P

Painfulness  toil. 2 Cor.11:27.
Palace
1. αύλή “an open court enclosed by buildings,” “a large house,” Matt. 26:3,58,693Then assembled together the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders of the people, unto the palace of the high priest, who was called Caiaphas, (Matthew 26:3)
58But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest's palace, and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end. (Matthew 26:58)
69Now Peter sat without in the palace: and a damsel came unto him, saying, Thou also wast with Jesus of Galilee. (Matthew 26:69); Mark 14:54,6654And Peter followed him afar off, even into the palace of the high priest: and he sat with the servants, and warmed himself at the fire. (Mark 14:54)
66And as Peter was beneath in the palace, there cometh one of the maids of the high priest: (Mark 14:66); Luke 11:2121When a strong man armed keepeth his palace, his goods are in peace: (Luke 11:21); John 18:1515And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple: that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus into the palace of the high priest. (John 18:15).
2. πραιτώριον, praetorium, from “praetor,” a Roman officer; his court or residence, Mark 15:1616And the soldiers led him away into the hall, called Praetorium; and they call together the whole band. (Mark 15:16); Phil. 1:1313So that my bonds in Christ are manifest in all the palace, and in all other places; (Philippians 1:13); also translated “judgment hall” and “common hall.”
Palm(s) φοῖνιξ. It was formerly very abundant in Israel, and yielded a rich supply of dates, a highly prized Eastern food and luxury. It is not only justly celebrated for its fruit, but its large, beautifully-shaped leaves were waved as emblematic of victory. Rev. 7:99After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands; (Revelation 7:9). The fibrous nature of its trunk makes it an unsuitable wood for the manufacture of fine articles, but for garden-gates, posts, beams, etc. it is well adapted, and for these purposes is largely used in the East. Its branches were strewn in the path when the Lord entered Jerusalem, John 12:13,13Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna: Blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord. (John 12:13) and as an emblem of victory are held by the multitude who cry “Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb.” Rev. 7:99After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands; (Revelation 7:9); John 12:1313Took branches of palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna: Blessed is the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord. (John 12:13). A symbol of the growth and flourishing state of the righteous. Song of Sol. 7:7-87This thy stature is like to a palm tree, and thy breasts to clusters of grapes. 8I said, I will go up to the palm tree, I will take hold of the boughs thereof: now also thy breasts shall be as clusters of the vine, and the smell of thy nose like apples; (Song of Solomon 7:7‑8); Psa. 92:1212The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon. (Psalm 92:12).
Palmer-worm This terribly destructive insect is much dreaded in the East. It is one of the locust species, but in its larva state, when it is fully as destructive to vegetation as when full winged. The locust in the various stages of its existence commits the most frightful ravages upon some of the fairest portions of the earth. Joel 1:44That which the palmerworm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the cankerworm eaten; and that which the cankerworm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten. (Joel 1:4); Amos 4:99I have smitten you with blasting and mildew: when your gardens and your vineyards and your fig trees and your olive trees increased, the palmerworm devoured them: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the Lord. (Amos 4:9).
Palsy Palsy is a contraction of “paralysis,” and this is described as a loosening or disabling, a loss of the power of motion or sensation in any part of the body. Matt. 4:24; 8:6; 9:2,624And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. (Matthew 4:24)
6And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented. (Matthew 8:6)
2And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee. (Matthew 9:2)
6But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house. (Matthew 9:6); Mark 2:3-103And they come unto him, bringing one sick of the palsy, which was borne of four. 4And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay. 5When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy, Son, thy sins be forgiven thee. 6But there were certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning in their hearts, 7Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can forgive sins but God only? 8And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts? 9Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk? 10But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,) (Mark 2:3‑10); Luke 5:18,2418And, behold, men brought in a bed a man which was taken with a palsy: and they sought means to bring him in, and to lay him before him. (Luke 5:18)
24But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins, (he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go into thine house. (Luke 5:24); Acts 8:7; 9:337For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were lame, were healed. (Acts 8:7)
33And there he found a certain man named Eneas, which had kept his bed eight years, and was sick of the palsy. (Acts 9:33).
Parables {See “Parables”}
Paradise Revelation 2:77He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God. (Revelation 2:7) seems to allude to the garden of Eden, with its tree of life, as a type of what Christ will give to the overcomer. Christ promised the thief on the cross that he should be with Him that day in paradise (Luke 23:4343And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise. (Luke 23:43)). Paul was caught up to the third heavens and heard in paradise unspeakable words (2 Cor. 12:44How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. (2 Corinthians 12:4)). In all the passages it signifies a “place of delights and happiness.”
Parchments “Membranes or skins,” on which manuscripts were anciently written, and which succeeded the use of papyrus. 2 Tim. 4:1313The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments. (2 Timothy 4:13).
Parthians Natives of Parthia, a large country in the far east, adjoining Media, on the south of the Caspian Sea. Parthians were at Jerusalem at Pentecost. This is apparently the most distant country from which any had travelled on that occasion. That there should have been Israelites of the dispersion from so many districts, and such immense distances was no doubt ordered of God, for it was an occasion that had never been before. Thousands heard the gospel and could carry it back with them. Acts 2:99Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, (Acts 2:9). {see Medes}.
Passover {See Feasts.}
Patmos The island to which the apostle John was banished, by Domitian as is supposed. It is a rocky island in the Aegean Sea, near Samos. Rev. 1:99I John, who also am your brother, and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. (Revelation 1:9). There is a town half an hour’s climb from the harbor, with 4,000 or 5,000 Greek inhabitants. The island is now called Patino.
Pattern
1. τύπος, From “to strike,” Titus 2:77In all things showing thyself a pattern of good works: in doctrine showing uncorruptness, gravity, sincerity, (Titus 2:7); Heb. 8:5,5Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern showed to thee in the mount. (Hebrews 8:5) “type,” “pattern.”
2. ύποτύπωσις, “a delineation,” 1 Tim. 1:1616Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus Christ might show forth all longsuffering, for a pattern to them which should hereafter believe on him to life everlasting. (1 Timothy 1:16).
3. ύπόδειγμα, from “to show before,” Heb. 9:23,23It was therefore necessary that the patterns of things in the heavens should be purified with these; but the heavenly things themselves with better sacrifices than these. (Hebrews 9:23) “representations.”
Paul formerly named Saul. He was of the tribe of Benjamin, a native of Tarsus, a city of Cilicia, and born free of Rome. He was a Pharisee, and studied under Gamaliel. We first hear of him as a young man, at whose feet the clothes of the witnesses against the martyr Stephen were laid. He became a violent persecutor of the church, thinking he was therein doing God service. After his conversion (about A.D. 36), he began at once to preach that Jesus was the Son of God (Acts 9:2020And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God. (Acts 9:20)). He had his gospel and his mission direct from heaven, so that he had no need to seek a commission from Jerusalem, though he was not independent of the church already formed: he received his sight and the Holy Spirit by the laying on of hands of Ananias, a disciple of Damascus. A new phase began in the church by its heavenly character being taught by Paul, who was an apostle. To him was revealed the truth of the one body of Christ, and the doctrine of the church, that in Christ Jesus there is neither Jew nor Gentile, the middle wall being entirely broken down. Though the question of Gentile believers being exempt from keeping the law was settled at Jerusalem, yet Paul suffered much persecution from the Jews and Judaizing teachers, who could not fall in with the Gentiles having an equal place with them. Paul was emphatically the apostle to the Gentiles, and this caused him to take several missionary journeys into Asia, and to cross to Europe. It is clear from 2 Corinthians 11:24-2724Of the Jews five times received I forty stripes save one. 25Thrice was I beaten with rods, once was I stoned, thrice I suffered shipwreck, a night and a day I have been in the deep; 26In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; 27In weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness. (2 Corinthians 11:24‑27) that in the Acts we do not get by any means a full account of his labours. He was arrested at Jerusalem, and sent to Caesarea for his safety. To avoid being sent back to Jerusalem, where plots were made to murder him, he appealed to Rome, and was sent there. After two years of an easy imprisonment (Acts 28:30-3130And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and received all that came in unto him, 31Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him. (Acts 28:30‑31)), he was doubtless liberated, for this is implied in these last two verses of the Acts; and when previously could he have left Trophimus sick at Miletus (2 Tim. 4:2020Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick. (2 Timothy 4:20))? We do not know all his movements, but apparently he visited Ephesus, 1 Tim. 1:33As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine, (1 Timothy 1:3); Macedoni, 1 Tim. 1:33As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine, (1 Timothy 1:3); Troas, 2 Tim. 4:1313The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments. (2 Timothy 4:13); Miletus, 2 Tim. 4:2020Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick. (2 Timothy 4:20); Crete, Titus 1:55For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee: (Titus 1:5); and Nicopolis, Titus 3:1212When I shall send Artemas unto thee, or Tychicus, be diligent to come unto me to Nicopolis: for I have determined there to winter. (Titus 3:12). The early writers say he visited Spain, which we know he desired to do. Rom. 15:24,2824Whensoever I take my journey into Spain, I will come to you: for I trust to see you in my journey, and to be brought on my way thitherward by you, if first I be somewhat filled with your company. (Romans 15:24)
28When therefore I have performed this, and have sealed to them this fruit, I will come by you into Spain. (Romans 15:28). When 2 Timothy was written he was again a prisoner, expecting the near approach of death. Tradition says he was beheaded with the sword, and this form of execution is probable, because he was a Roman citizen.
Pavement The part of the Roman governor’s palace where judgment was announced, perhaps an open court, for a Roman judgment had to be proclaimed under the open heaven, and in the presence of the accusers. The Greek word signifies “strewn or inlaid with stones.” Gabbatha signifies “a hill,” it was probably a raised platform of tessellated pavement. John 19:1313When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha. (John 19:13).
Peace The gospel is called “the gospel of peace.” Rom. 10:1515And how shall they preach, except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good things! (Romans 10:15); Eph. 6:1515And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; (Ephesians 6:15). On its reception the believer, being justified by faith, has peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ. Rom. 5:11Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ: (Romans 5:1). He made peace through the blood of the cross. Col. 1:2020And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven. (Colossians 1:20). Therefore to the saints God is called “the God of peace,” and the Lord Jesus is “the Lord of peace.” Rom. 15:3333Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen. (Romans 15:33); 2 Thess. 3:1616Now the Lord of peace himself give you peace always by all means. The Lord be with you all. (2 Thessalonians 3:16). The Lord Jesus, who is our peace, also made peace on the cross between Jew and Gentile, making in Himself “one new man.” Eph. 2:14-1514For he is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us; 15Having abolished in his flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making peace; (Ephesians 2:14‑15). When the Lord left His disciples in the world, He gave them peace and added “My peace I give unto you.” John 14:2727Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid. (John 14:27). “The mind of the Spirit life and peace.” Rom. 8:66For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. (Romans 8:6) JND. All God’s saints, after spreading out their requests before God, should know what it is to have the peace of God that passeth understanding keeping their hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Phil. 4:6-76Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. 7And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. (Philippians 4:6‑7).
Peacock This beautiful bird was imported into Israel from India every three years by the ships of Solomon. On the same occasions apes were brought to the king for their playful antics, as the peacocks were for their rare beauty. 1 King 10:22; 2 Chron. 9:2121For the king's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Huram: every three years once came the ships of Tarshish bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks. (2 Chronicles 9:21).
Pear Used for that which is precious in Matt. 7:6,6Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you. (Matthew 7:6) and in Matt. 13:45-46,45Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly pearls: 46Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it. (Matthew 13:45‑46) for that which Christ sought. In 1 Tim. 2:99In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; (1 Timothy 2:9); Rev. 17:4; 18:12,164And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet color, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: (Revelation 17:4)
12The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble, (Revelation 18:12)
16And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls! (Revelation 18:16) it refers to the ornaments worn by women. The twelve gates of the heavenly Jerusalem are each a pearl. Rev. 21:2121And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass. (Revelation 21:21).
Pekah open-eyed. He reigned twenty years over Israel. Another wicked king, who, like his predecessor was conspired against and slain. 2 Kings 15.
Pekahiah the Lord has opened his eyes. He reigned two years over Israel. A wicked king, conspired against by his captain and slain. 2 Kings 15.
Pelican This well-known bird was unclean under the law and its flesh forbidden as food. It is generally associated with solitary birds who frequent ruins and desolate places far removed from the haunts of man. Lev. 11:1818And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle, (Leviticus 11:18). Its love of solitude is referred to in Psalm 102:66I am like a pelican of the wilderness: I am like an owl of the desert. (Psalm 102:6). In two instances where cormorant is in the text, read pelican. Zeph. 2:14; Isa. 34:1111But the cormorant and the bittern shall possess it; the owl also and the raven shall dwell in it: and he shall stretch out upon it the line of confusion, and the stones of emptiness. (Isaiah 34:11).
Pentecost {See Feasts.}
Perdition “Irrecoverable doom” Phil. 1:2828And in nothing terrified by your adversaries: which is to them an evident token of perdition, but to you of salvation, and that of God. (Philippians 1:28); 1 Tim. 6:99But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction and perdition. (1 Timothy 6:9); Heb. 10:3939But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul. (Hebrews 10:39); 2 Peter 3:77But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. (2 Peter 3:7); Rev. 17:8,118The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Revelation 17:8)
11And the beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goeth into perdition. (Revelation 17:11). Judas and Antichrist are each called “son of perdition.” John 17:1212While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name: those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled. (John 17:12); 2 Thess. 2:33Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; (2 Thessalonians 2:3).
Perfect Various Greek words are so translated, the principal one is τελειόω, τέλειος, “full, complete, perfect.” This is applied to the Lord in Hebrews 2:10: to do all required for the office: and in Luke 13:32,32And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I shall be perfected. (Luke 13:32) by completing His work in death (the same word in reference to the Lord is translated “consecrated” in Heb. 7:2828For the law maketh men high priests which have infirmity; but the word of the oath, which was since the law, maketh the Son, who is consecrated for evermore. (Hebrews 7:28)). We are exhorted to be “perfect” as our Father in heaven is “perfect,” that is, complete in being like Him, good to all. Matt. 5:4848Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. (Matthew 5:48). The Lord said to the rich young man, “If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast,” etc. Matt. 19:2121Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow me. (Matthew 19:21). It is also applied to a “full grown” man in Ephesians 4:1313Till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ: (Ephesians 4:13); (and in 1 Cor. 14:2020Brethren, be not children in understanding: howbeit in malice be ye children, but in understanding be men. (1 Corinthians 14:20) is translated “men”: in understanding “be perfect”). The application of the term is various: its meaning must be arrived at by the context.
Perfection This word is used in the Scriptures in a way very different from that usually ascribed to it. Were the believer either perfect in himself or in his ways, there would be no room for the exhortation, “Be ye therefore perfect.” Paul would not venture to affirm that he was perfect, Phil. 3:12,12Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus. (Philippians 3:12) save in Christ risen and glorified. Col. 2:1010And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: (Colossians 2:10). We are, however, to be perfect as our Father in heaven is, in the principle of our walk amongst men. Grace should characterize our ways and actions towards all; in this sense only are the words used, “Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.” Matt. 5:4848Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. (Matthew 5:48). This is perfection as to the principle of walk and action in the world. “Perfection” is employed in Heb. 6:11Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God, (Hebrews 6:1) to express Christian progress and growth, in contrast to the state under Judaism; and in Phil. 3:12-15,12Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus. 13Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this one thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, 14I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. 15Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this unto you. (Philippians 3:12‑15) it refers to the object set before the Christian — Christ on high and glorified. There is a passage, and a blessed one it is, which declares that we are perfected and that for ever (Heb. 10:1414For by one offering he hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified. (Hebrews 10:14)), but that is perfection for God — what we are in His sight — the answer to the present place of Jesus on high as having finished the work which the Father gave Him to do. But our full and absolute perfection in fact will be accomplished only and when “we  ... see Him as He is.” 1 John 3:22Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be like him; for we shall see him as he is. (1 John 3:2). If bodily and moral likeness to Christ (Phil. 3:2121Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself. (Philippians 3:21) and 1 John 3:22Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be like him; for we shall see him as he is. (1 John 3:2)) await His coming, there cannot be perfection short of beholding Christ in glory.
Perilous “dangerous, difficult times.” 2 Tim. 3:11This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. (2 Timothy 3:1). The same word is translated “fierce” in Matt. 8:28,28And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way. (Matthew 8:28) in reference to the dangerous one possessed with demons. Such is the character of the present time, however smooth Satan may make it appear.
Persis A Christian woman of Rome, who is called by Paul “beloved,” and who laboured much in the Lord. Rom. 16:1212Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labor in the Lord. Salute the beloved Persis, which labored much in the Lord. (Romans 16:12).
Peter, Simon Peter, Cephas Simon appears to have been his name at first, and Cephas or Peter to have been given him by the Lord. Luke 5:10; 6:1410And so was also James, and John, the sons of Zebedee, which were partners with Simon. And Jesus said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch men. (Luke 5:10)
14Simon, (whom he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew, (Luke 6:14); John 1:4040One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peter's brother. (John 1:40). He was a fisherman in partnership with James and John. They forsook all and became apostles, of whom Peter had a sort of first place. When a few of the apostles were chosen for any particular service, Peter is always one, and is named first; but beyond this we do not read that he had any authority over the others. Many incidents concerning him are related in the Gospels. He was energetic and impulsive. When he opposed the thought of Christ having to suffer, he was denounced as Satan. Matt. 16:2323But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savorest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men. (Matthew 16:23). His self-confidence led him to deny his Lord, but he was truly repentant, and after the resurrection was personally sifted as to having more love to the Lord than the others had, and was then enjoined to feed and shepherd the sheep and lambs of Christ. The keys of the kingdom were committed to Peter, and we find him preaching the first sermon after the giving of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, when about three thousand souls were added to the assembly; these were Jews. He was also the means of bringing in Cornelius, a Gentile. Thus he opened the kingdom to both Jews and Gentiles. Peter was the apostle to the circumcision, and Paul to the Gentiles, and he seems never to have got quite clear of his Jewish prejudices. Paul had to withstand him to the face at Antioch, “for he was to be blamed,” when he separated himself from the Gentile converts. He confesses that there were some things in Paul’s epistles which were hard to be understood: they would be beyond one who could not break entirely away from Judaism. Peter wrote the two Epistles bearing his name. Tradition says he was crucified at Rome, and was, by his own request, impaled head downwards. It is also recorded that his wife suffered with him.
Pharaoh prince or king. Supreme authority in the world. Common designation of the Egyptian kings, of whom there are at least seven thus titled in the Scriptures. Ex. 1.
Pharisees This term has been supposed to be derived from the Hebrew word, Parash, which signifies “to separate.” The Pharisees separated themselves from the mass of the Jews. Josephus speaks of them as early as the reign of Jonathan (B.C. 161-144). They separated themselves on the plea of superior sanctity of life, devotion to God, and their study of the law. The Pharisee in his prayer, Luke 18, declared that he was not as other men.
Paul, in his defence before King Agrippa, styles the Pharisees, “the most straitest sect,” showing how strict they were to carry out their rules. Josephus says they declared that because of their exactness in religion they were the favourites of heaven. Our Lord lays bare their true state before their eyes: they made the outside of the cup and the platter clean, but their inward part was “full of ravening [plunder] and wickedness.” They paid tithes, it was true, but passed over righteousness and the love of God. They loved the chief places; but they were as covered graves, over which men walked unconsciously, Luke 11:39-44,39And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and the platter; but your inward part is full of ravening and wickedness. 40Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make that which is within also? 41But rather give alms of such things as ye have; and, behold, all things are clean unto you. 42But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. 43Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets. 44Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are as graves which appear not, and the men that walk over them are not aware of them. (Luke 11:39‑44) and became defiled, Num. 19:1616And whosoever toucheth one that is slain with a sword in the open fields, or a dead body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days. (Numbers 19:16).
The Pharisees included all classes of men — rich and poor; they were very numerous, and at times had great influence. See an instance of this in the time of Alexandra. We see that they were well represented in the constitution of the council before whom Paul was arraigned (Acts 23:66But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question. (Acts 23:6)).
The peculiar tenets of the Pharisees were these: they held that God was in some way bound to bless the Jews, and make them inherit the kingdom, because of the merits of Abraham, and because of their observance of the law.
They were the great advocates of tradition. It was the Pharisees and scribes who complained to the Lord of the disciples not observing the tradition of the elders; but the Lord showed that by their traditions they transgressed the commandments of God. Matt. 15:1-91Then came to Jesus scribes and Pharisees, which were of Jerusalem, saying, 2Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread. 3But he answered and said unto them, Why do ye also transgress the commandment of God by your tradition? 4For God commanded, saying, Honor thy father and mother: and, He that curseth father or mother, let him die the death. 5But ye say, Whosoever shall say to his father or his mother, It is a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; 6And honor not his father or his mother, he shall be free. Thus have ye made the commandment of God of none effect by your tradition. 7Ye hypocrites, well did Esaias prophesy of you, saying, 8This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoreth me with their lips; but their heart is far from me. 9But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. (Matthew 15:1‑9); Mark 7:3-133For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders. 4And when they come from the market, except they wash, they eat not. And many other things there be, which they have received to hold, as the washing of cups, and pots, brazen vessels, and of tables. 5Then the Pharisees and scribes asked him, Why walk not thy disciples according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with unwashen hands? 6He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoreth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. 7Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. 8For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do. 9And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition. 10For Moses said, Honor thy father and thy mother; and, Whoso curseth father or mother, let him die the death: 11But ye say, If a man shall say to his father or mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; he shall be free. 12And ye suffer him no more to do ought for his father or his mother; 13Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye. (Mark 7:3‑13).
They believed in the existence of angels and spirits, and in the resurrection of the dead, though, according to Josephus, they also held the transmigration of souls from one person to another. It has been thought that the disciples even had imbibed this notion by their asking whether the blind man was born blind because of his own sin or that of his parents (John 9:22And his disciples asked him, saying, Master, who did sin, this man, or his parents, that he was born blind? (John 9:2)).
They regarded the tie of marriage in the loosest way, and held that a man could divorce his wife for any cause. Luke 16:14-1814And the Pharisees also, who were covetous, heard all these things: and they derided him. 15And he said unto them, Ye are they which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God. 16The law and the prophets were until John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth into it. 17And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail. 18Whosoever putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery: and whosoever marrieth her that is put away from her husband committeth adultery. (Luke 16:14‑18).
They held that no person but a Jew could be called a neighbor, and treated all others as enemies. Maimonides has this passage: “A Jew sees a Gentile fall into the sea, let him by no means lift him out; for it is written, ‘Thou shalt not rise up against the blood of thy neighbor.’ But this is not thy neighbor.” This will give great force to the parable of the Good Samaritan, where a Samaritan was to be accounted neighbor to the Jew.
Their professed sanctity with fasting and long prayers is fully borne out by Scripture; but the Lord in a withering way laid bare their true state of wickedness, as well as their great hypocrisy. While they held the common people in contempt they were themselves far worse in God’s sight.
There may have been in the time of our Lord, and before that, great laxity in keeping the law, and obeying its righteousness, that led some to separate themselves, seeking greater holiness; to whom many attached themselves without any such desire, until the great mass of the Pharisees duly merited the severe rebukes of the Lord. Nicodemus, Gamaliel, and Saul we may fain hope were samples of men of a different stamp, though they all needed the regenerating power of grace to give them what they desired.
Phenice A town and harbor in Crete. The vessel in which Paul sailed was attempting to reach this harbor when it was caught by the wind and wrecked. The Authorized Version says the haven “lieth toward the south west and north west”; but the expression is now held to mean that it “looks towards the N.E. and S.E.” Acts 27:1212And because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the more part advised to depart thence also, if by any means they might attain to Phenice, and there to winter; which is an haven of Crete, and lieth toward the south west and north west. (Acts 27:12). It has been identified with the modern Lutro. This harbor is described as being open to the east, but a small island lies almost in front of it; it has thus two entrances, one looking to the N.E. and the other to S.E. {See also under Phoenicia.}
Philippi A noted city of Macedonia, named after Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. It was a Roman military colony. Here Lydia was converted, and the jailor and his house. The word was so effectual that an assembly was gathered, the first in Europe, and an epistle was written to the saints there. It was called the chief (or rather first) city, not of Macedonia as a whole, but of that part of Macedonia. Acts 16:12; 20:612And from thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days. (Acts 16:12)
6And we sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread, and came unto them to Troas in five days; where we abode seven days. (Acts 20:6); Phil. 1:11Paul and Timotheus, the servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons: (Philippians 1:1); 1 Thess. 2:22But even after that we had suffered before, and were shamefully entreated, as ye know, at Philippi, we were bold in our God to speak unto you the gospel of God with much contention. (1 Thessalonians 2:2). Extensive ruins are now all that are left of the city.
Phinehas mouth of brass. Zeal for the glory of God, and its consequent reward. Psa. 106:30-3130Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the plague was stayed. 31And that was counted unto him for righteousness unto all generations for evermore. (Psalm 106:30‑31). Name occurs about 16 times, and only in the Old Testament. Num. 25.
Phygellus Named as one of Asia, who had turned away from Paul, though perhaps not an apostate. 2 Tim. 1:1515This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes. (2 Timothy 1:15).
Phylactery Short portions of the law written on strips of parchment were rolled up in a piece of calf-skin and worn upon the forehead and left arm, supposed to be in obedience to Deuteronomy 6:8; 11:188And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. (Deuteronomy 6:8)
18Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes. (Deuteronomy 11:18). The Pharisees and scribes made them large to attract attention: it was making them broad that was condemned by the Lord. Matt. 23:55But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, (Matthew 23:5). In later times they were worn as charms.
Pigeon {See Dove.}
Pilate, Pontius Pilate He was appointed governor (procurator) of Judea, with full military and judicial authority, A.D. 25-6. Pilate had his headquarters at Jerusalem instead of Caesarea, which perhaps more easily brought him into conflict with the Jews. Josephus relates that he had outraged the prejudices of the Jews, (see Luke 13:11There were present at that season some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. (Luke 13:1)), before he had anything to do with the trial of the Lord. He could see that the rulers had delivered Jesus out of envy, and determined to scourge Him and let Him go; but the clamour of the Jews was so great that he perhaps tried to find some plausible ground for condemning Him, but had to confess, “I find no fault in Him.” The message from his wife also confirmed his desire to release Him; but the people, as well as the rulers, chose Barabbas instead of Christ; and the rulers declared that Pilate could not be Caesar’s friend if he let the King of the Jews live. This decided the unprincipled judge. He took water, and, washing his hands, declared that he was innocent of the death of that just One; whereupon the rulers uttered that awful expression, “His blood be on us, and on our children.” Matt. 27; Mark 15; Luke 3:1; 13:1; 231Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Iturea and of the region of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, (Luke 3:1)
1There were present at that season some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. (Luke 13:1); John 18, 19. Complaints from the Samaritans caused Pilate to be sent to Rome to answer the charges, A.D. 36, and he closed his life by his own hand (Josephus, Ant. 18:4, 1, 2.).
Pillar Symbol of  ability to support, uphold, or maintain. Gal. 2:99And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. (Galatians 2:9); 1 Tim. 3:1515But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. (1 Timothy 3:15); Rev. 3:1212Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name. (Revelation 3:12). Applied to Peter, James, and John, who “seemed to be pillars” in the church at Jerusalem (Gal. 2:99And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and they unto the circumcision. (Galatians 2:9)). The church is “the pillar and ground of the truth” (1 Tim. 3:1515But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. (1 Timothy 3:15)): God’s witness to the truth on earth; that which maintains the truth. The overcomer in Philadelphia will be made a pillar in the temple of God. Rev. 3:1212Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name. (Revelation 3:12). The mighty angel of Revelation 10:11And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: (Revelation 10:1) has feet as pillars of fire for judgment.
Pins, hooks, cords, etc. Used in the construction of the Tabernacle. A symbol of the believer upheld and maintained by Divine power, variously employed. “Kept by the power of God,” 1 Peter 1:55Who are kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation ready to be revealed in the last time. (1 Peter 1:5).
Pisidia A comparatively narrow district in Asia Minor, between Phrygia and Pamphylia. It is a mountainous country, and was inhabited by a wild and lawless people, who were never thoroughly subdued by either the Greeks or the Romans. It was twice visited by Paul, and it may have been here that he experienced the “perils of robbers,” of which he speaks. Acts 13:14; 14:2414But when they departed from Perga, they came to Antioch in Pisidia, and went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and sat down. (Acts 13:14)
24And after they had passed throughout Pisidia, they came to Pamphylia. (Acts 14:24).
Pit, Bottomless {See Deep.}
Pomegranate grows both wild and cultivated; its bark is used in the tanning of the finest kind of leather, and its beautiful fruit and flower were largely used in the ornamentation of the Sanctuary and in the rich robe of the High Priest.
Pomegranate Tree is one of the most generally useful. The rind, seeds, and other parts form a most useful medicine for various complaints. It produces an exceedingly rich fruit, and the juice a cooling draft or light wine.
Potentate {See God.}
Potter The apparatus employed by the potter in the East is very simple. It is turned by his feet, leaving his hands free to operate on the clay. To see him form a vessel, and if it does not please him, to witness it crushed in a moment, vividly brings before the mind the question, “Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another to dishonour?” Rom. 9:2121Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honor, and another unto dishonor? (Romans 9:21); Rev. 2:2727And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father. (Revelation 2:27). What grace to be made “vessels of mercy”! A symbol of Divine sovereignty exercised in grace or judgment. Jer. 18:1-101The word which came to Jeremiah from the Lord, saying, 2Arise, and go down to the potter's house, and there I will cause thee to hear my words. 3Then I went down to the potter's house, and, behold, he wrought a work on the wheels. 4And the vessel that he made of clay was marred in the hand of the potter: so he made it again another vessel, as seemed good to the potter to make it. 5Then the word of the Lord came to me, saying, 6O house of Israel, cannot I do with you as this potter? saith the Lord. Behold, as the clay is in the potter's hand, so are ye in mine hand, O house of Israel. 7At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it; 8If that nation, against whom I have pronounced, turn from their evil, I will repent of the evil that I thought to do unto them. 9And at what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it; 10If it do evil in my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them. (Jeremiah 18:1‑10); Psa. 2:99Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter's vessel. (Psalm 2:9); Rom. 9:2121Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honor, and another unto dishonor? (Romans 9:21).
Pound(s) A symbol of talents or gifts for public service. Luke 19.{See Money in Bible Subjects}
Power(s) Several Greek words are translated power: the principal are –
1. δύναμις, “power, energy, ability to act,” without the thought of “authority.” Matt. 22:29; 24:30; 26:6429Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God. (Matthew 22:29)
30And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. (Matthew 24:30)
64Jesus saith unto him, Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven. (Matthew 26:64); Luke 4:14; 9:1; 24:4914And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee: and there went out a fame of him through all the region round about. (Luke 4:14)
1Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power and authority over all devils, and to cure diseases. (Luke 9:1)
49And, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you: but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on high. (Luke 24:49); Rom. 1:44And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: (Romans 1:4); Eph. 1:1919And what is the exceeding greatness of his power to us-ward who believe, according to the working of his mighty power, (Ephesians 1:19); etc. The disciples were to tarry at Jerusalem until they had received such power by the gift of the Holy Spirit.
2. έξουσία, “power, right, privilege,” with the thought of “authority,” which is sometimes the best word by which to translate it. Matt. 9:6; 10:16But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house. (Matthew 9:6)
1And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease. (Matthew 10:1); Luke 4:6; 12:116And the devil said unto him, All this power will I give thee, and the glory of them: for that is delivered unto me; and to whomsoever I will I give it. (Luke 4:6)
11And when they bring you unto the synagogues, and unto magistrates, and powers, take ye no thought how or what thing ye shall answer, or what ye shall say: (Luke 12:11); John 19:1111Jesus answered, Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above: therefore he that delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin. (John 19:11); Acts 26:1818To open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith that is in me. (Acts 26:18); Rom 13:1-31Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God. 2Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. 3For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same: (Romans 13:1‑3); Eph. 1:2121Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: (Ephesians 1:21); Col. 1:1313Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son: (Colossians 1:13); Rev. 13:12,12And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed. (Revelation 13:12) etc. Christ gave such power or right to become sons of God to those that received him (John 1:1212But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: (John 1:12)). Pilate could have no such authority to judge Christ unless it had been given him from above. The “powers” that be are ordained of God.
Praetorium {See Palace.}
Prayer In a general way prayer may be said to be intercourse of a dependent one with God. Our Lord often went aside privately to pray, and we read of one occasion when He spent the whole night in prayer to God. Luke 6:1212And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God. (Luke 6:12). In John 17 the Lord rehearsed various things that He had done, basing petitions thereon. We are exhorted to make known our petitions, or requests, to God, and the peace of God shall keep our hearts and minds, Phil. 4:6-76Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. 7And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. (Philippians 4:6‑7); and there are the groanings begotten by the Holy Spirit which we cannot put into words, Rom. 8:2626Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered. (Romans 8:26); and also a holy intercourse with the Father and the Lord Jesus, respecting our own souls, and concerning all the joys and sorrows connected with the church and with service therein, and also respecting the glorious gospel in the world. We must ask in faith. Mark 11:2424Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them. (Mark 11:24); James 1:5-75If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. 6But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed. 7For let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the Lord. (James 1:5‑7). We should ask in the name of the Lord Jesus, and on His behalf, John 14:13; 15:16; 16:23,2613And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. (John 14:13)
16Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may give it you. (John 15:16)
23And in that day ye shall ask me nothing. Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give it you. (John 16:23)
26At that day ye shall ask in my name: and I say not unto you, that I will pray the Father for you: (John 16:26)); and what is according to His will, 1 John 5:14-1514And this is the confidence that we have in him, that, if we ask any thing according to his will, he heareth us: 15And if we know that he hear us, whatsoever we ask, we know that we have the petitions that we desired of him. (1 John 5:14‑15). “Supplications” are at times joined with prayers. Acts 1:1414These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren. (Acts 1:14); Eph. 6:1818Praying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all perseverance and supplication for all saints; (Ephesians 6:18); Phil. 4:66Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. (Philippians 4:6); 1 Tim. 2:1; 5:51I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men; (1 Timothy 2:1)
5Now she that is a widow indeed, and desolate, trusteth in God, and continueth in supplications and prayers night and day. (1 Timothy 5:5); Heb. 5:77Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; (Hebrews 5:7). It is not easy to gather the difference between “supplications” and “prayers,” except that the former may imply asking for something, which the latter does not necessarily imply.
Predestinate προορίζω, “To mark out beforehand, predetermine.” In Rom. 8:29-3029For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. 30Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified. (Romans 8:29‑30) those foreknown by God (not foreseen to be better than others) are declared to be predestinated to be conformed to the image of God’s Son. In Eph. 1:55Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, (Ephesians 1:5) believers are predestinated to the adoption of sons, according to the purpose of God, who worketh all things after the counsel of His own will. Eph 1:1111In whom also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestinated according to the purpose of him who worketh all things after the counsel of his own will: (Ephesians 1:11). Predestination is to a blessing; election is God’s choice of individuals, embracing Christ as the corner stone, 1 Peter 2:66Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded. (1 Peter 2:6); angels, 1 Tim. 5:2121I charge thee before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, and the elect angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one before another, doing nothing by partiality. (1 Timothy 5:21); saints in the present dispensation, Rom. 8:3333Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifieth. (Romans 8:33); and the Jewish remnant, Matt. 24:22,24,3122And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened. (Matthew 24:22)
24For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall show great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. (Matthew 24:24)
31And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other. (Matthew 24:31). Predestination and election are not the same, although closely and intimately connected; the former secures the blessing, the latter the person. Election refers to God’s sovereign choice of individuals, but predestination goes a step beyond, and applies to what I am set apart to in the Divine purpose. Hence we are predestinated “to be conformed to the image of His Son.” Rom. 8:2929For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. (Romans 8:29). We have the security of the believer founded on the eternal and sovereign choice of God in Ephesians 1:44According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love: (Ephesians 1:4); and the wondrous place of blessing to which he is set apart as securely founded on the truth of predestination. Eph. 1:55Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, (Ephesians 1:5). Both “election” and “predestination” are founded solely on God’s own purpose and will, both according to His grace, and both the fruit of the Divine mind before the world began.
Presbytery {See Elders, in “Offices and Gifts in the Church,”}
Priest One who presents gifts and offerings to God, Matt. 8:44And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, show thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them. (Matthew 8:4); Heb. 8:44For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: (Hebrews 8:4); 1 Peter 2:5,5Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. (1 Peter 2:5) etc. We meet with chief priests (in the plural). It is supposed that any who had been high priests were termed “chief priests” afterward. The Lord Jesus was not a priest on earth, Heb. 8:4,4For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: (Hebrews 8:4) nor of the order of Aaron, Heb. 7:1414For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Juda; of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood. (Hebrews 7:14)); though He offered Himself to God, Heb. 9:14,14How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? (Hebrews 9:14) the antitype of the action of Aaron on the day of Atonement for the nation; He was really offerer, offering and priest in His own Person, and is now the Christian’s great High Priest above, Heb. 4:14-1614Seeing then that we have a great high priest, that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast our profession. 15For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin. 16Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need. (Hebrews 4:14‑16); {See also Melchisedec}). The Christian also is a priest, Rev. 1:66And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. (Revelation 1:6); 1 Pet. 2:99But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: (1 Peter 2:9); Heb. 10:1919Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus, (Hebrews 10:19); Rom. 12:11I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. (Romans 12:1); and has access to God at all times.
Priesthood Since the rending of the Temple vail from top to bottom, a special class of persons on earth, exercising priestly functions according to God, no longer exists. The whole system of which an earthly priesthood formed an integral part has passed away. Heb. 8:1313In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. Now that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away. (Hebrews 8:13). Hebrews 7 shows an earthly priesthood set aside, and a heavenly one established; Hebrews 8 puts the covenants before us, contrasting them. The old covenant is dismissed, and the new covenant introduced. Hebrews 9 contrasts the sacrifices; the one sacrifice of Christ being of Divine and permanent value, superseding the many sacrifices and offerings which could never take away sins. But the Levitical system, with a temple larger and far more glorious, and sacrifices commemorative in their character with a priesthood established in the house of Zadok, will be set up in the millennium, carefully adapted to the new state of things. Ezek. 40-46. But during the present interval of grace — after the entire abolition of Judaism, and before the inauguration of the new system — Christianity has come in, and the revelation of an order of priesthood, unlike what was or will be. Now all Christians are priests. All have an equal title to draw near, as saith the apostle, “Let us draw near.” Heb. 10:2222Let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with pure water. (Hebrews 10:22). Paul’s preeminent place as an apostle did not confer upon him any special place as a priest or worshipper. There is but one High Priest, even Jesus, sitting at the right hand of God; and all saints have been constituted worshippers and priests. Thus the church can sing, “Unto Him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in His own blood, and hath made us kings and priests unto God and His Father.” Rev. 1:5-65And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, 6And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen. (Revelation 1:5‑6). What are the sacrifices which as priests we offer? The priests’ guide-book under the law was the book of Leviticus: our guide-book and directory is the epistle to the Hebrews. Turning to it, therefore, we learn that our sacrifices are praise to God and practical benevolence to man. Heb. 13:15-1615By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name. 16But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased. (Hebrews 13:15‑16). Further, all Christians are regarded as a holy priesthood in offering up spiritual sacrifices to God, 1 Peter 2:5,5Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. (1 Peter 2:5) and a royal priesthood in displaying the moral virtues of Jesus to man. 1 Peter 2:99But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: (1 Peter 2:9).
The priesthood of Christ is exercised on high, is founded on His work and person, and is unchangeable. Its object is to sustain believers in their walk, service, and worship, to afford succour in temptation, and sympathy in suffering. Priesthood is to sustain; Advocacy is to restore. Christ is exercising His functions as a priest according to the pattern of Aaron, but according to the everlasting order of Melchisedek. Heb. 7.
Principality A description of high powers in the unseen world, described as being in the heavenlies. Eph. 3:1010To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God, (Ephesians 3:10). They were created by the Lord Jesus, and He is head of them all. Col. 1:16; 2:1016For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: (Colossians 1:16)
10And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: (Colossians 2:10). Some fell from the position given them; they kept not their first estate or principality. Jude 66And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. (Jude 6). Others contend against the saints in the heavenlies. Eph. 6:1212For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. (Ephesians 6:12). The Lord spoiled them on the cross, Col. 2:15,15And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a show of them openly, triumphing over them in it. (Colossians 2:15) and at His resurrection was raised by God far above all created powers.(Eph. 1:2121Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: (Ephesians 1:21).
Prison Refers to a Roman prison. Matt. 14:3,10; 18:303For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife. (Matthew 14:3)
10And he sent, and beheaded John in the prison. (Matthew 14:10)
30And he would not: but went and cast him into prison, till he should pay the debt. (Matthew 18:30). In Acts 12:4-104And when he had apprehended him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him; intending after Easter to bring him forth to the people. 5Peter therefore was kept in prison: but prayer was made without ceasing of the church unto God for him. 6And when Herod would have brought him forth, the same night Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains: and the keepers before the door kept the prison. 7And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison: and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands. 8And the angel said unto him, Gird thyself, and bind on thy sandals. And so he did. And he saith unto him, Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. 9And he went out, and followed him; and wist not that it was true which was done by the angel; but thought he saw a vision. 10When they were past the first and the second ward, they came unto the iron gate that leadeth unto the city; which opened to them of his own accord: and they went out, and passed on through one street; and forthwith the angel departed from him. (Acts 12:4‑10) Peter was bound by two chains, and lay asleep between two soldiers, with guards before the door to keep all safe. The angel led him through a first and second guard to the outer “iron gate” that led into the city. Acts 16:2424Who, having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and made their feet fast in the stocks. (Acts 16:24) speaks of the “inner prison” which agrees with the above. There are spirits kept in prison. 1 Pet. 3:1919By which also he went and preached unto the spirits in prison; (1 Peter 3:19). The abyss in which Satan is to be cast for the thousand years is also called a prison. Rev. 20:77And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, (Revelation 20:7).
Prophet πρόφήτης. 1 Cor. 12:2828And God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues. (1 Corinthians 12:28). It is clear that in the early days of the church there were prophets who foretold events. Acts 11:27-28; 21:9-1127And in these days came prophets from Jerusalem unto Antioch. 28And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world: which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. (Acts 11:27‑28)
9And the same man had four daughters, virgins, which did prophesy. 10And as we tarried there many days, there came down from Judea a certain prophet, named Agabus. 11And when he was come unto us, he took Paul's girdle, and bound his own hands and feet, and said, Thus saith the Holy Ghost, So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth this girdle, and shall deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles. (Acts 21:9‑11). There was also another kind of prophesying, namely, speaking unto men “to edification, and exhortation, and comfort.” In prophesying they edified the church. 1 Cor. 14:3-43But he that prophesieth speaketh unto men to edification, and exhortation, and comfort. 4He that speaketh in an unknown tongue edifieth himself; but he that prophesieth edifieth the church. (1 Corinthians 14:3‑4). The Word of God is brought home to heart and conscience by this gift, 1 Cor. 14:25,25And thus are the secrets of his heart made manifest; and so falling down on his face he will worship God, and report that God is in you of a truth. (1 Corinthians 14:25) so that the soul of the hearer is brought into contact with God Himself through the Word spoken.
Propitiation ίλασμίς, from “to be propitious.” The aspect of Christ”s death that vindicates the holy and righteous character of God, and enables Him to be merciful to the whole world, while it extends to the sins of believers. 1 John 2:2; 4:102And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. (1 John 2:2)
10Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. (1 John 4:10). A kindred word (the verb) occurs in Hebrews 2:17,17Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people. (Hebrews 2:17) which should be translated “to make propitiation for the sins of the people.” In Romans 3:2525Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; (Romans 3:25) is another kindred word, which should be translated ‘mercy-seat,’ as it is, and must be, in Hebrews 9:55And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the mercyseat; of which we cannot now speak particularly. (Hebrews 9:5). Atonement is the expression of the united aspect of the cross towards God and towards man. Thus in the yearly return of that solemn and deeply impressive atonement-day, Lev. 16, two goats were presented before the Lord, the one was Jehovah’s lot, while the other was for the people. One was killed and its blood carried within the veil and sprinkled once upon the mercy-seat, and seven times before it. The other was presented alive before the Lord, and the sins of the people confessed over it by the high priest. Now those two parts of Christ’s work — glorifying God by the shed and sprinkled blood, and bearing away the sins of the people — when regarded as a whole, constitute atonement. If considered separately, however, propitiation would answer to that blessed work done within the veil and before the eye of God; while substitution would refer to the transference of sins to the head of the scape-goat and its dismissal to a land not inhabited. Propitiation is for God, and for Him alone, although it vitally concerns us. It is the blessed answer of Jesus meeting, in death and before God, the holy and righteous claims of Jehovah’s throne. God has been infinitely glorified, and His moral government gloriously vindicated in the blood-shedding of Jesus. Christ is now God’s propitiatory or mercy-seat. Rom. 3:2525Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God; (Romans 3:25); 1 John 2:22And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. (1 John 2:2). In Hebrews 2:1717Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people. (Hebrews 2:17) read “propitiation,” not “reconciliation.”
Ptolemais A maritime town in Israel 32° 55' N. Acts 21:77And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais, and saluted the brethren, and abode with them one day. (Acts 21:7). Its name was Accho, but was changed by the Ptolemies. Napoleon called it the key of Palestine, and it has been the scene of several sieges. It is now called Acre or Akka.
Publicans Those who farmed the taxes by paying a fixed sum for a certain district, and kept what was collected over; they then either employed others as collectors, or re-farmed smaller districts. As the yoke of the Romans was very galling, the Jews who undertook to collect the taxes were looked upon as unworthy of the least respect, and were treated as extortioners, which perhaps some of them were (see Luke 3:13; 19:813And he said unto them, Exact no more than that which is appointed you. (Luke 3:13)
8And Zaccheus stood, and said unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold. (Luke 19:8)).
Pudens {See Claudia.}
Purchase The church has been purchased by the blood of God’s Son, Acts 20:2828Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. (Acts 20:28); even false teachers spreading their damnable heresies have been bought by the Lord (2 Peter 2:11But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. (2 Peter 2:1)) and so their judgment will be all the more swift and sure. Christ has tasted death for everything (see Greek of Heb. 2:99But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honor; that he by the grace of God should taste death for every man. (Hebrews 2:9)). Christ has bought the world. God loved it, John 3:16,16For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (John 3:16) and Christ bought it, Matt. 13:4444Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field. (Matthew 13:44). Thus the world has been loved and bought. Redemption is a very different thing from “purchase”; the former refers to a change of state or condition, while the latter merely intimates a change of masters. You may purchase a slave, but that is not deliverance from the state of slavery. “Until the redemption (future) of the purchased (past) possession.” Eph. 1:1414Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory. (Ephesians 1:14). The creation is purchased, but its redemption is yet future; that will be effected when it passes from bondage to liberty, from groans to praises, and from pain to rest. Rom. 8:19-2219For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God. 20For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope, 21Because the creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. 22For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now. (Romans 8:19‑22).
Puteoli A port in Italy on the N.E. of the Bay of Naples, and where Paul landed on his way to Rome. Acts 28:1313And from thence we fetched a compass, and came to Rhegium: and after one day the south wind blew, and we came the next day to Puteoli: (Acts 28:13). The city was sacked by Alaric and Genseric, and never recovered.
Pygarg This clean animal is of the antelope species. Some have identified the “pygarg” with the beautiful antelope known as the “addox,” an inhabitant of Northern Africa, and from the derivation of the Hebrew word it may be so. Deut. 14:55The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois. (Deuteronomy 14:5). The margin reads bison, which is incorrect.