He will be chief of the trinity of evil in conjunction with the head of the future Roman empire and Antichrist. He will be shut up in the bottomless pit for the thousand years of the millennium. After that he will be released for a short time, and will gather the nations together to war against the saints and the beloved city, Jerusalem. The fire of God will destroy the army, and Satan will be cast into the lake of fire and brimstone for eternity. He is called the father of lies and a murderer from the beginning, a great dragon, and the old serpent: cf. Ezek. 28. 11-19.

Saul.-See Paul.

Scythian

Col. 3:11¹¹Where there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free: but Christ is all, and in all. (Colossians 3:11).-An inhabitant of the barbarous district north of the Caspian and Black Seas. The term was used to signify the most uncultivated people.

Sergius Paulus

Acts 13:7⁷Which was with the deputy of the country, Sergius Paulus, a prudent man; who called for Barnabas and Saul, and desired to hear the word of God. (Acts 13:7).-Roman proconsul of Cyprus, an intelligent man, who called for Barnabas and Saul that he might hear the word of God; he believed, being astonished at the doctrine of the Lord.

Silas

Acts 15:22-40; 16:19, 25, 29; 17:4, 10, 14, 15; 18:5²²Then pleased it the apostles and elders, with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, chief men among the brethren: ²³And they wrote letters by them after this manner; The apostles and elders and brethren send greeting unto the brethren which are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia: ²⁴Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which went out from us have troubled you with words, subverting your souls, saying, Ye must be circumcised, and keep the law: to whom we gave no such commandment: ²⁵It seemed good unto us, being assembled with one accord, to send chosen men unto you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, ²⁶Men that have hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. ²⁷We have sent therefore Judas and Silas, who shall also tell you the same things by mouth. ²⁸For it seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us, to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things; ²⁹That ye abstain from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication: from which if ye keep yourselves, ye shall do well. Fare ye well. ³⁰So when they were dismissed, they came to Antioch: and when they had gathered the multitude together, they delivered the epistle: ³¹Which when they had read, they rejoiced for the consolation. ³²And Judas and Silas, being prophets also themselves, exhorted the brethren with many words, and confirmed them. ³³And after they had tarried there a space, they were let go in peace from the brethren unto the apostles. ³⁴Notwithstanding it pleased Silas to abide there still. ³⁵Paul also and Barnabas continued in Antioch, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord, with many others also. ³⁶And some days after Paul said unto Barnabas, Let us go again and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the Lord, and see how they do. ³⁷And Barnabas determined to take with them John, whose surname was Mark. ³⁸But Paul thought not good to take him with them, who departed from them from Pamphylia, and went not with them to the work. ³⁹And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other: and so Barnabas took Mark, and sailed unto Cyprus; ⁴⁰And Paul chose Silas, and departed, being recommended by the brethren unto the grace of God. (Acts 15:22‑40)
¹⁹And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone, they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace unto the rulers, (Acts 16:19)
²⁵And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises unto God: and the prisoners heard them. (Acts 16:25)
²⁹Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and came trembling, and fell down before Paul and Silas, (Acts 16:29)
⁴And some of them believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas; and of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not a few. (Acts 17:4)
¹⁰And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night unto Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews. (Acts 17:10)
¹⁴And then immediately the brethren sent away Paul to go as it were to the sea: but Silas and Timotheus abode there still. ¹⁵And they that conducted Paul brought him unto Athens: and receiving a commandment unto Silas and Timotheus for to come to him with all speed, they departed. (Acts 17:14‑15)
⁵And when Silas and Timotheus were come from Macedonia, Paul was pressed in the spirit, and testified to the Jews that Jesus was Christ. (Acts 18:5).-A prophet and a 'chief man' among the brethren, sent from. Jerusalem with Paul and Barnabas, testifying to the decision as to the freedom of Gentiles from keeping the law. He accompanied Paul in her second missionary journey, was imprisoned at Philippi, where, with Paul, he sang praises to God, though he had been much beaten, and his feet were in the stocks.

Silvanus

2 Cor. 1:19¹⁹For the Son of God, Jesus Christ, who was preached among you by us, even by me and Silvanus and Timotheus, was not yea and nay, but in him was yea. (2 Corinthians 1:19); 1 Thess. 1:1¹Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the Thessalonians which is in God the Father and in the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. (1 Thessalonians 1:1); 2 Thess. 1:1¹Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the Thessalonians in God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: (2 Thessalonians 1:1); 1 Pet. 5:12¹²By Silvanus, a faithful brother unto you, as I suppose, I have written briefly, exhorting, and testifying that this is the true grace of God wherein ye stand. (1 Peter 5:12).‒By comparing these passages with the Acts, it is generally supposed that Paul alludes to Silas, Whether Peter also refers to the same we have no means of knowing.

Simeon.-

1A just and pious man at Jerusalem, to whom it was revealed that he should not see death before he had seen the Lord's Christ. On the presentation of Jesus he took Him up in his arms, blessed God, and said, " Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation," &c.; Luke 2:25²⁵And, behold, there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon; and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Ghost was upon him. (Luke 2:25). 2, Acts 15:14,¹⁴Simeon hath declared how God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his name. (Acts 15:14) The Hebrew form of Simon, alluding to Peter: in 2 Peter 1:1¹Simon Peter, a servant and an apostle of Jesus Christ, to them that have obtained like precious faith with us through the righteousness of God and our Saviour Jesus Christ: (2 Peter 1:1) it is also Simeon in the Greek. 3, A teacher at Antioch, surnamed Niger: Acts 13:1¹Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. (Acts 13:1). 4, One in the genealogy in Luke 3:30³⁰Which was the son of Simeon, which was the son of Juda, which was the son of Joseph, which was the son of Jonan, which was the son of Eliakim, (Luke 3:30).

Simon.-

1Simon Peter, see Peter. 2, Simon the Canaanite (or Canaanite, or Zealot, and therefore called Simon Zelotes), one of the twelve apostles, but of whom nothing further is recorded: Matt. 10:4⁴Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. (Matthew 10:4); Mark 3:18¹⁸And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus, and Simon the Canaanite, (Mark 3:18); Luke 6:15¹⁵Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon called Zelotes, (Luke 6:15); Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13). 3, Simon, one of the brethren of the Lord, Matt. 13:55⁵⁵Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? (Matthew 13:55); Mark 6:3³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3). 4, Simon the leper, at whose house 'a woman' anointed the head of the Lord, Matt. 26:6⁶Now when Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, (Matthew 26:6); Mark 14:3³And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head. (Mark 14:3). By comparing these passages with John 12:1-3¹Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. ²There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. ³Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odor of the ointment. (John 12:1‑3) it would appear that Martha and Mary lived in the same house with, and were perhaps related to, Simon, and that it was Mary who used the ointment. 5, Simon the Cyrenian who was made to carry the Lord's cross: Matt. 27:32³²And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name: him they compelled to bear his cross. (Matthew 27:32); Mark 15:21²¹And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross. (Mark 15:21); Luke 23:26²⁶And as they led him away, they laid hold upon one Simon, a Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus. (Luke 23:26). 6, Simon the Pharisee, who invited Jesus to his house, where a woman who was a sinner anointed the feet of the Lord, which raised unworthy thoughts in Simon's mind, and led to his being rebuked, while the woman was forgiven, Luke 7:36-50³⁶And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him. And he went into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat. ³⁷And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster box of ointment, ³⁸And stood at his feet behind him weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment. ³⁹Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have known who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him: for she is a sinner. ⁴⁰And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And he saith, Master, say on. ⁴¹There was a certain creditor which had two debtors: the one owed five hundred pence, and the other fifty. ⁴²And when they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them both. Tell me therefore, which of them will love him most? ⁴³Simon answered and said, I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most. And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged. ⁴⁴And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the hairs of her head. ⁴⁵Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in hath not ceased to kiss my feet. ⁴⁶My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment. ⁴⁷Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little. ⁴⁸And he said unto her, Thy sins are forgiven. ⁴⁹And they that sat at meat with him began to say within themselves, Who is this that forgiveth sins also? ⁵⁰And he said to the woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace. (Luke 7:36‑50). 7, Simon, father of Judas Iscariot, John 6:71⁷¹He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. (John 6:71). 8, Simon the tanner, at whose house Peter was lodging when sent for by Cornelius, Acts 9:43,⁴³And it came to pass, that he tarried many days in Joppa with one Simon a tanner. (Acts 9:43) &c. 9, Simon Magus, one who had deceived the people of Samaria by magic arts, but who professed to believe at the preaching of Philip. When he saw that the apostles were able to impart the Holy Spirit by the laying on of their hands, he offered money to purchase the like powers (from which has arisen the word ' Simony '); but was denounced by Peter, Acts 8:9-24⁹But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one: ¹⁰To whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power of God. ¹¹And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had bewitched them with sorceries. ¹²But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women. ¹³Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done. ¹⁴Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John: ¹⁵Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might receive the Holy Ghost: ¹⁶(For as yet he was fallen upon none of them: only they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.) ¹⁷Then laid they their hands on them, and they received the Holy Ghost. ¹⁸And when Simon saw that through laying on of the apostles' hands the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money, ¹⁹Saying, Give me also this power, that on whomsoever I lay hands, he may receive the Holy Ghost. ²⁰But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money. ²¹Thou hast neither part nor lot in this matter: for thy heart is not right in the sight of God. ²²Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee. ²³For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity. ²⁴Then answered Simon, and said, Pray ye to the Lord for me, that none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me. (Acts 8:9‑24). Tradition records that he did much mischief among the saints, and died by his own hand.

Solomon

Matt. 6:29; 12:42²⁹And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. (Matthew 6:29)
⁴²The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. (Matthew 12:42); Luke 11:31; 12:27³¹The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. (Luke 11:31)
²⁷Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. (Luke 12:27); Acts 7:47⁴⁷But Solomon built him an house. (Acts 7:47).-Referred to in the New Testament, a, to teach that man's works of art in their utmost glory are not to be compared with the simplest wild flower made by God; b, that though he was the wisest man, his wisdom was far exceeded by the Lord; c, that though Solomon built a house for God, yet the most high dwelleth not in hand-made temples.

Sosthenes

Acts 18.1; 1 Cor. 1. I.-The chief ruler of the synagogue at Corinth, who was beaten by the Greeks before the judgment seat. The words ' the Greeks' are omitted by most editors, and a few manuscripts read ‘the Jews’; but most probably Gentiles are meant. The Sosthenes of 1 Cor. 1. I may not be the same person.

Stephanas

1 Cor. 1:16; 16:15, 17¹⁶And I baptized also the household of Stephanas: besides, I know not whether I baptized any other. (1 Corinthians 1:16)
¹⁵I beseech you, brethren, (ye know the house of Stephanas, that it is the firstfruits of Achaia, and that they have addicted themselves to the ministry of the saints,) (1 Corinthians 16:15)
¹⁷I am glad of the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus and Achaicus: for that which was lacking on your part they have supplied. (1 Corinthians 16:17).-A Corinthian whom, with his household, Paul had baptized: they were the first fruits of Achaia, and had devoted themselves to minister to the saints. Paul exhorted the Corinthian saints to submit to them.

Stephen

Acts 6:5, 8, 9; 7:59; 8:2; 22:20⁵And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch: (Acts 6:5)
⁸And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and miracles among the people. ⁹Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians, and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen. (Acts 6:8‑9)
⁵⁹And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. (Acts 7:59)
²And devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him. (Acts 8:2)
²⁰And when the blood of thy martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting unto his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him. (Acts 22:20).-One of the seven chosen to attend to the poor saints: he is there described as a man "full of faith, and of the Holy Ghost." Certain disputed with him, but were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by which he spake. They caused him to be brought before the Sanhedrim, in whose sight his face appeared like an angel's. In his defense he charged them with always resisting the Holy Ghost, and with being the betrayers and murderers of the Just One. They cast him out and stoned him. He was the first christian martyr, and to him the heaven was opened, and he saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God.

Susanna

Luke 8:3³And Joanna the wife of Chuza Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto him of their substance. (Luke 8:3).-One of the pious women who had the honor of ministering to the Lord of their substance.

Syntyche

Phil. 4:2²I beseech Euodias, and beseech Syntyche, that they be of the same mind in the Lord. (Philippians 4:2).-A christian woman at Philippi, who strove together with Paul in the gospel: she was exhorted to be of the same mind in the Lord with Euodias: they had apparently differed on some point.

Syrophenician

Mark 7:26²⁶The woman was a Greek, a Syrophenician by nation; and she besought him that he would cast forth the devil out of her daughter. (Mark 7:26).-A woman who was a Greek, but a Syrophenician by race; that is, one who was a native of Phenicia in the province of Syria. Being a Gentile, when she took the place of a dog, the Lord granted her petition.

Tabitha

Acts 9:36-42³⁶Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which by interpretation is called Dorcas: this woman was full of good works and almsdeeds which she did. ³⁷And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died: whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber. ³⁸And forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Joppa, and the disciples had heard that Peter was there, they sent unto him two men, desiring him that he would not delay to come to them. ³⁹Then Peter arose and went with them. When he was come, they brought him into the upper chamber: and all the widows stood by him weeping, and showing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while she was with them. ⁴⁰But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down, and prayed; and turning him to the body said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes: and when she saw Peter, she sat up. ⁴¹And he gave her his hand, and lifted her up, and when he had called the saints and widows, presented her alive. ⁴²And it was known throughout all Joppa; and many believed in the Lord. (Acts 9:36‑42).-A disciple at Joppa, who was full of good works and almsdeeds, and made garments for the poor. She fell sick and died; but as Peter prayed over her, life returned. DORCAS is the Greek for Tabitha, which means a gazelle.'

ThaddזUs. See Judas.

Theophilus

Luke 1:3³It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, (Luke 1:3); Acts 1:1¹The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach, (Acts 1:1). The Christian to whom Luke addressed his gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, of whom nothing more is known. The term ' most excellent' is the same as applied to governors of provinces: cf, Acts 23:26; 26:25²⁶Claudius Lysias unto the most excellent governor Felix sendeth greeting. (Acts 23:26)
²⁵But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. (Acts 26:25).

Theudas

Acts 5:36³⁶For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him, were scattered, and brought to nought. (Acts 5:36).-One who set himself up to be somebody and drew people after him; he was slain and his followers scatter ed. Cited as a proof that what is not of God comes to naught.

Thomas