Aaron mountainous. Christ, the Christian’s Great High Priest, now within the Veil. Name occurs about 350 times in the Scriptures. Heb. 9.
Abaddon A Hebrew word, which in the Greek is Apollyon, “destroyer.” He is angel of the bottomless pit, and king of the destroying locusts. It is symbolical of Satan, Rev. 9:11.
Abba This is held to be a Chaldaic form of “Ab,” father; but in the New Testament we find it joined with the word “father”; thus in Mark 14:36 the Lord addressed God as “Abba, Father”; and in Romans 8:15 the Christian is said to receive the Spirit of adoption, whereby he cries “Abba, Father.” So also in Galatians 4:6. It is not clear what the force of this expression is; but some suppose that it is Father, Father, in a double language appropriate to Jew and Gentile. It expresses confidence and the consciousness of relationship, and is not simply a term of respect.
Abel vapour, vanity. Christ as a martyr slain for righteousness sake, Psa. 69. Name occurs 12 Times in the Scriptures. Gen. 4.
Abiathar father of him that survived. God’s rejected Priest (Abiathar) in connection with God’s rejected King (David). Priesthood now allied to a world-rejected Christ. Name occurs about 30 times in the Scriptures. 1 Sam. 22:20-23.
Abib The Jewish year, like our own, was one of twelve months, 1 Chron. 27, only about half of which, however, are named in the Old Testament; they are generally spoken of as the first, second, third month, etc. Abib was the seventh month of the civil year; but, consequent, upon the people’s redemption from Egypt, it appropriately became the first month of the ecclesiastical year, Ex. 12:2; Ex. 13:4. It was called “Nisan” after the captivity from Babylon, Neh. 2:1. Abib corresponds to our month April.
Abigail the father’s joy. The Church cleaving to Christ in the day of His rejection, afterward married to the Lord. Name occurs about 15 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Sam. 25.
Abijam or Abijah (signification doubtful). He reigned three years over Judah. This king trod closely in the steps of his father, but for David’s sake the lamp continued to burn at Jerusalem (2 Chron. 13).
Abilene A portion of Israel, of which Abila was the capital, Luke 3:1. Lysanias was tetrarch. Though the boundary of the tetrarchy is not known, Abila is believed to be identified on the eastern slope of the Anti-Libanus, 33° 38' N. near the wild gorge of the Abana River.
Abimelech father of the King. The Gentiles in external relationship to God and His people on earth. Common designation of the Philistine Kings. Name occurs about 24 times and only in the Old Testament. Gen. 20.
Abiram father of exaltation. Abiram with others — princes of the congregation — allied with Korah — head of the ministering tribe — joined in open revolt against the authority of Moses and Aaron; figuring future union of Church and State in open rebellion to the royal and priestly rights of Christ. Name occurs about 10 times and in the Old Testament only. Num. 16.
Abjects This word signifies slanderers, and occurs but once in the Old Testament, Psa. 35:15.
Abner father of light. Abner an upright man, connected with the royal house of Saul, fighting against the Lord’s anointed to maintain the falling honour and dignity of his house — figures the morality of the day, fighting for and supporting the decaying fortunes of the world, which is, after all, in opposition to Christ. Name occurs about 60 times and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 2; 3)
Abomination Symbol of idolatry. Matt. 24:15; Rev. 17:4; Ezek. 6:11. Abominations are a symbol of every species of idolatrous worship. 1 Kings 11:5-7; Dan. 9:27; 12:11; Ezek. 8.
Abomination of Desolation This was spoken of by Daniel, and will be seen “standing in the “holy place.” An idol is called in the O.T. an “abomination,” and this abomination will bring great desolation upon the Jews and Jerusalem in a future day. Matt. 24:15; Mark 13:14.
Abraham father of a great multitude. The first of the patriarchs, and the great ancestor of Israel. Gen. 17. He was called of God to leave his country and his father’s house, to go into Canaan, but we learn from the New Testament that he tarried in Mesopotamia until his father’s death, Acts 7:2-4. Besides the promise made to Abraham as to his natural seed, Gen. 15:5; John 8:33, God also made another promise to him respecting his seed Christ, Gal. 3:16; Gen. 12:2-3; 22:18, through whom all who believe become “children of Abraham,” Gal. 3:7. Father of a spiritual race – believers – and of a natural race – Israel. Rom. 4. Root of the Olive Tree – general testimony on the earth, Rom. 11. Name occurs including “Abram” about 300 times in the Scriptures.
Abraham’s Bosom This is said to be a metaphorical expression in use among the Jews to signify the place of the blessed after death, Luke 16:22.
Absalom father of peace. The future Antichrist, i.e. “the bloody and deceitful man,” Psa. 5:6. Name occurs about 106 times and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 15.
Accuser κατήγορος. One of the names or characters of Satan, Rev. 12:10.
Aceldama “The field of blood.” See Matt. 27:8; Acts 1:19; Zech. 11:12-13. There was a spot near to Jerusalem called “the field of the potter.” This was bought by the chief priests with the purchase money of the Lord as a burial ground for strangers. There is a charnel house on the south of Jerusalem, now in ruins, that is pointed out as the site of the field.
Achaia This with Macedonia, included the whole of Greece in N.T. language. At the time when Paul wrote, it was assigned to the Roman Senate, and its ruler was correctly called a “pro-consul” or “deputy,” Acts 18:12. Acts 19:21; Rom. 15:26; 1 Cor. 16:15.
Acre Signifies as much as a yoke of oxen can plough in a day, hence not a term of exact land measurement, 1 Sam. 14:14.
Adam earth or red. Christ, Lord of Creation, and otherwise Adam was the “figure of Him that was to come.” Gen. 2; Rom. 5:14; 1 Cor. 15; Eph. 5:31-32. Name occurs about 30 times in the Scriptures. Referred to in the N. T. to bring out by contrast the character of the Lord Jesus in distinction from man by nature. “The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is out of heaven.” (The word ‘Lord’ is omitted by the Editors.) “The first Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam a quickening Spirit,” 1 Cor. 15:45,47. We must look for no other: the last has appeared. Adam and Christ also represent two headships: all under one die, and all under the other are made alive, 1 Cor. 15:22.
Adamant A symbol of confirmed hardness of heart to God. Ezek. 3:9; Zech. 7:12.
Adar The sixth Jewish month, and twelfth of their ecclesiastical; only named in the post-captivity books. Adar corresponds partly to our months of February and March. Esther 3:7.
Adder A venomous reptile of the serpent species. Gen. 49:17; Prov. 23:32. A symbol of active, secret, and deadly evil. Psa. 140:3; Gen. 49:17; Prov. 23:32.
Admiration surprise. Rev. 17:6.
Adonijah Jehovah is my master. Usurper of the royal rights of Christ; will find its counterpart more fully during the early part of Christ’s millennial reign. Name occurs about 24 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Kings 1.
Adoption υίοθεσία, sonship. The blessed relationship to which Christians were predestinated by the Father, Eph. 1:5; which they could only receive through redemption, Gal. 4:5, and which contemplates association with Christ in the glorified state, Rom. 8:23,29; the believer meanwhile receiving the spirit of adoption, whereby he cries, “Abba, Father,” Rom. 8:15. This word occurs but five times in the New Testament, and refers to our new place of dignity before God as “sons,” Gal. 4:5. The generation of Jesus Christ as “Son of God” is inherent and eternal; believers receive this exalted position in time, and by adoption, because it is the sovereign gift of God. The word is also used of Israel’s special place of favour as the object of Jehovah’s choice amongst the nations. Rom. 9:4; Deut. 7:6-7. It is also applied to the full power of the work of Christ in the resurrection and glorification of our bodies of humiliation. Rom. 8:23; Phil. 3:21.
Adramyttium The seaport of Mysia, in Asia Minor. Paul touched at it in his journey to Rome. Acts 27:2.
Adria That part of the Mediterranean Sea lying between Sicily, Italy, and Greece. Acts 27:27.
Adultery A symbol of Israel’s unfaithfulness to Jehovah, in giving herself up to idolatry. Jer. 3:8-9; Ezek. 23:36-37.
Adversary Opponent as in a law suit. Matt. 5:25.
Advisement deliberation. 1 Chron. 12:19.
Advisement Means full and careful consideration. 1 Chron. 12:19.
Advocacy “If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous” (1 John 2:1). Advocacy is the Divine means to meet individual failure amongst Christians, and to restore communion and rest of soul when lost or interrupted. This gracious ministry by our risen Christ is founded upon His work of “propitiation,” completed once and forever, and upon the glory of His person, as the “righteous” One, ever abiding in the presence of God. Priesthood is with God and to preserve from falling; advocacy is with the Father and to restore when fallen. In the former I am regarded in my place as a saint, in the latter I am recognized as a child. In answer to the advocacy of Jesus Christ with the Father, the Holy Spirit uses the Word of God in dealing with the soiled conscience, convicting of sin, and thus leading the erring child to true and hearty confession; the fruit of this double work — Christ on high, and the Spirit here — being full and happy restoration of soul, and the re-enjoyment of fellowship with the Father, and with His Son, Jesus Christ. It is well to bear in mind that the position of “child” is a fixed and eternal one, but the sense and enjoyment of it may be lost for a time, and which it is the object of “advocacy” to restore.
Advocate παράκλητος. The Greek word is the same that in John’s Gospel is translated “comforter,” when referring to the Holy Spirit. The blessed Lord looks after the Christian’s interest, manages his affairs, above, as the Holy Spirit does for him down here. 1 John 2:1.
Aenon It signifies “the springs,” and was near Salim, John 3:23. It was on the west side of the Jordan (see John 3:26), but has not been identified. John baptized there because there was “much water.” Jesus also (or rather his disciples) baptized in Judaea, John 3:22.
Affect seek after. Gal. 4:17.
Affinity Relationship through marriage, 1 Kings 3:1.
Agabus A Christian prophet who foretold a great famine over the whole habitable world. This was said about A.D. 42, and history confirms the prophecy. Agabus also foretold that Paul would be arrested at Jerusalem. Acts 11:28; 21:10.
Agag high, tall. The flesh in its pride and in its best and highest pretensions doomed to utter destruction. Exod. 17:8-14. Name occurs about 8 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Sam. 15.
Agar Same as Hagar, the bondwoman, who allegorically answers to Jerusalem, which was in bondage (under which the Galatians were putting themselves): whereas Sarah was a free woman, which corresponds to the Jerusalem above. Gal. 4:24-25.
Age generation. In Isaiah 38:12, it should be “dwelling” or “habitation.” Generally used to express the duration of a man’s life, or a period of time. Job 8:8.
Agone ago. 1 Sam. 30:13.
Agrippa {See Agrippa in “History of the Jews – BC 4 to AD 70”}
Aha! The language of insolent contempt and triumph. Psa. 70:3.
Ahab father’s brother. He reigned twenty-two years over Israel. This apostate monarch bore a cordial dislike to the faithful Elijah. He married Jezebel, a noted idolatress, and patron of Baal worship. This king exceeded in wickedness and idolatry all the kings before him; his house was to be totally destroyed. 1 Kings 22. Apostate civil power (Ahab) leagued with the idolatrous power (Jezebel) in the closing days of Christendom. Name occurs about 90 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Kings 16.
Ahasuerus majesty of the prince. Supreme authority in the world and its connection with the Jewish people now and in the closing days. Name occurs about 30 times and only in the book of Esther. Esther 1.
Ahaz possessor. He reigned sixteen years over Judah. This was probably the most wicked and idolatrous of all Judah’s kings, and almost brought the kingdom to ruin. The more he was afflicted, the more he sinned. He was buried in Jerusalem, but not in the sepulchres of the kings. 2 Chron. 28.
Ahaziah [whom] Jehovah sustained. He reigned two years over Israel. A most wicked king. He “walked in the way of his father (Ahab), and in the way of his mother (the wicked Jezebel), and in the way of Jeroboam” (the noted idolater) (2 Kings 1). Slain by Jehu. 2 Chron. 22.
Ahithophel brother of foolishness. Satan’s latter-day plans and counsels against the Lord’s Anointed defeated. Name occurs about 20 times in the Old Testament only. 2 Sam. 15.
Aholah her own tent or temple. Samaria or the ten-tribed kingdom and her idolatrous worship. Name occurs 5 times, and only in the reference chapter. Ezek. 23.
Aholibah my tent or sanctuary in it. Jerusalem or the kingdom of Judah, in midst of which Jehovah had placed His “sanctuary,” exceeding even her sister Samaria in idolatry. Name occurs 6 times, and only in the reference chapter. Ezek. 23.
Air A symbol of moral influences acting upon man. Eph. 2:2; Rev. 9:2; 16:17.
Alabaster ἀλάβαστρον. The eastern alabaster was a hydro-sulphate of lime, and was much used for making vessels to hold perfume. The boxes or flasks were called alabasters; thus “alabaster box” is simply the word “alabaster,” and the woman in breaking the box may have simply opened the flask by breaking the seal. Matt. 26:7; Mark 14:3; Luke 7:37.
Albeit although it be. Philem. 19.
Alexander
1. Son of Simon (Mark 15:21).
2. One acting with the high priest (Acts 4:6).
3. At Ephesus (Acts 19:33).
4. The coppersmith, who made shipwreck of faith, and did Paul much evil, and withstood his words (1 Tim. 1:20; 2 Tim. 4:14).
Alexandria It was founded by Alexander the Great, head of the third great kingdom of Daniel, in B.C. 332, and was intended by him as the capital of Egypt. It was completed by the Ptolemies. It lies near the S.W. corner of the Mediterranean, and is still one of the principal cities of Egypt. Acts 18:24; 27:6; 28:11.
Algum or Almug Trees They were used in the making of the sacred musical instruments, and in the ornamental parts of the Temple (1 Kings 10:11-12). It was a valuable wood (2 Chron. 9:10-11).
All to brake entirely broke. Judg. 9:53.
Allegory άλληγορέω, literally “other” and “to speak” (Gal. 4:24). The things had actually taken place, and Paul was allegorizing them to describe another subject. Thus an “allegory” has been defined as “a description of one thing under the image of another.”
Alleluia or Hallelujah It is the same in Hebrew and in Greek, and signifies, “praise to Jah or Jehovah.” It is a word of praise in heaven as well as on earth. Rev. 19:1-6.
Allow to approve of. Luke 11:48.
All-to completely or thoroughly. Judg. 9:53.
Almond Tree is noted for the beauty of its flower, while its fruit was highly prized in Canaan, and generally in Eastern lands.
Almonds A symbol of fruit produced by the Spirit in resurrection-life. Num. 17:8; Ex. 25:33-34.
Aloe ἀλόη. An aromatic plant is extracted from a tree grown in Northern India (Psa. 45:8). One of the most resinous of woods, very fragrant, and thus suitable for embalming. John 19:39.
Alpha The first letter of the Greek alphabet, and is only used in conjunction with Omega, the last. They are explained in Revelation 1:8,11 to mean “the beginning and the ending,” “the first and the last,” and should be compared with Isaiah 41:4, “I Jehovah, the first, and with the last; I am He.” It points out the eternity of Jehovah, and is applied both to God and to Christ. (Rev. 21:6; 22:13).
Altar The place of offering the sacrifices or incense (Luke 11:51; 1 Cor. 10:18; Heb. 7:13). The altar in the N.T. is applied: (a) to the Jewish altar (Matt. 23:18-20,35); (b) metaphorically to the Christian’s altar, Christ (Heb. 13:10); (c) altars in heaven, both the golden altar of incense (Rev. 8:3; 9:13), from whence judgment came, and the altar under which were the souls of the martyrs who cried for the avenging of their blood (Rev. 6:9). Symbol of approach to God (Matt. 5:23; Heb. 13:10; Psa. 43:4).
Altar, Brazen A symbol of Christ meeting the responsibility of the sinner in judgment. Ex. 27:1-8.
Altar, Golden A symbol of Christ in the value of His person the ground and object of the saint’s worship. Ex. 30:1-10.
Amaziah [whom] Jah — a form of the Divine title “Jehovah” — has strengthened). He reigned twenty-nine years over Judah. This king was very unsteady in his conduct. For a time he walked well, but very soon forsook the Lord, and brought a violent death upon himself, and war and distress upon the kingdom. 2 Chron. 25.
Ambassador πρεσβεύω, literally, “to be old.” Ambassadors, did not in Old or New Testament times reside in a foreign country, but were used as special messengers on an ambassage, as in 2 Samuel 10; Luke 14:32. The apostles were such. 2 Cor. 5:20; Eph. 6:20.
Ambassage See Ambassador above. Luke 14:32.
Amen ἀμην. An affirmative response, implying the soul’s assent to the truth of what is uttered. The word is the same in both Hebrew and Greek. Used as a substantive, it signifies truth, as in Isaiah 65:16 ”the God of truth.” Used also in the Christian assembly (1 Cor. 14:16).It is used by our Lord as an affirmation, “Verily, verily.” All the promises are “yea and Amen.” It signifies also assent or desire, “it is so,” “let it be.” How shall “the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks?” It is often found at the end of a benediction. In Revelation 3:14 it occurs as a title of the Lord, as the One who fulfils and verifies all the promises. The word is added at the end of many of the Epistles without good authority. Deut. 27; Matt. 6:13; 1 Cor. 14:16; 2 Cor. 1:20; Rev. 1:18; 3:14; 5:14, etc.
Amerce to fine. Deut. 22:19.
Amethyst ἀμἐθυστος. A variety of quartz, of a pale purple colour (Rev. 21:20). It occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:19; 36:19; 39:12; Ezekiel 28:13. {See “Chalcedony”}
Amon artificer. He reigned two years over Judah. Amon trod closely in the wicked ways of his father, but not in the after repentance, and was slain in his own house. 2 Chron. 33.
Amphipolis A city of Macedonia, situate on the river Strymon, about three miles from the sea. Paul and Silas passed through it on their way from Philippi to Thessalonica. It has long been in ruins, but on its site is erected a village called Jeni-keni. Acts 17:1.
Anakims A giant race of Canaanites. Goliath about nine feet high was a descendant of Anak, the original head of these gigantic men. Josh. 11:21-22.
Ananias
1. High priest, nominated by Herod, King of Chalcis, about A.D. 48. Paul appeared before him, and on Ananias ordering him to be smitten, he said, “God shall smite thee, thou whited wall.” He was deposed by Agrippa, and slain by assassins (Acts 23:2; 24:1).
2. The disciple who fell dead at the apostles’ feet when he lied to the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:1). 3. The devout disciple at Damascus sent to restore sight to Paul after his conversion (Acts 9:10-17; 22:12).
Anathema, Maranatha, “Anathema” is a Greek word untranslated in 1 Cor. 16:22, but translated “accursed” in Rom. 9:3; 1 Cor. 12:3; Gal. 1: 8-9. “Maranatha” is an Aramaic word, signifying “the Lord cometh” (Mal. 4:5-6).
Anchor ἄγκυρα. The anchors of the ancients are known by the coins to have been much the same as the common form now in use. The anchor is used by Paul as a beautiful symbol of Hope, which is both “sure and steadfast”; but to be this it must enter within the veil, where Christ already has entered for us. Acts 27:29,40; Heb. 6:19. A symbol of confidence and security founded on what is Divine (Heb. 6:19) and stability of the atonement (Prov. 25:11).
Andrew One of the apostles, and brother of Peter. He brought Peter to the Lord. Nothing further of importance is recorded of him. John 1:40.
Angel ἄγγελος. To tell or deliver a message, hence the term “angel” often denotes not so much a kind of creature as an office, namely, a messenger or representative, fulfilled by the Lord Himself, by men, or by spiritual beings (Rev. 1:20; 22:16; Isa. 63:9). When Peter was delivered from prison, they said “It is his angel”; and our Lord said of the little children, “Their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven.” The addresses to the seven churches in the Revelation are written to the angel of each church, to the representative of each church, as though each assembly was embodied in a single representative. An angel appeared both to Mary and to Zacharias to announce the birth of the Lord and of John the Baptist. Angels ministered to the Lord after His temptation, and also in the garden of Gethsemane. They also appeared at the empty tomb to announce His resurrection. They are also sent forth to minister for those who shall be heirs of salvation (Heb. 1:14). They have been and will still be used of God in pouring out judgments on the earth (see the Revelation). Two angels are referred to by name: Gabriel (Luke 1:19,26); and Michael (Jude 9; Rev. 12:7). Doubtless the Lord is alluded to in Revelation 10 as a “mighty angel.” We also read of fallen angels, those who, not keeping their first estate, are reserved in chains, for the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and “his angels” (Matt. 25:41; Jude 6).
Anise, ἄνηθον. Generally believed to be the “dill,” and is so translated in most versions. It is a small umbelliferous plant, grown for its aromatic fruits, and used for seasoning and for medicine. Matt. 23:23.
Anna The aged prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher, who praised the Lord at the presentation of Jesus in the temple; one of the remnant of Israel who were really looking for the Messiah. Luke 2:36-38.
Annas He was appointed high priest by Quirinus, Governor of Syria, A.D. 7, but seven years after was superseded. He seems to have retained the title of high priest while Caiaphas, his son-in-law, held the office. Luke 3:2; John 18:13,24; Acts 4:6.
Anoint
1. ἀλείφω, “to anoint with oil,” as on the head and feet (Matt. 6:17; John 12:3); and those about to be healed, Mark 6:13; James 5:14.
2. χρίω, ἐγχρίω, ἐπιχρίω, “to anoint,” (John 9:6,11; Rev. 3:18); A symbol of consecration, appointment, power conferred as by the Holy Spirit, and is applied to the Lord, Luke 4:18 (from Isa. 61:1); Heb. 1:9; Acts 4:27; 10:38; and to Christians, 2 Cor. 1:21; (see also 1 John 2:27).
3. μυρίξω, to anoint with aromatics, is employed by the Lord in reference to His burial (Mark 14:8). {Sepulchers}
Anointing Symbol of initiation. Anointing refers to the Holy Spirit, given to the believer as the power and life of the new man. In the meat offering, which was composed of “fine flour,” representing the perfect humanity of our Lord (Lev. 2). Oil (figure of the Holy Spirit) was mingled with the offering, and also poured upon it; the mingling of the fine flour and oil is the truth of Matthew 1:20, “for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost”; while the pouring of the oil upon the offering is as clearly the figure of Acts 10:38, “God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power.” The power of devotedness and consecration to God (Lev. 8:30; Ex. 28:41), of all true service (Acts 10:31), and of spiritual understanding (2 Cor. 1:21; 1 John 2:27) is the Holy Spirit.
Anon at once. Matt. 13:20.
Ant These industrious little insects are very numerous in Israel. They form a colony, but without any recognized leader, and yet labour harmoniously in storing up during summer food for winter use. Prov. 6:6-8; 30:25.
Antichrist {Antichrist}
Antioch in Pisidia A Roman colony in Pisidia, in Asia Minor: Paul visited it with Barnabas (Acts 13:14), but was expelled by the Jews (2 Tim. 3:11). This was also founded by Seleucus Nicator. The Romans made it the seat of a pro-consular government. Its site is supposed to correspond with Yalobatch.
Antioch in Syria This was founded about 300 B.C. by Seleucus Nicator, and was adorned and enriched by early emperors. It became the capital in Syria of the Greek kings, and was afterward the residence of the Roman governors. It was beautifully situated on the junction of the heights of Lebanon and of Taurus, where the river Orontes issues from the mountain about 36° 5' N. Lat. It was here that believers in the Lord Jesus were first called Christians, and from here that Paul started on his missionary journeys, and to this place he returned, Acts 11, 13, 14, 15, 18. Though in Syria, it was so far removed from Jerusalem that it proved a suitable place to form a center for action free from Judaism, though fellowship with the church at Jerusalem was maintained. A small town occupies its site named Antakia.
Antipas A faithful martyr, slain at Pergamos, but of whom nothing more is known. Rev. 2:13.
Antipatris A city built by Herod the Great, on the road from Jerusalem to Caesarea. To this place Paul was brought by night. Some identify it with a small village called Kefr-Saba, but others prefer Ras el-Ain, which better agrees with the description given by Josephus. Acts 23:31.
Ape This is one of the few animals not metaphorically mentioned in Scripture. It was not a native of Canaan, but was introduced into the country every three years by Solomon, whose ships imported them from Southern India or the large island of Ceylon. What species of the monkey tribe is referred to we cannot tell. 2 Chron. 9:21; 1 Kings 10:22.
Apollonia A city of Macedonia. Paul and Silas passed through it on their way from Philippi and Amphipolis to Thessalonica. Acts 17:1.
Apollos An eloquent disciple, “mighty in the Scriptures,” and fervent in the Spirit; yet he knew only the baptism of John, until he was more perfectly instructed by Aquila and Priscilla; he became a companion of Paul. Acts 18:24; 19:1; 1 Cor. 1:12; 3:4; 16:12; Titus 3:13.
Apollyon {See Abaddon}
Apostle ἀπόστολος. “a sent one.” Always translated “apostle,” except in John 13:16, “he that is sent”; and in 2 Corinthians 8:23; Philippians 2:25, “messenger.” The term is primarily applied to the twelve chosen by the Lord to accompany Him during His ministry on earth. Their names were: Simon Peter; Andrew; James and John, sons of Zebedee; Philip; Bartholomew; Thomas; Matthew, called Levi; James, son of Alphaeus; Judas, called Lebbaeus and Thaddaeus; Simon the Canaanite, called Zelotes; and Judas Iscariot (Matt. 10:2; Mark 3:14; Luke 6:13). When Judas had fallen, another had to be chosen to fill his place, one who had accompanied the Lord all the time that He had gone in and out among them: Matthias was chosen. Apostles are the first-named as set in the church (1 Cor. 12:28; Eph. 2:20). Thus the number twelve was again complete: their names are written on the twelve foundations of the walls of the heavenly Jerusalem (Rev. 21:14). Paul was also an apostle, for he had seen “Jesus Christ our Lord” (1 Cor. 9:1). He was emphatically “the apostle of the Gentiles” (Rom. 11:13), and also the apostle to whom was revealed the mystery of the church (Eph. 3:4-6). In 2 Corinthians 11:13, “false apostles” are named; and in Revelation 2:2 were some who said they were apostles, and were not such. {“See Offices and Gifts in the Church in Bible Subjects}
Apothecary One who seasons. A compounder of sacred and other perfumes. Ex. 30:35.
Appeal This was the privilege of a Roman citizen to appeal from an inferior tribunal to the judgment of the emperor. Pliny mentions having sent some Christians to Rome, who also had appealed to Caesar. Acts 25:11.
Appearance kinds. 1 Thess. 5:22.
Appearing of Jesus
1. ἐπιφάνεια. In 1 Tim. 6:14; 2 Tim. 4:1,8; Titus 2:13 translated “appearing”; and 2 Thess. 2:8, “brightness.”
2. ἀποκάλυψις. 1 Peter 1:7 is the only place where it is translated “appearing”; in 1 Corinthians 1:7 it is “coming”; but it is mostly “revelation,” as in Revelation 1:1, “The revelation of Jesus Christ,” which accounts for that book being often called “The Apocalypse.” “Appearing” is the revelation or manifestation of the Lord on His return to this earth. This should ever be distinguished from His coming to fetch the saints, which is the hope set before the Christian, and for which he should be always looking (see Luke 12:36; John 14:2-3; 1 Cor. 15:51-57; 1 Thess. 4:15-18).
Appertain belonging to. Num. 16:32.
Appii Forum A station on the main road from Rome to the Bay of Naples, constructed by Appius Claudius. It was about 40 English miles from Rome. Acts 28:15.
Apple Tree. A symbol of Christ the Bridegroom in His own preciousness. Song of Sol. 2:3; 8:5.
Apples of Gold in pictures of Silver. A symbol of fruit of Divine righteousness set in the beauty
Approve Borne witness to. Acts 2:22. Proved. 2 Cor. 7:11.
Aquila A Christian found by Paul at Corinth, with whom he lived and worked as a tent-maker. With Priscilla, his wife, he went with Paul to Ephesus. Paul styles them his “helpers in Christ Jesus,” and states that they had endangered their lives for his sake. Acts 18:2,18; Rom. 16:3; 1 Cor. 16:19.
Arabia In Galatians 4:25 Mount Sinai is said to be in Arabia. This is a general name for the abode of the Arabs or Arabians, embracing the east of Lower Egypt, and the east of Israel and Syria, from the Red Sea to far north. Paul went into Arabia, and from thence to Damascus. Gal. 1:17.
Archangel, In Jude the archangel Michael, when contending about the body of Moses, did not bring a railing accusation against Satan, to teach us that we should not speak evil of dignities on earth. The coming of the Lord will be accompanied with archangel’s voice. The word itself implies that there are degrees in the angel world. 1 Thess. 4:16; Jude 9. {See Principality.}
Archelaus {See Archelaus in Bible Chronology article on the “History of the Jews”}
Arcturus Name of a star in the northern hemisphere. Job 9:9.
Areopagite. One of the council of the high court of Areopagus at Athens. Acts 17:34.
Areopagus, or Mars’ Hill The Greek is the same in both verses, ὁ” Αοειος Πάγος, the words being translated in verse 22. This was a high court for judicial and national purposes. It does not appear that Paul was before the council judicially, for to proclaim a new god was punishable with death; he was heard out of curiosity by the philosophers. Sixteen stone steps cut in the rock still lead to the spot. Acts 17:19,22. {See Athens}
Ariel Lion of God. Figuratively the strong city of Jerusalem. Isa. 29.
Arimathea The city of Joseph, who “begged the body of Jesus” (Matt. 27:57, etc.). It was “a city of the Jews,” Luke 23:51. Its site cannot now be identified.
Aristarchus A Thessalonian Christian who accompanied Paul on several journeys, and in his voyage to Rome. In Colossians 4:10 Paul calls him his “fellow-prisoner.” Acts 19:29; 20:4; 27:2; Col. 4:10; Philem. 24.
Ark of the Covenant The ark in the tabernacle and the temple of the O.T. It is here mentioned as having contained “the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron’s rod that budded, and the tables of the covenant” (Heb. 9:4). The ark was not in the temple in N.T. times. It was perhaps carried away to Babylon. Josephus says in his time, in the holy of holies “there was nothing at all” (“Wars,” 5:5, 5).
Ark
1. A symbol of Christ in His wondrous and adorable person as Man (the shittim wood), as God (the gold), Ex. 25:10-22
2. A symbol of the Seat of Divine strength. Psa. 132:8.
3. A figure of Israel’s relationship with God. Rev. 11:19.
Arm A symbol of divine strength. Human Power. Isa. 52:10; Psa. 10:15.
Armageddon This is a Hebrew word in Greek letters, and is considered to mean “Mount of Megiddo” (Rev. 16:16). One naturally turns to Judges 5:19, where it says that the kings fought by the waters of Megiddo. (See also 2 Chron. 35:22; Zech. 12:11.) Megiddo is identified with the south of the plain of Esdraelon on the boundary line between ancient portions of Issachar and Manasseh. It was the great battle-field of Israel.
Armour The word in Rom. 13:12 and 2 Cor. 6:7 is ὅπλον, which is “arms” rather than “armour.” For this dark night we need the arms of light; and the apostle could appeal to the Corinthians that among other things he had the arms of righteousness. In Luke 11:22 and Eph. 6:11-17 it is πανοπλία, the full armour, which among the Romans consisted of shield, sword, lance, helmet, greaves, and breastplate. Christ took all the armour from the strong one, Satan; and the Christian, amid the fiery darts of that same enemy in the heavenlies, needs the whole armour. Contrast the full armour needed for the situation in Ephesians with the simple “breastplate of faith and love,” and for a helmet “the hope of salvation” needed for the wilderness, in 1 Thess. 5:8.
Arrows A symbol of judgments or chastenings. Job 6:4; Psa. 7:13.
Artificer A skilful workman. Gen. 4:22.
Artillery Weapons, as bows and arrows. 1 Sam. 20:40.
Asa physician. He reigned forty-one years over Judah. A pious king and zealous uprooter of idolatry; in his old age diseased in his feet. 2 Chron. 16.
Ascension Christ ascending to heaven is plainly stated in Mark 16:19; Luke 24:50; John 20:17; Acts 1:9; Ephesians 4:10, etc. Though the apostles Matthew and John were present at the ascension it is to be remarked that neither of them relates it in their gospels. Matthew leaves Christ on earth, for as Messiah He will again appear. Of John, the Lord said, “If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?” (John 21:22).
Asenath beauty. The Gentile wife of the exalted Lord. Name occurs but 3 times, and that in Genesis 41 and Gen. 46:20.
Aser The same as Asher, one of the twelve tribes. Luke 2:36; Rev. 7:6.
Ash Tree This is not the modern tree of that name. What species is referred to is not known. It was used in the making of idols and various kinds of idolatrous images. Isa. 44:14.
Ashes Ashes were cast on the head when mourning (Matt. 11:21; Luke 10:13). Paul also refers to the ashes of the red heifer sprinkling the unclean (Heb. 9:13; Num. 19:2-19); typical of the application of the sufferings of Christ by the Word to the heart and conscience, to cleanse the Christian in his walk. A symbol of deep humiliation, and thorough self-judgment. Job 42:6; Witness of the judgment of sin. Num. 19:9-10.
Asia In the N.T. the word “Asia” must be understood to refer to the Roman province of Asia Minor, though not always of the same extent: in Acts 2:9-10, Phrygia is distinct from Asia; whereas in 1 Peter 1:1 and Rev. 1:4,11, and perhaps other places, Asia would embrace a wider district. Its extent was not definitely settled. In Acts 16:6 “Asia” refers merely to Mysia, Lydia, and Caria on the east.
Ass in Israel and adjacent countries, the ass was the favorite travelling animal, and was ridden by kings, nobles, and persons of distinction. Gen. 12:16; Job 39:5. It betokened peace (Zech. 9:9), as the horse did war (Rev. 19:11). The wild ass is noted for its stubbornness, fleetness, love of freedom, etc. The ass of the East is a far superior animal to those in Europe, and is much used as a beast of burden. The animal has been honoured by bearing the Lord when He was presented in Jerusalem as Zion’s king (Matt. 21:2, etc.). A symbol of man in nature and ungovernable. Ex. 13:13; Job 11:12.
Assayed to attempt or try. 1 Sam. 17:39.
Assembly
1. συναγωγή. The word mostly translated “synagogue” (James 2:2).
2. ἐκκλησία, referring to the people assembled in the theatre (Acts 19:32,39,41). It is elsewhere always translated “church”, though its meaning is “assembly.”
3. πανήγυρις, “general assembly” (Heb. 12:23). This should be joined to verse 22, and read, “to an innumerable company of angels, the general assembly,” (the word “and” separating the subjects); the “church of the firstborn” which follows is distinct.
Assos A seaport of Mysia, on the north shore of the Gulf of Adramyttium, in Asia Minor (Acts 20:13-14). It may be seen on a map that Paul would be able to walk from Troas to Assos as quickly as a ship could sail the distance. It is now called Behram.
Assuage to subside. Gen. 8:1.
Assure persuade. 1 John 3:19.
Astonied astonished. Ezra 9:3.
Athaliah [whom] the Lord afflicts. She reigned six years over Judah. A cruel woman, who murdered all the seed royal of Judah, save Joash, who was almost miraculously preserved. Athaliah was slain by her captains and officers. 2 Chron. 23.
Athenians The inhabitants of Athens. They were remarkable for their desire for something new. Demosthenes rebuked his countrymen for always asking, “What news?” which entirely agrees with the above scripture. Acts 17:21.
Athens The celebrated capital of Attica, the chief seat of civilization, learning and art in the golden age of Grecian history. The city was adorned with temples and altars to every imaginable deity. It was here that Paul was led to Mars’ Hill, where he delivered his address so suitable to a heathen audience of learned men. Acts 17:15-16,22; 18:1; 1 Thess. 3:1.
Atonement καταλλαγή. A careful reading of Leviticus 16 will supply a Divine and comprehensive answer to the oft-repeated question, “What is atonement?” It is the twofold aspect of the cross, or sacrificial work of Jesus; first, towards God, and then towards us. He “offered Himself without spot to God,” and besides, He “bare our sins in His own body on the tree.” These two parts of the atoning work of the Lord Jesus are fully developed and elaborated in the great atonement chapter of Leviticus (16), and, when combined, constitute a scriptural answer to the question, “What is atonement?” Romans 5:11 should have been translated “reconciliation,” as it is in 2 Corinthians 5:18-19, and “reconciling” in Romans 11:15. Romans 5:11. The word “atonement” may be said not to occur in the New Testament. The doctrine is there, which in short is that the death of Christ is sacrificial: the Saviour dying instead of the sinner: life is given and accepted as a sacrifice for life forfeited. The sins of the believer are imputed to the Saviour; this is substitution, and the sinner is cleared of his guilt through faith in the atoning death of Christ.
Attalia A seaport of Pamphylia, in Asia Minor, whence Paul sailed on his return to Antioch. It is now called Adalia, and is described as standing on a high cliff above the sea, with no beach. Acts 14:25.
Attendance attention. 1 Tim. 4:13.
Augustus, Caesar The first Roman Emperor. Luke 2:1. He was “Imperator,” B.C. 31, and Augustus, B.C. 27. His real name was Caius Octavius, the same as his father. In Acts 25:21,25; 27:1 The term “Augustus” is used instead of “emperor”: Nero was at that time Emperor of Rome.
Augustus’ Band Supposed to be a sort of bodyguard to the Emperor, or a “king’s own” guard. Acts 27:1.
Avoid to escape. 1 Sam. 18:11.
Away with Signifies I cannot endure it. Isa. 1:13.
Azariah or Uzziah help of the Lord. He reigned fifty-two years over Judah. For a considerable time this king earnestly sought the Lord and walked according to Divine counsel. Hence God prospered him in battle, and caused his name to be widely spread abroad. But when thus exalted his heart became filled with pride, and impiously usurping priestly functions, he was struck with leprosy, and continued a leper in a separate house assigned him till the day of his death. 2 Chron. 26.
Azotus Where Philip was found after accompanying the Eunuch. Acts 8:40. It is about mid-way between Gaza and Joppa, about three miles from the sea. It is called Ashdod in the O.T. and now Esdud. It was destroyed by the Maccabees, but was restored by the Romans, and assigned to Salome.
Azzah or Gaza A capital city of the Philistines, and situated on the shores of the Mediterranean. Deut. 2:23.