Bible Dictionary

The interpretation of the symbols included in this dictionary will be found to throw considerable light upon many otherwise obscure passages in God’s Word. We have sought to make the list as complete as possible, and believe that the general reader of Scripture will find it useful in numerous instances. It may be of advantage to some to be able to refer to these symbols in their daily reading.

A

Aaron mountainous. Christ, the Christian’s Great High Priest, now within the Veil. Name occurs about 350 times in the Scriptures. Heb. 9.

Abaddon A Hebrew word, which in the Greek is Apollyon, “destroyer.” He is angel of the bottomless pit, and king of the destroying locusts. It is symbolical of Satan, Rev. 9:11.

Abba This is held to be a Chaldaic form of “Ab,” father; but in the New Testament we find it joined with the word “father”; thus in Mark 14:36 the Lord addressed God as “Abba, Father”; and in Romans 8:15 the Christian is said to receive the Spirit of adoption, whereby he cries “Abba, Father.” So also in Galatians 4:6. It is not clear what the force of this expression is; but some suppose that it is Father, Father, in a double language appropriate to Jew and Gentile. It expresses confidence and the consciousness of relationship, and is not simply a term of respect.

Abel vapour, vanity. Christ as a martyr slain for righteousness sake, Psa. 69. Name occurs 12 Times in the Scriptures. Gen. 4.

Abiathar father of him that survived. God’s rejected Priest (Abiathar) in connection with God’s rejected King (David). Priesthood now allied to a world-rejected Christ. Name occurs about 30 times in the Scriptures. 1 Sam. 22:20-23.

Abib The Jewish year, like our own, was one of twelve months, 1 Chron. 27, only about half of which, however, are named in the Old Testament; they are generally spoken of as the first, second, third month, etc. Abib was the seventh month of the civil year; but, consequent, upon the people’s redemption from Egypt, it appropriately became the first month of the ecclesiastical year, Ex. 12:2; Ex. 13:4. It was called “Nisan” after the captivity from Babylon, Neh. 2:1. Abib corresponds to our month April.

Abigail the father’s joy. The Church cleaving to Christ in the day of His rejection, afterward married to the Lord. Name occurs about 15 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Sam. 25.

Abijam or Abijah (signification doubtful). He reigned three years over Judah. This king trod closely in the steps of his father, but for David’s sake the lamp continued to burn at Jerusalem (2 Chron. 13).

Abilene A portion of Israel, of which Abila was the capital, Luke 3:1. Lysanias was tetrarch. Though the boundary of the tetrarchy is not known, Abila is believed to be identified on the eastern slope of the Anti-Libanus, 33° 38' N. near the wild gorge of the Abana River.

Abimelech father of the King. The Gentiles in external relationship to God and His people on earth. Common designation of the Philistine Kings. Name occurs about 24 times and only in the Old Testament. Gen. 20.

Abiram father of exaltation. Abiram with others — princes of the congregation — allied with Korah — head of the ministering tribe — joined in open revolt against the authority of Moses and Aaron; figuring future union of Church and State in open rebellion to the royal and priestly rights of Christ. Name occurs about 10 times and in the Old Testament only. Num. 16.

Abjects This word signifies slanderers, and occurs but once in the Old Testament, Psa. 35:15.

Abner father of light. Abner an upright man, connected with the royal house of Saul, fighting against the Lord’s anointed to maintain the falling honour and dignity of his house — figures the morality of the day, fighting for and supporting the decaying fortunes of the world, which is, after all, in opposition to Christ. Name occurs about 60 times and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 2; 3)

Abomination Symbol of idolatry. Matt. 24:15; Rev. 17:4; Ezek. 6:11. Abominations are a symbol of every species of idolatrous worship. 1 Kings 11:5-7; Dan. 9:27; 12:11; Ezek. 8.

Abomination of Desolation This was spoken of by Daniel, and will be seen “standing in the “holy place.” An idol is called in the O.T. an “abomination,” and this abomination will bring great desolation upon the Jews and Jerusalem in a future day. Matt. 24:15; Mark 13:14.

Abraham father of a great multitude. The first of the patriarchs, and the great ancestor of Israel. Gen. 17. He was called of God to leave his country and his father’s house, to go into Canaan, but we learn from the New Testament that he tarried in Mesopotamia until his father’s death, Acts 7:2-4. Besides the promise made to Abraham as to his natural seed, Gen. 15:5; John 8:33, God also made another promise to him respecting his seed Christ, Gal. 3:16; Gen. 12:2-3; 22:18, through whom all who believe become “children of Abraham,” Gal. 3:7. Father of a spiritual race – believers – and of a natural race – Israel. Rom. 4. Root of the Olive Tree – general testimony on the earth, Rom. 11. Name occurs including “Abram” about 300 times in the Scriptures.

Abraham’s Bosom This is said to be a metaphorical expression in use among the Jews to signify the place of the blessed after death, Luke 16:22.

Absalom father of peace. The future Antichrist, i.e. “the bloody and deceitful man,” Psa. 5:6. Name occurs about 106 times and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 15.

Accuser κατήγορος. One of the names or characters of Satan, Rev. 12:10.

Aceldama “The field of blood.” See Matt. 27:8; Acts 1:19; Zech. 11:12-13. There was a spot near to Jerusalem called “the field of the potter.” This was bought by the chief priests with the purchase money of the Lord as a burial ground for strangers. There is a charnel house on the south of Jerusalem, now in ruins, that is pointed out as the site of the field.

Achaia This with Macedonia, included the whole of Greece in N.T. language. At the time when Paul wrote, it was assigned to the Roman Senate, and its ruler was correctly called a “pro-consul” or “deputy,” Acts 18:12. Acts 19:21; Rom. 15:26; 1 Cor. 16:15.

Acre Signifies as much as a yoke of oxen can plough in a day, hence not a term of exact land measurement, 1 Sam. 14:14.

Adam earth or red. Christ, Lord of Creation, and otherwise Adam was the “figure of Him that was to come.” Gen. 2; Rom. 5:14; 1 Cor. 15; Eph. 5:31-32. Name occurs about 30 times in the Scriptures. Referred to in the N. T. to bring out by contrast the character of the Lord Jesus in distinction from man by nature. “The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is out of heaven.” (The word ‘Lord’ is omitted by the Editors.) “The first Adam was made a living soul; the last Adam a quickening Spirit,” 1 Cor. 15:45,47. We must look for no other: the last has appeared. Adam and Christ also represent two headships: all under one die, and all under the other are made alive, 1 Cor. 15:22.

Adamant A symbol of confirmed hardness of heart to God. Ezek. 3:9; Zech. 7:12.

Adar The sixth Jewish month, and twelfth of their ecclesiastical; only named in the post-captivity books. Adar corresponds partly to our months of February and March. Esther 3:7.

Adder A venomous reptile of the serpent species. Gen. 49:17; Prov. 23:32. A symbol of active, secret, and deadly evil. Psa. 140:3; Gen. 49:17; Prov. 23:32.

Admiration surprise. Rev. 17:6.

Adonijah Jehovah is my master. Usurper of the royal rights of Christ; will find its counterpart more fully during the early part of Christ’s millennial reign. Name occurs about 24 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Kings 1.

Adoption υίοθεσία, sonship. The blessed relationship to which Christians were predestinated by the Father, Eph. 1:5; which they could only receive through redemption, Gal. 4:5, and which contemplates association with Christ in the glorified state, Rom. 8:23,29; the believer meanwhile receiving the spirit of adoption, whereby he cries, “Abba, Father,” Rom. 8:15. This word occurs but five times in the New Testament, and refers to our new place of dignity before God as “sons,” Gal. 4:5. The generation of Jesus Christ as “Son of God” is inherent and eternal; believers receive this exalted position in time, and by adoption, because it is the sovereign gift of God. The word is also used of Israel’s special place of favour as the object of Jehovah’s choice amongst the nations. Rom. 9:4; Deut. 7:6-7. It is also applied to the full power of the work of Christ in the resurrection and glorification of our bodies of humiliation. Rom. 8:23; Phil. 3:21.

Adramyttium The seaport of Mysia, in Asia Minor. Paul touched at it in his journey to Rome. Acts 27:2.

Adria That part of the Mediterranean Sea lying between Sicily, Italy, and Greece. Acts 27:27.

Adultery A symbol of Israel’s unfaithfulness to Jehovah, in giving herself up to idolatry. Jer. 3:8-9; Ezek. 23:36-37.

Adversary Opponent as in a law suit. Matt. 5:25.

Advisement deliberation. 1 Chron. 12:19.

Advisement Means full and careful consideration. 1 Chron. 12:19.

Advocacy “If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous” (1 John 2:1). Advocacy is the Divine means to meet individual failure amongst Christians, and to restore communion and rest of soul when lost or interrupted. This gracious ministry by our risen Christ is founded upon His work of “propitiation,” completed once and forever, and upon the glory of His person, as the “righteous” One, ever abiding in the presence of God. Priesthood is with God and to preserve from falling; advocacy is with the Father and to restore when fallen. In the former I am regarded in my place as a saint, in the latter I am recognized as a child. In answer to the advocacy of Jesus Christ with the Father, the Holy Spirit uses the Word of God in dealing with the soiled conscience, convicting of sin, and thus leading the erring child to true and hearty confession; the fruit of this double work — Christ on high, and the Spirit here — being full and happy restoration of soul, and the re-enjoyment of fellowship with the Father, and with His Son, Jesus Christ. It is well to bear in mind that the position of “child” is a fixed and eternal one, but the sense and enjoyment of it may be lost for a time, and which it is the object of “advocacy” to restore.

Advocate παράκλητος. The Greek word is the same that in John’s Gospel is translated “comforter,” when referring to the Holy Spirit. The blessed Lord looks after the Christian’s interest, manages his affairs, above, as the Holy Spirit does for him down here. 1 John 2:1.

Aenon It signifies “the springs,” and was near Salim, John 3:23. It was on the west side of the Jordan (see John 3:26), but has not been identified. John baptized there because there was “much water.” Jesus also (or rather his disciples) baptized in Judaea, John 3:22.

Affect seek after. Gal. 4:17.

Affinity Relationship through marriage, 1 Kings 3:1.

Agabus A Christian prophet who foretold a great famine over the whole habitable world. This was said about A.D. 42, and history confirms the prophecy. Agabus also foretold that Paul would be arrested at Jerusalem. Acts 11:28; 21:10.

Agag high, tall. The flesh in its pride and in its best and highest pretensions doomed to utter destruction. Exod. 17:8-14. Name occurs about 8 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Sam. 15.

Agar Same as Hagar, the bondwoman, who allegorically answers to Jerusalem, which was in bondage (under which the Galatians were putting themselves): whereas Sarah was a free woman, which corresponds to the Jerusalem above. Gal. 4:24-25.

Age generation. In Isaiah 38:12, it should be “dwelling” or “habitation.” Generally used to express the duration of a man’s life, or a period of time. Job 8:8.

Agone ago. 1 Sam. 30:13.

Agrippa {See Agrippa in “History of the Jews – BC 4 to AD 70”}

Aha! The language of insolent contempt and triumph. Psa. 70:3.

Ahab father’s brother. He reigned twenty-two years over Israel. This apostate monarch bore a cordial dislike to the faithful Elijah. He married Jezebel, a noted idolatress, and patron of Baal worship. This king exceeded in wickedness and idolatry all the kings before him; his house was to be totally destroyed. 1 Kings 22. Apostate civil power (Ahab) leagued with the idolatrous power (Jezebel) in the closing days of Christendom. Name occurs about 90 times and only in the Old Testament. 1 Kings 16.

Ahasuerus majesty of the prince. Supreme authority in the world and its connection with the Jewish people now and in the closing days. Name occurs about 30 times and only in the book of Esther. Esther 1.

Ahaz possessor. He reigned sixteen years over Judah. This was probably the most wicked and idolatrous of all Judah’s kings, and almost brought the kingdom to ruin. The more he was afflicted, the more he sinned. He was buried in Jerusalem, but not in the sepulchres of the kings. 2 Chron. 28.

Ahaziah [whom] Jehovah sustained. He reigned two years over Israel. A most wicked king. He “walked in the way of his father (Ahab), and in the way of his mother (the wicked Jezebel), and in the way of Jeroboam” (the noted idolater) (2 Kings 1). Slain by Jehu. 2 Chron. 22.

Ahithophel brother of foolishness. Satan’s latter-day plans and counsels against the Lord’s Anointed defeated. Name occurs about 20 times in the Old Testament only. 2 Sam. 15.

Aholah her own tent or temple. Samaria or the ten-tribed kingdom and her idolatrous worship. Name occurs 5 times, and only in the reference chapter. Ezek. 23.

Aholibah my tent or sanctuary in it. Jerusalem or the kingdom of Judah, in midst of which Jehovah had placed His “sanctuary,” exceeding even her sister Samaria in idolatry. Name occurs 6 times, and only in the reference chapter. Ezek. 23.

Air A symbol of moral influences acting upon man. Eph. 2:2; Rev. 9:2; 16:17.

Alabaster ἀλάβαστρον. The eastern alabaster was a hydro-sulphate of lime, and was much used for making vessels to hold perfume. The boxes or flasks were called alabasters; thus “alabaster box” is simply the word “alabaster,” and the woman in breaking the box may have simply opened the flask by breaking the seal. Matt. 26:7; Mark 14:3; Luke 7:37.

Albeit although it be. Philem. 19.

Alexander

1. Son of Simon (Mark 15:21).

2. One acting with the high priest (Acts 4:6).

3. At Ephesus (Acts 19:33).

4. The coppersmith, who made shipwreck of faith, and did Paul much evil, and withstood his words (1 Tim. 1:20; 2 Tim. 4:14).

Alexandria It was founded by Alexander the Great, head of the third great kingdom of Daniel, in B.C. 332, and was intended by him as the capital of Egypt. It was completed by the Ptolemies. It lies near the S.W. corner of the Mediterranean, and is still one of the principal cities of Egypt. Acts 18:24; 27:6; 28:11.

Algum or Almug Trees They were used in the making of the sacred musical instruments, and in the ornamental parts of the Temple (1 Kings 10:11-12). It was a valuable wood (2 Chron. 9:10-11).

All to brake entirely broke. Judg. 9:53.

Allegory άλληγορέω, literally “other” and “to speak” (Gal. 4:24). The things had actually taken place, and Paul was allegorizing them to describe another subject. Thus an “allegory” has been defined as “a description of one thing under the image of another.”

Alleluia or Hallelujah It is the same in Hebrew and in Greek, and signifies, “praise to Jah or Jehovah.” It is a word of praise in heaven as well as on earth. Rev. 19:1-6.

Allow to approve of. Luke 11:48.

All-to completely or thoroughly. Judg. 9:53.

Almond Tree is noted for the beauty of its flower, while its fruit was highly prized in Canaan, and generally in Eastern lands.

Almonds A symbol of fruit produced by the Spirit in resurrection-life. Num. 17:8; Ex. 25:33-34.

Aloe ἀλόη. An aromatic plant is extracted from a tree grown in Northern India (Psa. 45:8). One of the most resinous of woods, very fragrant, and thus suitable for embalming. John 19:39.

Alpha The first letter of the Greek alphabet, and is only used in conjunction with Omega, the last. They are explained in Revelation 1:8,11 to mean “the beginning and the ending,” “the first and the last,” and should be compared with Isaiah 41:4, “I Jehovah, the first, and with the last; I am He.” It points out the eternity of Jehovah, and is applied both to God and to Christ. (Rev. 21:6; 22:13).

Altar The place of offering the sacrifices or incense (Luke 11:51; 1 Cor. 10:18; Heb. 7:13). The altar in the N.T. is applied: (a) to the Jewish altar (Matt. 23:18-20,35); (b) metaphorically to the Christian’s altar, Christ (Heb. 13:10); (c) altars in heaven, both the golden altar of incense (Rev. 8:3; 9:13), from whence judgment came, and the altar under which were the souls of the martyrs who cried for the avenging of their blood (Rev. 6:9). Symbol of approach to God (Matt. 5:23; Heb. 13:10; Psa. 43:4).

Altar, Brazen A symbol of Christ meeting the responsibility of the sinner in judgment. Ex. 27:1-8.

Altar, Golden A symbol of Christ in the value of His person the ground and object of the saint’s worship. Ex. 30:1-10.

Amaziah [whom] Jah — a form of the Divine title “Jehovah” — has strengthened). He reigned twenty-nine years over Judah. This king was very unsteady in his conduct. For a time he walked well, but very soon forsook the Lord, and brought a violent death upon himself, and war and distress upon the kingdom. 2 Chron. 25.

Ambassador πρεσβεύω, literally, “to be old.” Ambassadors, did not in Old or New Testament times reside in a foreign country, but were used as special messengers on an ambassage, as in 2 Samuel 10; Luke 14:32. The apostles were such. 2 Cor. 5:20; Eph. 6:20.

Ambassage See Ambassador above. Luke 14:32.

Amen ἀμην. An affirmative response, implying the soul’s assent to the truth of what is uttered. The word is the same in both Hebrew and Greek. Used as a substantive, it signifies truth, as in Isaiah 65:16 ”the God of truth.” Used also in the Christian assembly (1 Cor. 14:16).It is used by our Lord as an affirmation, “Verily, verily.” All the promises are “yea and Amen.” It signifies also assent or desire, “it is so,” “let it be.” How shall “the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks?” It is often found at the end of a benediction. In Revelation 3:14 it occurs as a title of the Lord, as the One who fulfils and verifies all the promises. The word is added at the end of many of the Epistles without good authority. Deut. 27; Matt. 6:13; 1 Cor. 14:16; 2 Cor. 1:20; Rev. 1:18; 3:14; 5:14, etc.

Amerce to fine. Deut. 22:19.

Amethyst ἀμἐθυστος. A variety of quartz, of a pale purple colour (Rev. 21:20). It occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:19; 36:19; 39:12; Ezekiel 28:13. {See “Chalcedony”}

Amon artificer. He reigned two years over Judah. Amon trod closely in the wicked ways of his father, but not in the after repentance, and was slain in his own house. 2 Chron. 33.

Amphipolis A city of Macedonia, situate on the river Strymon, about three miles from the sea. Paul and Silas passed through it on their way from Philippi to Thessalonica. It has long been in ruins, but on its site is erected a village called Jeni-keni. Acts 17:1.

Anakims A giant race of Canaanites. Goliath about nine feet high was a descendant of Anak, the original head of these gigantic men. Josh. 11:21-22.

Ananias

1. High priest, nominated by Herod, King of Chalcis, about A.D. 48. Paul appeared before him, and on Ananias ordering him to be smitten, he said, “God shall smite thee, thou whited wall.” He was deposed by Agrippa, and slain by assassins (Acts 23:2; 24:1).

2. The disciple who fell dead at the apostles’ feet when he lied to the Holy Spirit (Acts 5:1). 3. The devout disciple at Damascus sent to restore sight to Paul after his conversion (Acts 9:10-17; 22:12).

Anathema, Maranatha, “Anathema” is a Greek word untranslated in 1 Cor. 16:22, but translated “accursed” in Rom. 9:3; 1 Cor. 12:3; Gal. 1: 8-9. “Maranatha” is an Aramaic word, signifying “the Lord cometh” (Mal. 4:5-6).

Anchor ἄγκυρα. The anchors of the ancients are known by the coins to have been much the same as the common form now in use. The anchor is used by Paul as a beautiful symbol of Hope, which is both “sure and steadfast”; but to be this it must enter within the veil, where Christ already has entered for us. Acts 27:29,40; Heb. 6:19. A symbol of confidence and security founded on what is Divine (Heb. 6:19) and stability of the atonement (Prov. 25:11).

Andrew One of the apostles, and brother of Peter. He brought Peter to the Lord. Nothing further of importance is recorded of him. John 1:40.

Angel ἄγγελος. To tell or deliver a message, hence the term “angel” often denotes not so much a kind of creature as an office, namely, a messenger or representative, fulfilled by the Lord Himself, by men, or by spiritual beings (Rev. 1:20; 22:16; Isa. 63:9). When Peter was delivered from prison, they said “It is his angel”; and our Lord said of the little children, “Their angels do always behold the face of my Father which is in heaven.” The addresses to the seven churches in the Revelation are written to the angel of each church, to the representative of each church, as though each assembly was embodied in a single representative. An angel appeared both to Mary and to Zacharias to announce the birth of the Lord and of John the Baptist. Angels ministered to the Lord after His temptation, and also in the garden of Gethsemane. They also appeared at the empty tomb to announce His resurrection. They are also sent forth to minister for those who shall be heirs of salvation (Heb. 1:14). They have been and will still be used of God in pouring out judgments on the earth (see the Revelation). Two angels are referred to by name: Gabriel (Luke 1:19,26); and Michael (Jude 9; Rev. 12:7). Doubtless the Lord is alluded to in Revelation 10 as a “mighty angel.” We also read of fallen angels, those who, not keeping their first estate, are reserved in chains, for the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and “his angels” (Matt. 25:41; Jude 6).

Anise, ἄνηθον. Generally believed to be the “dill,” and is so translated in most versions. It is a small umbelliferous plant, grown for its aromatic fruits, and used for seasoning and for medicine. Matt. 23:23.

Anna The aged prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher, who praised the Lord at the presentation of Jesus in the temple; one of the remnant of Israel who were really looking for the Messiah. Luke 2:36-38.

Annas He was appointed high priest by Quirinus, Governor of Syria, A.D. 7, but seven years after was superseded. He seems to have retained the title of high priest while Caiaphas, his son-in-law, held the office. Luke 3:2; John 18:13,24; Acts 4:6.

Anoint

1. ἀλείφω, “to anoint with oil,” as on the head and feet (Matt. 6:17; John 12:3); and those about to be healed, Mark 6:13; James 5:14.

2. χρίω, ἐγχρίω, ἐπιχρίω, “to anoint,” (John 9:6,11; Rev. 3:18); A symbol of consecration, appointment, power conferred as by the Holy Spirit, and is applied to the Lord, Luke 4:18 (from Isa. 61:1); Heb. 1:9; Acts 4:27; 10:38; and to Christians, 2 Cor. 1:21; (see also 1 John 2:27).

3. μυρίξω, to anoint with aromatics, is employed by the Lord in reference to His burial (Mark 14:8). {Sepulchers}

Anointing Symbol of initiation. Anointing refers to the Holy Spirit, given to the believer as the power and life of the new man. In the meat offering, which was composed of “fine flour,” representing the perfect humanity of our Lord (Lev. 2). Oil (figure of the Holy Spirit) was mingled with the offering, and also poured upon it; the mingling of the fine flour and oil is the truth of Matthew 1:20, “for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost”; while the pouring of the oil upon the offering is as clearly the figure of Acts 10:38, “God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power.” The power of devotedness and consecration to God (Lev. 8:30; Ex. 28:41), of all true service (Acts 10:31), and of spiritual understanding (2 Cor. 1:21; 1 John 2:27) is the Holy Spirit.

Anon at once. Matt. 13:20.

Ant These industrious little insects are very numerous in Israel. They form a colony, but without any recognized leader, and yet labour harmoniously in storing up during summer food for winter use. Prov. 6:6-8; 30:25.

Antichrist {Antichrist}

Antioch in Pisidia A Roman colony in Pisidia, in Asia Minor: Paul visited it with Barnabas (Acts 13:14), but was expelled by the Jews (2 Tim. 3:11). This was also founded by Seleucus Nicator. The Romans made it the seat of a pro-consular government. Its site is supposed to correspond with Yalobatch.

Antioch in Syria This was founded about 300 B.C. by Seleucus Nicator, and was adorned and enriched by early emperors. It became the capital in Syria of the Greek kings, and was afterward the residence of the Roman governors. It was beautifully situated on the junction of the heights of Lebanon and of Taurus, where the river Orontes issues from the mountain about 36° 5' N. Lat. It was here that believers in the Lord Jesus were first called Christians, and from here that Paul started on his missionary journeys, and to this place he returned, Acts 11, 13, 14, 15, 18. Though in Syria, it was so far removed from Jerusalem that it proved a suitable place to form a center for action free from Judaism, though fellowship with the church at Jerusalem was maintained. A small town occupies its site named Antakia.

Antipas A faithful martyr, slain at Pergamos, but of whom nothing more is known. Rev. 2:13.

Antipatris A city built by Herod the Great, on the road from Jerusalem to Caesarea. To this place Paul was brought by night. Some identify it with a small village called Kefr-Saba, but others prefer Ras el-Ain, which better agrees with the description given by Josephus. Acts 23:31.

Ape This is one of the few animals not metaphorically mentioned in Scripture. It was not a native of Canaan, but was introduced into the country every three years by Solomon, whose ships imported them from Southern India or the large island of Ceylon. What species of the monkey tribe is referred to we cannot tell. 2 Chron. 9:21; 1 Kings 10:22.

Apollonia A city of Macedonia. Paul and Silas passed through it on their way from Philippi and Amphipolis to Thessalonica. Acts 17:1.

Apollos An eloquent disciple, “mighty in the Scriptures,” and fervent in the Spirit; yet he knew only the baptism of John, until he was more perfectly instructed by Aquila and Priscilla; he became a companion of Paul. Acts 18:24; 19:1; 1 Cor. 1:12; 3:4; 16:12; Titus 3:13.

Apollyon {See Abaddon}

Apostle ἀπόστολος. “a sent one.” Always translated “apostle,” except in John 13:16, “he that is sent”; and in 2 Corinthians 8:23; Philippians 2:25, “messenger.” The term is primarily applied to the twelve chosen by the Lord to accompany Him during His ministry on earth. Their names were: Simon Peter; Andrew; James and John, sons of Zebedee; Philip; Bartholomew; Thomas; Matthew, called Levi; James, son of Alphaeus; Judas, called Lebbaeus and Thaddaeus; Simon the Canaanite, called Zelotes; and Judas Iscariot (Matt. 10:2; Mark 3:14; Luke 6:13). When Judas had fallen, another had to be chosen to fill his place, one who had accompanied the Lord all the time that He had gone in and out among them: Matthias was chosen. Apostles are the first-named as set in the church (1 Cor. 12:28; Eph. 2:20). Thus the number twelve was again complete: their names are written on the twelve foundations of the walls of the heavenly Jerusalem (Rev. 21:14). Paul was also an apostle, for he had seen “Jesus Christ our Lord” (1 Cor. 9:1). He was emphatically “the apostle of the Gentiles” (Rom. 11:13), and also the apostle to whom was revealed the mystery of the church (Eph. 3:4-6). In 2 Corinthians 11:13, “false apostles” are named; and in Revelation 2:2 were some who said they were apostles, and were not such. {“See Offices and Gifts in the Church in Bible Subjects}

Apothecary One who seasons. A compounder of sacred and other perfumes. Ex. 30:35.

Apparel {See Garments}

Appeal This was the privilege of a Roman citizen to appeal from an inferior tribunal to the judgment of the emperor. Pliny mentions having sent some Christians to Rome, who also had appealed to Caesar. Acts 25:11.

Appearance kinds. 1 Thess. 5:22.

Appearing of Jesus

1. ἐπιφάνεια. In 1 Tim. 6:14; 2 Tim. 4:1,8; Titus 2:13 translated “appearing”; and 2 Thess. 2:8, “brightness.”

2. ἀποκάλυψις. 1 Peter 1:7 is the only place where it is translated “appearing”; in 1 Corinthians 1:7 it is “coming”; but it is mostly “revelation,” as in Revelation 1:1, “The revelation of Jesus Christ,” which accounts for that book being often called “The Apocalypse.” “Appearing” is the revelation or manifestation of the Lord on His return to this earth. This should ever be distinguished from His coming to fetch the saints, which is the hope set before the Christian, and for which he should be always looking (see Luke 12:36; John 14:2-3; 1 Cor. 15:51-57; 1 Thess. 4:15-18).

Appertain belonging to. Num. 16:32.

Appii Forum A station on the main road from Rome to the Bay of Naples, constructed by Appius Claudius. It was about 40 English miles from Rome. Acts 28:15.

Apple Tree. A symbol of Christ the Bridegroom in His own preciousness. Song of Sol. 2:3; 8:5.

Apples of Gold in pictures of Silver. A symbol of fruit of Divine righteousness set in the beauty

Approve Borne witness to. Acts 2:22. Proved. 2 Cor. 7:11.

Aquila A Christian found by Paul at Corinth, with whom he lived and worked as a tent-maker. With Priscilla, his wife, he went with Paul to Ephesus. Paul styles them his “helpers in Christ Jesus,” and states that they had endangered their lives for his sake. Acts 18:2,18; Rom. 16:3; 1 Cor. 16:19.

Arabia In Galatians 4:25 Mount Sinai is said to be in Arabia. This is a general name for the abode of the Arabs or Arabians, embracing the east of Lower Egypt, and the east of Israel and Syria, from the Red Sea to far north. Paul went into Arabia, and from thence to Damascus. Gal. 1:17.

Archangel, In Jude the archangel Michael, when contending about the body of Moses, did not bring a railing accusation against Satan, to teach us that we should not speak evil of dignities on earth. The coming of the Lord will be accompanied with archangel’s voice. The word itself implies that there are degrees in the angel world. 1 Thess. 4:16; Jude 9. {See Principality.}

Archelaus {See Archelaus in Bible Chronology article on the “History of the Jews”}

Arcturus Name of a star in the northern hemisphere. Job 9:9.

Areopagite. One of the council of the high court of Areopagus at Athens. Acts 17:34.

Areopagus, or Mars’ Hill The Greek is the same in both verses, ὁ” Αοειος Πάγος, the words being translated in verse 22. This was a high court for judicial and national purposes. It does not appear that Paul was before the council judicially, for to proclaim a new god was punishable with death; he was heard out of curiosity by the philosophers. Sixteen stone steps cut in the rock still lead to the spot. Acts 17:19,22. {See Athens}

Ariel Lion of God. Figuratively the strong city of Jerusalem. Isa. 29.

Arimathea The city of Joseph, who “begged the body of Jesus” (Matt. 27:57, etc.). It was “a city of the Jews,” Luke 23:51. Its site cannot now be identified.

Aristarchus A Thessalonian Christian who accompanied Paul on several journeys, and in his voyage to Rome. In Colossians 4:10 Paul calls him his “fellow-prisoner.” Acts 19:29; 20:4; 27:2; Col. 4:10; Philem. 24.

Ark of the Covenant The ark in the tabernacle and the temple of the O.T. It is here mentioned as having contained “the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron’s rod that budded, and the tables of the covenant” (Heb. 9:4). The ark was not in the temple in N.T. times. It was perhaps carried away to Babylon. Josephus says in his time, in the holy of holies “there was nothing at all” (“Wars,” 5:5, 5).

Ark

1. A symbol of Christ in His wondrous and adorable person as Man (the shittim wood), as God (the gold), Ex. 25:10-22

2. A symbol of the Seat of Divine strength. Psa. 132:8.

3. A figure of Israel’s relationship with God. Rev. 11:19.

Arm A symbol of divine strength. Human Power. Isa. 52:10; Psa. 10:15.

Armageddon This is a Hebrew word in Greek letters, and is considered to mean “Mount of Megiddo” (Rev. 16:16). One naturally turns to Judges 5:19, where it says that the kings fought by the waters of Megiddo. (See also 2 Chron. 35:22; Zech. 12:11.) Megiddo is identified with the south of the plain of Esdraelon on the boundary line between ancient portions of Issachar and Manasseh. It was the great battle-field of Israel.

Armour The word in Rom. 13:12 and 2 Cor. 6:7 is ὅπλον, which is “arms” rather than “armour.” For this dark night we need the arms of light; and the apostle could appeal to the Corinthians that among other things he had the arms of righteousness. In Luke 11:22 and Eph. 6:11-17 it is πανοπλία, the full armour, which among the Romans consisted of shield, sword, lance, helmet, greaves, and breastplate. Christ took all the armour from the strong one, Satan; and the Christian, amid the fiery darts of that same enemy in the heavenlies, needs the whole armour. Contrast the full armour needed for the situation in Ephesians with the simple “breastplate of faith and love,” and for a helmet “the hope of salvation” needed for the wilderness, in 1 Thess. 5:8.

Arrows A symbol of judgments or chastenings. Job 6:4; Psa. 7:13.

Artificer A skilful workman. Gen. 4:22.

Artillery Weapons, as bows and arrows. 1 Sam. 20:40.

Arts, curious {See Divination}

Asa physician. He reigned forty-one years over Judah. A pious king and zealous uprooter of idolatry; in his old age diseased in his feet. 2 Chron. 16.

Ascension Christ ascending to heaven is plainly stated in Mark 16:19; Luke 24:50; John 20:17; Acts 1:9; Ephesians 4:10, etc. Though the apostles Matthew and John were present at the ascension it is to be remarked that neither of them relates it in their gospels. Matthew leaves Christ on earth, for as Messiah He will again appear. Of John, the Lord said, “If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?” (John 21:22).

Asenath beauty. The Gentile wife of the exalted Lord. Name occurs but 3 times, and that in Genesis 41 and Gen. 46:20.

Aser The same as Asher, one of the twelve tribes. Luke 2:36; Rev. 7:6.

Ash Tree This is not the modern tree of that name. What species is referred to is not known. It was used in the making of idols and various kinds of idolatrous images. Isa. 44:14.

Ashes Ashes were cast on the head when mourning (Matt. 11:21; Luke 10:13). Paul also refers to the ashes of the red heifer sprinkling the unclean (Heb. 9:13; Num. 19:2-19); typical of the application of the sufferings of Christ by the Word to the heart and conscience, to cleanse the Christian in his walk. A symbol of deep humiliation, and thorough self-judgment. Job 42:6; Witness of the judgment of sin. Num. 19:9-10.

Asia In the N.T. the word “Asia” must be understood to refer to the Roman province of Asia Minor, though not always of the same extent: in Acts 2:9-10, Phrygia is distinct from Asia; whereas in 1 Peter 1:1 and Rev. 1:4,11, and perhaps other places, Asia would embrace a wider district. Its extent was not definitely settled. In Acts 16:6 “Asia” refers merely to Mysia, Lydia, and Caria on the east.

Ass in Israel and adjacent countries, the ass was the favorite travelling animal, and was ridden by kings, nobles, and persons of distinction. Gen. 12:16; Job 39:5. It betokened peace (Zech. 9:9), as the horse did war (Rev. 19:11). The wild ass is noted for its stubbornness, fleetness, love of freedom, etc. The ass of the East is a far superior animal to those in Europe, and is much used as a beast of burden. The animal has been honoured by bearing the Lord when He was presented in Jerusalem as Zion’s king (Matt. 21:2, etc.). A symbol of man in nature and ungovernable. Ex. 13:13; Job 11:12.

Assayed to attempt or try. 1 Sam. 17:39.

Assembly

1. συναγωγή. The word mostly translated “synagogue” (James 2:2).

2. ἐκκλησία, referring to the people assembled in the theatre (Acts 19:32,39,41). It is elsewhere always translated “church”, though its meaning is “assembly.”

3. πανήγυρις, “general assembly” (Heb. 12:23). This should be joined to verse 22, and read, “to an innumerable company of angels, the general assembly,” (the word “and” separating the subjects); the “church of the firstborn” which follows is distinct.

Assos A seaport of Mysia, on the north shore of the Gulf of Adramyttium, in Asia Minor (Acts 20:13-14). It may be seen on a map that Paul would be able to walk from Troas to Assos as quickly as a ship could sail the distance. It is now called Behram.

Assuage to subside. Gen. 8:1.

Assure persuade. 1 John 3:19.

Astonied astonished. Ezra 9:3.

Athaliah [whom] the Lord afflicts. She reigned six years over Judah. A cruel woman, who murdered all the seed royal of Judah, save Joash, who was almost miraculously preserved. Athaliah was slain by her captains and officers. 2 Chron. 23.

Athenians The inhabitants of Athens. They were remarkable for their desire for something new. Demosthenes rebuked his countrymen for always asking, “What news?” which entirely agrees with the above scripture. Acts 17:21.

Athens The celebrated capital of Attica, the chief seat of civilization, learning and art in the golden age of Grecian history. The city was adorned with temples and altars to every imaginable deity. It was here that Paul was led to Mars’ Hill, where he delivered his address so suitable to a heathen audience of learned men. Acts 17:15-16,22; 18:1; 1 Thess. 3:1.

Atonement καταλλαγή. A careful reading of Leviticus 16 will supply a Divine and comprehensive answer to the oft-repeated question, “What is atonement?” It is the twofold aspect of the cross, or sacrificial work of Jesus; first, towards God, and then towards us. He “offered Himself without spot to God,” and besides, He “bare our sins in His own body on the tree.” These two parts of the atoning work of the Lord Jesus are fully developed and elaborated in the great atonement chapter of Leviticus (16), and, when combined, constitute a scriptural answer to the question, “What is atonement?” Romans 5:11 should have been translated “reconciliation,” as it is in 2 Corinthians 5:18-19, and “reconciling” in Romans 11:15. Romans 5:11. The word “atonement” may be said not to occur in the New Testament. The doctrine is there, which in short is that the death of Christ is sacrificial: the Saviour dying instead of the sinner: life is given and accepted as a sacrifice for life forfeited. The sins of the believer are imputed to the Saviour; this is substitution, and the sinner is cleared of his guilt through faith in the atoning death of Christ.

Attalia A seaport of Pamphylia, in Asia Minor, whence Paul sailed on his return to Antioch. It is now called Adalia, and is described as standing on a high cliff above the sea, with no beach. Acts 14:25.

Attendance attention. 1 Tim. 4:13.

Augustus, Caesar The first Roman Emperor. Luke 2:1. He was “Imperator,” B.C. 31, and Augustus, B.C. 27. His real name was Caius Octavius, the same as his father. In Acts 25:21,25; 27:1 The term “Augustus” is used instead of “emperor”: Nero was at that time Emperor of Rome.

Augustus’ Band Supposed to be a sort of bodyguard to the Emperor, or a “king’s own” guard. Acts 27:1.

Authority {See Power}

Avoid to escape. 1 Sam. 18:11.

Away with Signifies I cannot endure it. Isa. 1:13.

Azariah or Uzziah help of the Lord. He reigned fifty-two years over Judah. For a considerable time this king earnestly sought the Lord and walked according to Divine counsel. Hence God prospered him in battle, and caused his name to be widely spread abroad. But when thus exalted his heart became filled with pride, and impiously usurping priestly functions, he was struck with leprosy, and continued a leper in a separate house assigned him till the day of his death. 2 Chron. 26.

Azotus Where Philip was found after accompanying the Eunuch. Acts 8:40. It is about mid-way between Gaza and Joppa, about three miles from the sea. It is called Ashdod in the O.T. and now Esdud. It was destroyed by the Maccabees, but was restored by the Romans, and assigned to Salome.

Azzah or Gaza A capital city of the Philistines, and situated on the shores of the Mediterranean. Deut. 2:23.

B

Baali my Lord or husband. Jehovah in relationship to Israel as her husband and Lord. There is but one occurrence of this name in the Scriptures. Hos. 2:16.

Baasha wickedness. He reigned twenty-four years over Israel. True to the meaning of his name, a most wicked king; the destroyer of the house of Jeroboam, and his own house threatened with a like total and utter destruction. 1 Kings 16.

Babe Symbol of a stunted, untaught Christian state. 1 Cor. 3:1; Heb. 5:12-14.

Babylon Symbol of corrupt worldliness. Rev. 14:8; 16:19; Dan. 4:30.

Babylon

1. The ancient Babylon, whence the Israelites were carried captive. Matt. 1:11-12,17; Acts 7:43.

2. A city referred to in 1 Peter 5:13, where there was an assembly. Though the ancient Babylon had been destroyed, Josephus and Philo speak of it as being inhabited in their time, so that it is possible that this is the place alluded to.

3. Mystical Babylon. Rev. 14:8; 16:19; 17:5; 18:2. A symbol of the seat and source of the future ecclesiastical apostasy. Rev. 17:18.

Baca weeping, thus “the Valley of Baca” would be the Valley of Weeping. Psa. 84:6.

Badger The skin of this animal was used as an outer covering in the tabernacle, and was peculiarly well adapted for the purpose, being exceedingly durable, impervious to the weather, and the fur being long and thick. Ex. 25:5; Num. 4:8. The skin of the badger is still a valuable commodity in the East. We see no reason for identifying this animal with the “seal,” as some do.

Badgers’ Skins A symbol of defence against the various forms of evil from without. Ezek. 16:10; Ex. 26:14.

Bakers’ Street In the East persons of the same occupation generally resided in the same street, hence Bakers’ Street. Jer. 37:21.

Balaam destruction of the people. The N.T. throws light upon the character of this soothsayer. He “loved the wages of unrighteousness,” and taught Balac how to seduce the children of Israel, which was really doing Satan’s work. He was slain by the Israelites in their war against Midian. Num. 22; Josh. 13:22; 2 Peter 2:15; Jude 11; Rev. 2:14. Symbol of ecclesiastical corruption turned to account by Satan for the hurt of God’s people. Name occurs about 60 times in the Scriptures.

Balak empty. The future civil power leagued with the ecclesiastical (Balaam) power for the hurt of God’s people. Name occurs about 40 times in the Scriptures. Num. 22.

Balance A symbol of man Divinely measured. A time of famine. Dan. 5:27; Rev. 6:5-6.

Balm A medicinal plant was a curative agent of high repute; its medicinal virtues, both as an external remedy for all kinds of wounds, and its internal efficacy in stomach and other complaints are well-known. Jer. 8:22.

Baptism The following are alluded to in the N.T.

1. John’s baptism, the baptism of repentance (Matt. 3:7; Luke 3:3, etc.).

2. Christian baptism (Rom. 6:3; Eph. 4:5; Col. 2:12; 1 Peter 3:21): “buried with Him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with Him through the faith of the operation of God” (Col. 2:12).

3. Baptized by the Holy Spirit into one body (1 Cor. 12:13; Acts 1:5; 11:16).

4. The sufferings of the Lord (Mark 10:38-39).

5. Baptism of fire (Matt. 3:11; Luke 3:16) which is judgment.

6. The doctrine of baptisms (in the plural), (Heb. 6:2) Jewish washings, which the Jewish believers were to leave.

Barabbas The notable robber, in prison for insurrection and murder, who was chosen by the rulers of Israel in preference to the Lord Jesus. Thought by some to be Satan’s mimicry of the true “Son of the Father,” which is what the name Barabbas signifies. Matt. 27:16-26.

Barachias Matt. 23:35. {See Zacharias}

Barbarian βάρβαρος. In the N.T. this refers to those who were not Greeks or Romans, or did not understand the Greek language. Acts 28:4; Rom. 1:14; 1 Cor. 14:11; Col. 3:11. Thus in Romans 1:14, Tyndale had “To the Grekes, and to them which are no Grekes”; Cranmer, “Vngrekes.” In Colossians 3:11 “Barbarian” is supposed to refer to those who did not speak Greek, and “Scythian” to those beyond the north eastern boundaries of the Roman empire.

Bar-Jesus {See Elymas}

Bar-Jona Peter referred to as “Simon, son of Jonas.” Matt. 16:17.

Barley, κριθή. In Israel, this is used as food for horses, and is mixed with wheat for bread by the poor; bread made all of barley is the commonest food. In Revelation 6:6 its value is one-third of wheat. When the Lord fed the 5,000 it was by multiplying the barley loaves. John 6:9-13.

Barnabas “Son of Consolation,” He was a Levite of Cyprus; his name was Joses, but he was called Barnabas by the disciples. He sold his land and laid the money at the apostles’ feet. He introduced Paul to the apostles at Jerusalem and related his conversion. When the apostles heard of the blessing at Antioch they sent Barnabas there, who greatly helped the converts. He fetched Paul from Tarsus to Antioch, and afterward went with him to Jerusalem to attend the conference of Acts 15. He also accompanied Paul in his first missionary journey; but desiring on another journey to take his relative, Mark (who before had left them), and Paul not consenting to it, he separated from him, and sailed with Mark to Cyprus. He was carried away by the dissimulation related in Galatians 2:13. Acts 4:36; 9:27; 11:22-30; 12:25; 13; 14; 15; 1 Cor. 9:6; Gal. 2:1,9,13; Col. 4:10.

Barsabas

1. Joseph, surnamed Justus, who was one of the two proposed for the apostleship in place of Judas Iscariot (Acts 1:23).

2. Judas, sent with Silas from Jerusalem to Antioch to confirm the decision as to Gentile converts. They are styled “chief men among the brethren.” They were prophets who exhorted and confirmed the brethren at Antioch (Acts 15:22,27,32).

Bartholomew One of the twelve apostles. Matt. 10:3, etc. {See Nathanael}

Bartimaeus A blind beggar of Jericho, who on crying to Jesus as the Son of David was heard and received his sight. Mark 10:46-52.

Base ignoble. 1 Cor. 1:28.

Basket

1. κόφινος, a light hand basket. Matt. 14:20; 16:9; Mark 6:43; 8:19; Luke 9:17; John 6:13.

2. σπυρίς. A larger basket used for corn, fish, etc. and in which Paul was let down by the wall. Matt. 15:37; 16:10; Mark 8:8,20; Acts 9:25.

3. σαργάνη, supposed to refer to its being made of wicker work. 2 Cor. 11:33.

Bat This nocturnal little animal dreads the light. Swarms of them inhabit the caverns and dark recesses so common in Israel. It was an unclean animal under the law, and is the chosen symbol of darkness and desolation. Lev. 11:19; Isa. 2:20.

Bay Tree A tree native to Israel. It was a tree of rapid growth and of speedy decay, of thick foliage and wide-spread branches. Psa. 37:35.

Beans are mixed with various kinds of food, and largely partaken of by the poor.

Bear The fierceness, cruelty, and tenacity of grasp displayed by this animal are frequently referred to in the prophets. Anciently it was the dread and terror of the Palestinian shepherds. Now, however, the bear is only to be seen in the mountainous parts of the country. 2 Sam. 17:8; Dan. 7:5. A symbol of a powerful and destructive enemy. Persian Empire. Prov. 17:12; Dan. 7:5.

Beard A symbol of human energy displayed. 2 Sam. 10:5; Lev. 14:9; Jer. 48:37.

Beast A symbol of imperial power acting without reference to God. The four great empires are represented as wild beasts in Daniel 7. Used of the Cretans (Titus 1:12) and of the head of the future Roman power and of Antichrist (Rev. 13:1,12-18). “Beasts of the earth” are distinguished from “cattle,” in Genesis 1:24, the former being wild animals, while the latter are domesticated.

1. θηρίον. In James 3:7 used in distinction from birds and serpents; used of “wild beasts” (Mark 1:13; Acts 10:12; 11:6; Rev. 6:8) and “venomous beast” (Acts 28:4-5).

2. ζῶον. Something “alive,” an animal. Used of beasts of sacrifice, (Heb. 13:11), also the “natural brute beasts,” (2 Peter 2:12; Jude 10), and for the four living creatures (Rev. 4: 6-9; 5:6,8,11,14, etc.).

3. κτῆνος. Animals as “property” (Luke 10:34; Acts 23:24; 1 Cor. 15:39; Rev. 18:13).

4. τετράπους. “four-footed” (Acts 10:12; 11:6; Rom. 1:23).

5. σφάγιον. a “slain beast” (Acts 7:42).

6. θηριομαχέω. “to fight with a θηρίον” (1 Cor. 15:32). Paul’s fighting with beasts most probably refers to the adversaries who contended with him at Ephesus.

Because that. Matt. 20:31.

Bed

1. κράββατος. A common bed, like a thick-padded quilt, which could be easily rolled up and carried (Mark 2:4,9,11-12, etc.). It is also translated “couch” in Acts 5:15.

2. κλίνη. That on which persons “recline” (Matt. 9:2). It might be placed on a raised frame, under which a candle, or rather a small flat lamp, could be placed, and frame and all be called “a bed” or a couch (Luke 5:19,24; Mark 4:21, etc.).

3. κοίτη. On which “to lie” (Luke 11:7; Heb. 13:4). 4. στρώννυμι. “smoothing” the bed (Acts 9:34).

Bee(s) This most useful insect was and is still most numerous in the East. The dry and warm climate and varied flora of the country have made Israel famous for its honey “a land flowing with . . . honey.” From the numerous hives, both of wild and domesticated bees, the inhabitants from time immemorial have derived a considerable revenue from the sale of the rich honey so plentiful, being found in rocks and hollow trees. The immense swarms and fierce attacks upon man and beast are frequently alluded to in Scripture. A symbol of numerous enemies. Deut. 1:44; Judg. 14:8; Psa. 118:12. A symbol of the Assyrian in latter-day judgment upon Israel. Isa. 7:18.

Beelzebub, or Beelzebul They are said by the scribes and Pharisees to be the prince of demons (Matt. 12:24,27; Luke 11:15-19). The meaning of the word is not known, but Jesus takes up the accusation as applying to Satan.

Beetle Lev. 11:22 is the only place where the word “beetle” occurs, and judging from the description given, it must have been of the “locust” species, and hence allowed for food.

Beeves cattle. Signifies domestic animals. Lev. 22:19.

Beginning άρχή. Besides the ordinary meaning of this as the commencement of anything, it has special reference to:

1. Eternity. John 1:1-2.

2. Satan has sinned, and been a murderer from the beginning (perhaps of his fall, or the record of Scripture). 1 John 3:8; John 8:44.

3. Beginning of the creation. Mark 10:6; Heb. 1:10; 2 Peter 3:4.

4. Christ is called “the beginning of the creation of God,” the Head of the new creation. Rev. 3:14.

5. Beginning of Christianity. 1 John 1:1; 2:7.

6. αἰών. Literally, “throughout the ages,” eternity. Acts 15:18; Eph. 3:9.

Behemoth A gigantic animal, generally understood as the huge Hippopotamus, frequenting the rivers of Africa, and anciently found in the Jordan. “He is the chief of the ways of God” in the animal creation. Job 40:15-24.

Belial worthless. (Deut. 13:13) Frequently used of wicked, worthless persons (Deut 13:13; 1 Kings 21:10); “wicked heart” (Deut. 15:9), “ungodly men” (2 Sam. 22:5), “evil disease” (Psa. 41:8), “wicked thing” (Psa. 101:3), “naughty person” (Prov. 6:12), “wicked counsellor” (Nah. 1:11), etc. are translations of the word Belial. So in 2 Corinthians 6:15 it stands in contrast to Christ, and as such would well apply to Satan.

Believers Those who believed the gospel. Acts 5:14; 1 Tim. 4:12. The believers were a class of persons: they believed the record God gave of His Son and of His work, in contrast to unbelievers or infidels (see 2 Cor. 6:15).

Bells A symbol of the declared testimony of the Holy Spirit to Christ’s acceptance and work within the veil. Ex. 28:33-34; 39:25-26.

Belly Symbol of inner man, the inward condition. John 7:38; Rom. 16:18; Psa. 44:25; Rev 10:9-10.

Belshazzar. prince whom Bel (god of Babylon) favours. This last of the Chaldean monarchs illustrates profanity at its height, visited by the sharp and sudden judgment of God; it is also typical of impiety of a like kind, and of judgment as suddenly executed in the closing days of Christendom’s apostasy. Name occurs about 8 times, and only in the prophet Daniel. Dan. 5.

Berea A city of Macedonia near Thessalonica, where the Jews were more noble, in that they searched the Scriptures to judge of Paul’s preaching. Its modern name is Verria. Acts 17:10-15; 20:4.

Bernice or Berenice Daughter of Herod Agrippa I. wife of her uncle, Herod, King of Chalcis, and afterward wife of Polemon, king of Cilicia. With her brother, Agrippa II. she visited Festus at Caesarea and formed part of the court before which Paul’s case was heard. Eventually she became mistress of Vespasian, and afterward of Titus. Acts 25:13.

Beryl βήρυλλος. Perhaps a variety of chalcedony, of a yellow colour, but there are various opinions concerning this stone. Rev. 21:20. The eighth foundation of the heavenly Jerusalem. It occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:20; 36:20; 39:13; Ezekiel 28:13. {See Chalcedony}

Besom a broom. Isa. 14:23.

Bestead distressed or pressed. Isa. 8:21.

Bethabara It was somewhere “beyond” or to the east of Jordan, but where is not known. The oldest MSS. read “Bethany.” Some suppose the two names refer to the same place. John 1:28.

Bethany signifies “house of dates.” It was where Lazarus and his sisters resided, and where the Lord found a sort of retreat. It was here that Lazarus was raised from the dead, and it was near this place that the Lord ascended into heaven, on the east slope of the mount of Olives, about two miles from Jerusalem. Matt. 21:17; 26:6; Mark 11:1,12; 14:3; Luke 19:29; 24:50; John 11:1,18; 12:1. It is now a miserable hamlet called El Azariyeh, “the place of Lazarus.” {See Bethabara}

Bethesda Its meaning is probably “house of effusion, or mercy.” It had five porches, in which lay the sick and infirm, waiting for the agitation of the water by an angel. It was near the sheep gate or market. John 5:2. {See Jerusalem in Bible Subjects}

Bethlehem It signifies “house of bread.” It was the birthplace of the Lord, and is called “the city of David” (Luke 2:11), because David was born there. This must not be confounded with Zion, which is also called “the city of David” (2 Sam. 5:7). Matt. 2:1,6,8,16; Luke 2:4,15; John 7:42. Its modern name is Beit-lahm. It lies five miles south of Jerusalem, is a better town than some in Israel, and has about 2,000 inhabitants. It seems beautifully significant that the One who was emphatically the “bread of God” and the “bread of life” should have been born in “the House of Bread.”

Bethphage It signifies “house of figs.” A village on the eastern declivity of the mount of Olives, not far from Bethany. Matt. 21:1; Mark 11:1; Luke 19:29. Its site is not now identified.

Bethsaida It signifies “house of fish.” There can be little doubt that there were two places of this name: indeed this is implied by one being called Bethsaida “of Galilee,” to distinguish it from some other. This was on the west of the Lake of Tiberias near the north. In the “woes” pronounced by the Lord, it is associated with Capernaum and Chorazin — places also near the north end of the lake. Philip, Andrew, and Peter were of this city. Matt. 11:21; Mark 6:45; Luke 10:13; John 1:44; 12:21. Its site cannot now be identified. The other Bethsaida was on the east of the lake, farther north, near the desert, where the five thousand were fed (Luke 9:10; see also Matt. 14:13; Mark 6:32). Mark 8:22 also refers to the same. This city was called “Julias” by Philip the Tetrarch, after the emperor’s daughter Julia. A mound of shapeless stones, called et-Tell, “the hill,” is supposed to mark its site.

Beulah Meaning married, and thus expressing the relationship which Immanuel’s land sustains to Jehovah. Isa. 62:4.

Bewray discover. Isa. 16:3; Prov. 27:16.

Bewray make manifest. Matt. 26:73.

Bier, σορός, Probably the same light frame referred to under Bed (Luke 7:14). In the O.T. the Hebrew word mittah is translated “bier” and “bed.”

Billows. A symbol of overwhelming sorrows of a judicial character. Psa. 42:7; Jonah 2:3.

Birds. A symbol of speedy agents for good or evil. A symbol of spiritual wickedness. Isa. 31:5; Rev. 18:2.

Bishop επἰσκοπος from “to look over,” an overseer. In Timothy 3:1-7; Titus 1:7 we find that moral qualifications are insisted upon: “a bishop must be blameless,” though nothing is said of gift. In Acts 20:17-35 Paul sent for the elders of Ephesus, and to them he said, “Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed [or shepherd] the church of God”; for much evil was coming in. From this and from 1 Timothy 5:17 we learn that some at least were gifted to administer the Word to the souls of the saints. The Lord Jesus is called the “Shepherd and Bishop” of souls. 1 Peter 2:25. {See Offices and Gifts in the Church in Bible Subjects}

Bithynia A mountainous district in the north of Asia Minor. It was a Roman province. Paul was not suffered to enter there; but it is one of the places mentioned by Peter in his epistle to the strangers of the dispersion. Acts 16:7; 1 Peter 1:1.

Bitter Herbs were eaten at the Passover Supper (Ex. 12). Repentance and self-judgment were to accompany the memorial of redemption. There are many native plants of a bitter kind, as wild lettuce, chicory, etc.

Bittern This solitary bird selects the ruins, wastes, and marshy pines, where it utters its peculiar cry during the silence of the night. It is connected with the truly awful desolations which befell Nineveh, Babylon, and Idumea. Isa. 14:23; Zeph. 2:14.

Black A symbol of mourning. A symbol of moral defilement. Jer. 4:28; Rev. 6:5; Song of Sol. 1:5-6.

Blackness Symbol of separation from the light. Heb. 12:18; Jude 13.

Blains ulcerous sores. One of the Egyptian plagues. Ex. 9:9-10.

Blaspheme In its theological signification this word denotes speaking against God or His Word, and is so used in the Holy Scriptures, as in 1 Kings 21:13; Matthew 12:31-32.

Blasphemy, The word “blasphemy” is really a Greek word, βλασφημία. It has in Scripture a much wider sense than that in which it is now used, and is not confined to speaking evil of God; it may refer to any evil speaking or reviling. It is used in this sense of God (Rev.13:6; 16:9,11,21, etc.); of the Lord Jesus (James 2:7; 1 Peter 4:14); and of the Holy Spirit (Mark 3:29). Paul uses the same word as to himself, translated “being defamed” (1 Cor. 4:13), and “evil spoken of” (1 Cor. 10:30; see also 1 Tim. 6:1; Titus 2:5; 3:2; Jude 8). There may be many sins against the Holy Spirit (Acts 7:51), but it was blasphemy against Him — and that only — that the Lord declared could not be forgiven.

Blind or Blindness A symbol of being without spiritual perception. John 9:39,41; 2 Cor. 4:4; Rev. 3:17.

Blood. 1. A symbol of dreadful slaughter. Rev. 14:20. 2. A symbol of the pollutions of human nature. Ezek. 16:6. 3. A symbol of life forfeited by sin, but claimed by a holy God. Lev. 17:10-14; 3:17. 4. A symbol of complete apostasy from God and truth. Rev. 16:3.

Blue A symbol of heavenly character. The leading colour used in the construction of the coverings, curtains, and veil of the Tabernacle. Ex. 25-28.

Boanerges Sons of Thunder. A name given by the Lord to James and John, perhaps to mark their future ardent zeal. Mark 3:17; Luke 9:54.

Boar The wild boar, although only mentioned once, was and is yet found in large numbers in the woods of Israel, and is one of the most destructive animals amongst the crops, vineyards, and flocks. Psa. 80:13. Amongst Jews and Moslems this animal is regarded as peculiarly unclean.

Boaz in him is strength. One of the brazen pillars in Solomon’s Temple (1 Kings 7:21), alluded to in Rev. 3:12. Christ, in whom is treasured up the sure mercies of David, making good in a future day Israel’s blessing in relationship and inheritance. Name occurs about 24 times in the Scriptures. (Ruth 2)

Boiled bearing pods. Ex. 9:31.

Boils, Severe and inflammatory swellings on various parts of the body. Job 2:7. The “sore botch” of Deut. 28:27,35 is the same as Job 2:7 and Exodus 9:9.

Bolled so swollen as about to burst. Ex. 9:31.

Bondman -woman -maid {See Servant}

Bonnet(s) 1. The priestly mitre. Ex. 28:40. 2. Female head-dresses of various kinds. Isa. 3:20.

Book of Life Symbol of register of the elect or of profession. Phil. 4:3; Rev. 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12-15; 21:27; 22:19.

Book

1. The books mentioned in the N.T. were rolls of parchment or skins prepared for writing on. Those for the synagogue had a roller fastened at each end, by which the reader could by holding a roller in each hand unroll the book as he read. In a usual way the rolls would be written on one side only, but the one mentioned in Revelation 5:1 was written on the back also, because of the fullness of the subject. This form of book explains the “seals” spoken of in this passage. A portion of the book had been rolled up, and a seal affixed; then another portion rolled up, and another seal, until there were seven seals applied; opening a seal would reveal only a section of the roll. Papyrus was also used for writing on (2 John 12). It is supposed to be alluded to by “books” in 2 Timothy 4:13, because of the “parchments” being named separately.

2. A symbol of a record of open judgment. Rev. 10:2.

3. A symbol of a register of Christian profession written in time. Rev. 3:5.

4. A symbol of a register of real believers written in eternity. Rev. 13:8.

Borrowed asked or demanded. The word “borrowed” means and does not at all imply a return, as in the case of the Egyptians (Ex. 12:35).

Bosom Symbol of a place of rest and deepest seat of affection. John 1:18; Isa. 40:11; Luke 16:23.

Boss large stud. Job 15:16.

Botch ulcers. Deut. 28:27.

Bottles The putting of new wine into new bottles, because the elasticity of the new leather allowed fermentation of the wine, clearly shows that the bottles alluded to were made of skins. The skins of kids and goats were used, and the hair was left on the outside, and the inside was tanned. Such bottles are still used in the East. The lesson taught by the Lord was, that the new order of things introduced by Christ could not be put into the forms of the old order: there must be a new life given: a new creation. Bottles were also made of earthenware by the potter. Matt. 9:17; Mark 2:22; Luke 5:37-38.

Bottom valley. Zech. 1:8.

Bottomless pit {See Deep}

Bow the knee tender father. Marginal reading of Gen. 41:43.

Bow

1. Symbol of distant warfare. Rev. 6:2; Psa. 37:14-15.

2. A symbol of deceit and falsehood. Jer. 9:3.

Bowels Symbol of seat of compassion. Phil. 2:1; 1 John 3:17; Song of Sol. 5:4.

Box Tree was a rich and beautiful wood, and in ancient times was used for the inlaying of ivory in articles of value.

Bramble, Briers, Thorns, Thistle, Pricks, Nettles. There are about 20 Hebrew words denoting various prickly plants, emblematic of the curse, and which abound in Israel. The references in Scripture to these plants are numerous.

Branch and Rush The “great and small.” Isa. 9:14; 19:15.

Brass (Copper).

1. A symbol of the Grecian Empire. Dan. 2:39.

2. A symbol of strength and endurance. Psa. 107:16; Zech. 6:1; Mic. 4:13.

3. A symbol of Christ’s ability in bearing the responsibility of the sinner, as in the brazen altar. Ex. 27:1-7.

4. A symbol of Christ’s ability in sustaining the responsibility of the saint, as in the brazen laver. Ex. 38:8.

5. A symbol of the firmness of Divine judgment. Rev. 1:15.

Brass, What metal is actually referred to is doubtful. Brass is really a compound of metals, and it is known that in the early Egyptian era a sort of bronze was used which was a compound. Whether it is this or another compound, or simply copper, that is referred to in the N. T. is not known (Deut. 8:9). It is χαλκός and is referred to as money (Matt. 10:9); as a sonorous substance (1 Cor. 13:1); as a commodity of merchandise (Rev. 18:12); and (χάλκεος) as a metal of which idols were made (Rev. 9:20). In Revelation 1:15; 2:18 it is χαλκολίβανον, supposed to be “fine or glowing brass or copper.” The feet of the Lord are like this, because He is represented as acting in firmness of judgment and treading the winepress of God’s wrath.

Bravery finery. Characteristic of the maidens of Judah. Isa. 3:18.

Bray to pound. Prov. 27:22.

Breach(es) creeks, bays or harbors. Judg. 5:17.

Bread Often used in Scripture to denote food in general. Loaves in the East were made of wheaten flower or barley, leavened, and baked in flat cakes. As a rule they were made every day sufficient for the family, and if a visitor arrived fresh bread was made. {See Oven}

1. Symbol of sustenance. Matt. 4:4; 2 Cor. 9:10. In allusion to the manna of the O.T. our Lord declared that He was the true bread, the bread of life, the bread of God, the bread that came down from heaven, the living bread: “He that eateth of this bread shall live for ever” (John 6:51,58).

2. A symbol of Jesus incarnate. John 6.

3. One loaf, A symbol of Christ for the communion of the Church — one being the expression of her unity. 1 Cor. 10:17.

4. Twelve loaves, A symbol of Christ for the communion of Israel — twelve being the expression of her unity. Lev. 24:5-9. 5. A symbol of refreshment. Gen. 14:18.

Breaker The Messiah dealing with every hindrance and enemy opposed to the blessing and rest of His people. Mic. 2:13.

Breakings judgments. Job 41:25.

Breast(s) A symbol of the affections of Christ. Lev. 7:31-34. A symbol of fruitfulness. Gen. 49:25; Isa. 66:11.

Breastplate A symbol of a moral condition as a safeguard for the heart and conscience. Eph. 6:14; 1 Thess. 5:8. {See Armour}

Bride, Bridegroom, Besides the use of these names in a natural way (Rev. 18:23), they are also referred to Christ and the church. John the Baptist, referring to a simple fact, says, “He that hath the bride is the bridegroom,” which is true also of Christ; and adds, in reference to himself, “the friend of the bridegroom ... rejoiceth greatly because of the bridegroom’s voice” (John 3:29). The Lord refers to Himself as the bridegroom, and to His disciples as the “children of the bridechamber”: they were not yet in the position of the bride (Matt. 9:15, etc.). In Matthew 25, Christ is still the Bridegroom, and His saints are the virgins who have gone forth to meet Him. The holy city, new Jerusalem, is seen prepared as a bride adorned for her husband: she is the Lamb’s wife. The bride is not seen walking in the city, she is the city symbolically (Rev. 21:2,9). The Spirit and the bride respond to the Lord, and say, Come.

Bridle Symbol of curb to the flesh or moral restraint upon nature. James 1:26; 3:2; Psa. 32:9; Isa. 30:28.

Brigandine a coat of mail or light armour. Jer. 46:4; 51:3.

Brimstone Symbol of utter ruin, intense anguish and destruction. Rev. 14:10; Job 18:15; Isa. 30:33.

Broided plaited. 1 Tim. 2:9.

Bruit report or rumour. Jer. 10:22; Nah. 3:19.

Buckler A symbol of Divine protection. Psa. 18:2,30; Song of Sol. 4:4.

Building, Builders

1. The Jewish rulers were the builders who refused Christ as “the stone.” Matt. 21:42; Acts 4:11; 1 Pet. 2:7.

2. The saints are God’s building. 1 Cor. 3:9. They are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ being the chief corner stone (see Eph. 2:20-22; 1 Peter 2:5; Col. 2:7). 3. Man also builds. Paul was a master-builder, or architect, who laid the foundation; he cautioned others to take heed what they built thereon, or their work might be burnt up. 1 Cor. 3:10-15. There is a continual building up of souls, which the saints are exhorted to do; this is often referred to as “edifying” (the Greek words are the same). 1 Cor. 14:5,12,26; Eph. 4:12,16,29, etc. When things have got to their worst, we are to be building up ourselves on our most holy faith. Jude 20.

Bull(s) This wild animal was allowed the Jews for food. It has been considered, from the reference in Isaiah that some species of antelope is meant, but it cannot be said with certainty what particular animal is referred to; “wild bull” and “wild ox” are the translations of the same Hebrew word. Isa. 51:20; Deut. 14:5. A symbol of cruel and powerful enemies. Psa. 22:12; Jer. 50:11.

Bullock. A symbol of Christ a sacrifice offered to God in the strength and vigour of perfect manhood. Lev. 1:1-5; 16:3.

Bulrush, Rushes, Flags, Reeds, etc. These various words signify the papyrus plant of Egypt, now extinct, and from which the earliest paper was derived. This plant is still found in certain marshy places in Israel.

Bunch hump. Isa. 30:6.

Burial {See Sepulchres, Tombs and Burials in Bible Subjects}

Bushel {See Dry Measure in “Measures of Capacity” in Bible Subjects}

Business diligence. Rom. 12:11.

Buttocks hind-parts. Isaiah 20:4; 2 Sam. 10:4.

By and by at once. Matt. 13:21.

By translate in. 1 Cor. 4:4.

C

Cabin cell, vault. Jer. 37:16 .

Caesar Not a name in the N.T. but a title given to any of the Roman emperors. There were during the N.T. history the emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. The question, “Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar?” meant exactly the same as “Is it lawful to give tribute to the emperor,” or “to Rome?”

Caesarea Philippi In the north of Israel, on the east of the Jordan, a little south of mount Hermon, perhaps as far north on the east of Jordan as the Lord visited. It was thus named by Philip the Tetrarch, but was originally called Paneas. Matt. 16:13; Mark 8:27. Its modern name is Banias.

Caesarea The celebrated seaport of Israel, about 70 miles north-west of Jerusalem. Paul repeatedly visited the port in his travels. Herod built the harbor and city. It was the seat of the Roman governors, and where Paul spent two years as a prisoner. Acts 8:40; 9:30, etc. It is now called Kaisarieh, and is described as a mass of prostrate columns and ruined masonry, without an inhabitant.

Caiaphas He was high priest under Tiberias, during the Lord’s ministry; but was deposed by Vitellius, A.D. 37. He was son-in-law of Annas. Matt. 26:3,57; Luke 3:2; Acts 4:6.

Cain acquired. The firstborn of Eve. Held up as an example of wickedness. 1 John 3:12; Jude 11. Typically, the Jews who slew Christ (as Cain did Abel) and then sent to wander on the earth as fugitives, but marked off and preserved by God. Name occurs about 18 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 4.

Calamus An aromatic plant. An Eastern perfume, and formed one of the ingredients composing the holy anointing oil. Ex. 30:23.

Caleb barker, hence a dog. Faithfulness to God commanded and rewarded. Name occurs about 30 times, and only in the Old Testament. Num. 13.

Calf The bull calf was the favourite animal for food, and many were stalled and carefully looked after for this purpose, while others were kept ready for agricultural purposes only. Gen. 18:7; Amos 6:4. The bull calf was a national form of worship in Egypt, and we may add of Israel too (Ex. 32).

Calkers ship carpenters. Ezek. 27:9,27.

Calling καλέω, κλῆσις. “Calling” is used in various connections. It is our social position in 1 Cor. 7:20. In a Christian connection, “many are called,” as in invitations, but few chosen (Matt. 22:14). In an absolute sense, the gifts and calling of God are without repentance (Rom. 11:29). “Whom He called, them He also justified” (Rom. 8:30). The saints are saints by calling; the apostles were apostles by calling (Rom. 1:1,7). We read of the “high calling,” (Phil. 3:14); the “holy calling,” (2 Tim. 1:9); and the “heavenly calling,” (Heb. 3:1). We are to give diligence to make our calling and election sure (2 Peter 1:10).

Calvary Luke 23:33. {See Jerusalem in Bible Subjects}

Calves of the lips Should be praises of the lips. Hos. 14:2.

Camel κύμηλος. This valuable animal and beast of burden — “the ship of the desert” — is probably the most useful animal in the East. It is indispensable in treading the Arabian Desert, and constituted an important part of wealth in Bible lands, as the numerous Scripture references show. Judg. 7:12; 2 Kings 8:9. The stronger ones are used for carrying burdens, and can carry 560 to 784 lbs. The smaller ones are for riding, and can on a necessity travel 100 miles in 24 hours. They can live upon very little, the hump gradually decreasing in size when they have but little food. The hair is used for clothing. Matt. 3:4; Mark 1:6.

Camp A symbol of a religion which would attach man to earth; or, the union of human and Divine principles. Ex. 33:7. Rev. 20:9 is an allusion to the gathering together of the saints, when Satan stirs up the final attack upon them. In Hebrews 13:11,13 refers to Judaism and its religious system, extending however to any religious system connected with the world in distinction from the heavenly character of the church of God. The bodies of the sin-offering were burned without the camp of Israel (Lev. 4:12,21). Jesus also suffered “without the gate” of Jerusalem and its then earthly system. “Let us go forth therefore unto Him without the camp, bearing His reproach.”

Camphire An aromatic plant that yields a delightful fragrance, and from its leaves a dye is produced, which is held in great favour amongst Eastern females in staining their hands and feet. Song of Sol. 1:14.

Cana of Galilee The place of the Lord’s first miracle, turning the water into wine, and the city to which Nathanael belonged. It was in the neighborhood of Capernaum, and on higher ground. The Lord went down to Capernaum. John 2:1,11; 4:46; 21:2. It has been identified by some with Kefr-Kenna, about four and a half miles north-east of Nazareth, but others prefer Kana-el-Jelil (or Khurbet Kana), about eight miles north-east of Nazareth.

Canaan, Chanaan A name corresponding to Israel. Matt. 15:22.

Canaanite Matt. 10:4; Mark 3:18. {See Simon}

Candle, Candlestick λύχνος, λυχνία. Matt. 5:15; Rev. 1:12-13,20, etc. The word λύχνος is translated “light” in Matthew 6:22; Luke 12:35; John 5:35; 2 Peter 1:19; Rev. 21:23. The words are better translated “lamp” and “lampstand,” though there is another Greek word for “lamp,” which see. The modern candles were not known in N. T. times. A symbol of artificial light. A symbol of Divine light and favour. Rev. 22:5; Job 29:3.

Candlestick of Pure Gold 1. A symbol of the fullness of the Spirit’s light resting upon believers. Ex. 26:35. 2. A symbol of the perfect display of the moral glories of Christ as seen in His adorable person. Num. 8:2-4.

Canker gangrene. 2 Tim. 2:17.

Cankered corroded. James 5:3.

Canker-worm In the few passages where this insect is named its destructive power is referred to. It is an apt and striking illustration of the utter desolation and wasting caused by countless and irresistible enemies; and its ravages in the East are dreaded as the plague. Joel 1:4; 2:25. The “canker-worm” is the Eastern “locust” in its larva state.

Capernaum Remarkable as being designated the Lord’s “own city.” Matt. 9:1; Mark 2:1. It was perhaps the place where He dwelt more than any other. There He did many miracles, and spoke many “gracious words,” but He was rejected there, and this called forth this solemn “woe” against it: it should be brought down to hades (Matt. 11:23). It was on the west side of the lake, “upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim.” Matt. 4:13; 8:5; 11:23, etc. Many identify it with Tell Hum; others prefer Khan Minyeh.

Caphtor The original location of the Philistines, who were descended from Mizraim (Egypt). Gen. 10:14; Jer. 47:4.

Cappadocia A Roman province in the most eastern part of Asia Minor, but extending eastward to the Euphrates. Jews from thence were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost; and Peter includes them in his first epistle. Acts 2:9; 1 Peter 1:1.

Captain of the Guard στρατοπεδάοχης. The Roman commander of a camp, but applied to the commander of the emperor’s guards, to whom Paul was delivered as a prisoner at Rome. Acts 28:16.

Captain, Chief Captain, High Captain χιλίαρχος. “The Roman commander of a thousand men,” a Chiliarch. Mark 6:21; John 18:12; Acts 21:31-37; 22:24-29; 23:10-22; 24:7,22; 25:23; Rev. 6:15; 19:18.

Carnal To be “carnal” or fleshly, denotes an unhealthy Christian condition, as “spiritual” signifies a healthy Christian state. To be “carnal” is equivalent to a condition marked in Scripture as babyhood, requiring “milk,” and not “solid food.” Both the Corinthians (1 Cor. 3) and the Hebrews (Heb. 5) were in that state. Where nature in its workings are not held in due subjection, its philosophical tendencies, as with the Corinthians, and its religious ways, as with the Hebrews, not thoroughly judged, a “carnal” or fleshly state is the sure result. Our safety is in walking in the power of the Holy Spirit (Rom. 8:13-14).

Carpenters A symbol of God’s instruments of judgment upon the Gentile oppressors of His people, Israel. Zech. 1:20-21.

Carriage The goods or baggage, i.e. not what carried, but what was carried. 1 Sam. 17:22; Judg. 18:21. See also Acts 21:15.

Cassia An aromatic plant, an Indian perfume, and which formed one of the ingredients of the holy ointment. Ex. 30:24.

Cast 1. turned. Jer. 41:14. 2. considered. Luke 1:29.

Castaway {See Reprobate}

Castor and Pollux The Greek word is simply Dioscuri, “sons of Jupiter,” supposed to refer to Castor and Pollux of Mythology, who were said to preserve from shipwreck. Acts 28:11.

Caterpillar(s) The Hebrew word for “canker-worm” signifies licker up, and for “caterpillar,” consumer. No doubt the locust is meant, but in the state before it assumes its wings. It is an emblem of utter wasting and destruction. Isa. 33:4; Psa. 78:46. A symbol of devouring enemies. Jer. 51:14;

Caul(s) net for the hair. Isa. 3:18. Female head covering of net work, and of an ornamental character.

Cedar

1. This grand old tree once covered the sides of Mount Lebanon, and was largely used by David, Solomon, and Nebuchadnezzar in the erection of their palaces, also in the construction of the Temple.

2. A symbol of earthly greatness. Ezek. 17:1; Amos 2:9.

3. A symbol of man displayed in his best and fairest forms. Lev. 14:4-6; Num. 19:6.

Cedron Another form of Kidron or Kedron. A ravine in which flowed the brook, at the east of Jerusalem, separating it from the mount of Olives, but which is now nearly always dry. John 18:1.

Cenchrea The eastern port of Corinth, from which it was distant about nine miles. There was an assembly there. Acts 18:18; Rom. 16:1.

Censer The vessel in which coals from the altar were carried, on which incense was sprinkled. Heb. 9:4. Used metaphorically for the vessel in which the prayers of the saints are offered on the altar with much incense, followed by judgments on the earth. Rev. 8:3,5.

Centurion ἑκατουτάοχης,—χος, κεντυοίων. The Roman commander of a hundred men. Matt. 8:5,8,13; Mark 15:39-45; Acts 10:1.

Cephas {See Peter}

Chaff Symbol of worthless persons. Matt. 3:12; Luke 3:17; Psa. 1:4.

Chains This word signifies ear-drops. Isa. 3:19.

Chalcedony χαλκηδών. There are several varieties of chalcedony, differing in colour and bearing different names; the general shade is a pale, yellowish grey. Rev. 21:19. The word does not occur in the LXX. Because of the uncertainty of identifying the precious stones in the N.T., references are given to the Septuagint if the same Greek word is used therein.

Chaldaeans, Land of the The district between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Acts 7:4.

Challenge to claim. Ex. 22:9.

Chambers of imagery Egyptian idolatry occupying the rooms, and generally the interior of the temple. Ezek. 8:12.

Chameleon As the original word denotes strength, it is believed that the reference is to one of the large and powerful lizard species abounding in Israel. It was an unclean animal under the Law. Lev. 11:30.

Chamois As the animal known to us as the “chamois” never inhabited Israel or adjacent countries, it is generally regarded, in this the only passage where the name occurs, as the wild sheep now almost extinct in Bible lands. It was a clean animal under the Law. Deut. 14:5.

Champaign open field or plain. That part of a country not intersected by hills, but open and easily traversed. Deut. 11:30.

Chanaan Same as Canaan.

Chancellor A Persian officer of high rank, and connected with the granting of the decrees of the realm. Ezra 4:8-9,17.

Chapiter(s) The upper and ornamental parts of the columns or pillars of public buildings. Ex. 36:38, etc.

Chapman dealer. In England we would say a “hawker”; only in the East the employment was a respectable one. 2 Chron. 9:14.

Charger A salver, or large dish. Num 7:13; Matt. 14:8.

Chariot of Israel The Divine defence and safeguard of Israel. 2 Kings 2:12.

Chariots

1. A symbol of imperial powers. Zech. 6:1.

2. A symbol of the governmental power and authority of Jehovah. Psa. 68:17; Isa. 66:15.

Charity love. 1 Cor. 13.

Charran The same as Haran, (Gen. 11:31, etc.) where the LXX has Χαρράν: the plain of Mesopotamia, between the rivers Khabour and the Euphrates. Acts 7:2,4. There is an Arab village in the district called Harran.

Check reproof. Job 20:3.

Chemarim The priests of Baal and of other idols. Zeph. 1:4. Translated idolatrous priests in 2 Kings 23:5; Hosea 10:5; in these Scriptures the margin reads chemarim.

Cherubim χερουβίμ (plural). Symbolical executors of God’s judicial and governmental power and authority, either in blessing or in punishing. Heb. 9:5; Ezek. 10:15-20. They are named as in guarding the tree of life. Gen. 3:24. In the tabernacle and temple, they formed the moral supports of Jehovah’s throne, as “justice and judgment.” Psa. 89:14. In Ezekiel 1; 10:15-20, they clearly set forth God acting judicially towards His people, in bringing against them that “bitter nation,” the Chaldeans. Ex. 37:7; 1 Kings 6:28, Psa. 99:1.

Chestnut or, according to the Septuagint, the Plane Tree. Its ample foliage secures a delightful shade and retreat from the burning rays of an Eastern sky, while its enormous trunk supplies timber for a variety of purposes.

Chief of Asia Ασιάοχης. Asiarch, honorary Roman magistrates in Asia. Ten of the principal persons of the province were elected annually of which one was chief. They were specially charged with the public festivals. Acts 19:31.

Chief prince The Septuagint or Greek version of the Old Testament, reads correctly “Prince of Rosh,” i.e. of Russia. Ezek. 38:2-3; 39:1. It was only toward the close of the ninth century that Russia, as such, became known, or rather, that her history as a kingdom commenced, hence our translators took the word “rosh” as signifying the “chief,” or great prince.

Child an hundred years old Refers to the great prolongation of life in the millennium. Isa. 65:20.

Children of the East Dwellers in the desert lying between Canaan and the river Euphrates. Judg. 6:3,33.

Chilion pining away. Israel out of her land and wasting away because of her iniquities Isa. 38:12; Ruth 1.

Chimney Denotes any aperture covered over with interlaced lattice-work for the escape of smoke Hos. 13:3. It is the same word translated windows. Gen. 7:11; 8:2.

Chios An island in the Aegean Sea, near the west coast of Asia Minor. Acts 20:15. Now called Scios.

Chittim The historical fulfilment of the first part of this chapter (Dan. 11:1-35) proves that Rome is the power here meant.

Choler great rage and anger Dan. 8:7; 11:11.

Chorazin One of the cities on which a “woe” was pronounced by the Lord because of rejecting Him, His words, and His works. Matt. 11:21; Luke 10:13. It was doubtless near the lake of Gennesaret on the west side, and its site is supposed by some to be identified with Kerazeh, where are extensive ruins; but others identify it with Tell Hum.

Christ, The χριστός. The Anointed. It is the same as Messiah, which is a Hebrew word, and also signifies “the Anointed.” Messias occurs in John 1:41; 4:25, and is interpreted “the Christ.” He was foretold in Psalm 2:2 as “his anointed,” which is “his Messiah.” In Daniel 9:25-26, the Messiah the Prince shall be cut off and have nothing (margin). This was the one looked for by the Jews and the Samaritans, but who came as the humble Jesus of Nazareth. In many places in the A.V. where it is simply “Christ,” as if that were His name, it should be “the Christ,” the anointed one. In 1 Cor. 12:12 The Head and the body form one whole, “the Christ.”

Christian Antioch prided itself upon “giving names,” and was the first to call the disciples “Christians,” as those who followed Christ. King Agrippa used the same term. The giving of the name may have been overruled by God: it is certainly very appropriate, and is adopted by Peter, as led by the Holy Spirit. Acts 11:26; 26:28; 1 Peter 4:16.

Chrysolite χρυσόλιθος. Probably the ancient topaz of a golden or yellow colour. Rev. 21:20. The word occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:20; 36:20 (39:13); Ezekiel 28:13. {See Chalcedony}

Chrysoprasus χρυσόπρασος. Supposed to be a variety of chalcedony of a green shade. Rev. 21:20. The word does not occur in the LXX.

Church In Acts 19:37 occurs “robbers of churches,” but it should be “robbers of temples”: no building was called a church. The word for church is έκκλησία, and simply means “assembly.” This is evident from Acts 19:32,39,41, where the same word is applied to those gathered in the theatre. It is also used of the assembly or congregation of Israel in the wilderness in Acts 7:38. Everywhere else it refers to God’s assembly. The church is said to be “the body” of Christ (Eph. 1:22-23; Col. 1:18,24). It is also the “house of God” (1 Tim. 3:15), in which there may be those who are professors only. It is compared to a great house in which are vessels both to honour and to dishonour (2 Tim. 2:20), so that judgment will have to begin at the house of God (1 Peter 4:17). Collectively there is but one church — one body, embracing every Christian on earth indwelt by the Holy Spirit, and containing none but Christians; but distributively we read of “churches.” In any one city we read of only “a” church, as at Jerusalem, (Acts 8:1); but there were churches in districts, as in Judaea, in Galatia (Gal. 1:2,22), and in Asia (Rev. 1:4). Each local assembly was called “a church,” though it really formed a part of the one church, and was in no sense a separate church. The church was formed by the baptism of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 1:5; 2:4; 1 Cor. 12:13; Eph. 2:22), so that the church did not commence until then, which agrees with our Lord speaking of it as a future thing in Matthew 16:18; and its doctrine was still a hidden mystery, until Paul afterward declared it (Eph. 3:3-7). This shows the heavenly character of the church as the body of Christ, of which He is the Head in heaven, and that it is distinct from the Old Testament saints, and also from the saints who will be called after the church has left the earth.

Churl A niggardly person (Isa. 32:5,7); also, surly and ill-tempered, as Nabal (1 Sam. 25).

Ciel to wainscot. 2 Chron. 3:5.

Cilicia A district in Asia Minor at the extreme N.E. corner of the Mediterranean. Tarsus was its capital, to which Paul belonged. Acts 6:9; 15:41; 21:39; Gal. 1:21.

Cinnamon an aromatic plant is a favourite spice, and formed another of the ingredients of the holy ointment. Ex. 30:23.

Circumcision This was a rite peculiarly Jewish, so that the terms circumcised and uncircumcised are constantly used to denote Jews and Gentiles. It was concluded in the council at Jerusalem that circumcision was not binding on Gentile believers, and the Galatians are severely blamed for putting themselves under the law; if they trusted in circumcision Christ would profit them nothing. What it typified is explained in Colossians 2:11: “Ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ.” In Philippians 3:2, it stands in contrast to “concision,” which is a “cutting,” an improving of the flesh: circumcision teaches cutting off: “Ye are dead. ... Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth” Col. 3:3,5.

Cisterns A symbol of resources. Jer. 2:12; Isa. 36:16.

Citizen, In Luke 15:15; 19:14; Acts 21:39 the term applies to those simply dwelling in the same city, and having civil rights. The chief captain did not suppose Paul was a Roman citizen, or he would not have ordered him to be scourged. Acts 22:29. The saints’ “citizenship” is in heaven, as Phil. 3:20 may well be translated. The word is πολίτευμα.

City

1. Symbol of center of administration. Heb. 11:10,16; Rev. 21:10.

2. A symbol of protection. Prov. 18:11.

3. A symbol of seat of the Roman Empire. Rev. 16:19.

4. A symbol of the Church, both in its glorified and apostate states. Rev. 18; 21.

Claudia A Christian woman named by Paul in his salutations from Rome, together with Pudens and Linus. 2 Tim. 4:21. All of these are supposed to have been British subjects at Rome. About the same time that Paul wrote the second Epistle to Timothy, the Latin poet Martial wrote some epigrams, in which he mentions three friends: Pudens, his wife Claudia, and Linus. It is remarkable that the three names agree, and it may be as supposed.

Claudius Lysias The Commandant of Jerusalem, who, when Paul was dragged out of the temple and attacked, protected him, and sent him to Caesarea for safety. Acts 23:26.

Claudius Fourth Roman emperor, who attained to the empire partially through the influence of Herod Agrippa I, A.D. 41. In return for this he added Judaea, Samaria, and some districts of Lebanon to Agrippa’s jurisdiction, and appointed Agrippa’s brother, Herod, to Chalcis. Acts 11:28; 18:2.

Clay

1. A symbol of man as dead material the subject of the sovereign power of God. Rom. 9:21.

2. A symbol of no foot-hold in suffering. Psa. 40:2.

Cleave Used in exactly opposite meanings, as to cut or divide in Psalm 141:7, and to a close and inseparable union, as in Genesis 2:24.

Clement Paul’s fellow-labourer at Philippi. He is accounted one of the Apostolic Fathers. Phil. 4:3.

Cleopas or Clopas One of the two disciples who travelled to Emmaus, with whom the Lord conversed and to whom He made himself known in the breaking of bread. Luke 24:18. Supposed by some to be the same person as the Cleophas, or Clopas, named in John 19:25.

Cloak {See Garments}

Clouds 1. A symbol of Divine majesty. Dan. 7:13; Psa. 104:3; Rev. 1:7. 2. A symbol of the presence of Jehovah, but His glory veiled. Ex. 33:9-10; 34:15-18; Luke 9:35; Lev. 16:2.

Clouted patched. Josh. 9:5.

Cnidus A city and sea-port passed by Paul on his way to Rome. Acts 27:7. It is in the extreme S.W. of Asia Minor.

Coal quench my Ruin me in my circumstances and prosperity. 2 Sam. 14:7.

Coals of Fire The allusion seems to be melting and conquering an enemy by returning good for evil. Proverbs 25:21-22; Rom. 12:20. A “fire of coals,” John 18:18; 21:9. Mineral coals are not known in Israel; charcoal is still commonly used.

Coast(s) border, region of territory, whether of sea or land. Judg. 18:2; Matt. 2:16.

Coat {See Garments}

Cock This domestic fowl is only mentioned in the Gospels, and was certainly unknown to the Jews previous to the captivity, being imported from India. The certainty and regularity of its midnight crowing is connected with some solemn warnings and teachings in the Gospels. Matt. 26:34; Mark 14:30.

Cockatrice The particular reptile referred to cannot with certainty be determined, but the various Scripture passages in which the name occurs show that a deadly, poisonous snake is meant. Isa. 11:8; Jer. 8:17.

Cockle A destructive weed and exceedingly offensive to the smell. It must have been a well-known exceedingly poisonous Arabian plant (Job 31:40); it is translated “wild grapes” in Isaiah 5:2,4.

Collops lumps. Job 15:27.

Colony A Roman colony was a place inhabited by persons transplanted from Rome, and governed by Roman laws. Acts 16:12.

Colosse A city in Phrygia in Asia Minor, twelve miles nearly east of Laodicea. Col. 1:2. It does not appear that Paul had visited the place before he wrote the epistle to the church there (see Col. 2:1). Its ruins are supposed to be 3 miles north of the town of Khonas.

Colour pretext. Acts 27:30.

Colours A symbol of varied glories. Gen. 37:3; 1 Chron. 29:2; Isa. 54:11.

Colt Young camel or ass. The colts were frequently used for riding by persons of distinction, and represent an ungovernable will, as in the book of Job and elsewhere. Gen. 49:11; 32:15.

Comforter {See Advocate}

Coming of the Lord {See Appearing}

Commendation, Letters of, An evident intimation that such letters are needful when a Christian goes to a place where he is unknown. 2 Cor. 3:1.

Communion {See Fellowship}

Compass, fetch a make a circuit. 2 Sam. 5:23; Acts 28:13.

Concision A symbol of those who would saddle the law upon Christians. Phil. 3:2. {See Circumcision.}

Conclude to include. Rom. 11:32.

Concupiscence lust. Rom. 7:8.

Coney An unclean animal. This small animal inhabits the rocks, and is exceedingly watchful and wary on the approach of danger. The wisdom of this diminutive little creature — about the size of the rabbit — in selecting high rocks for its dwelling is a lesson to us worth pondering. Psa. 104:18; Pro. 30:26.

Confession {See Profession}

Confirming 1. ἐπιστηρίξω. “to fix firmly, establish.” A mission fulfilled by Paul and others, among the converts, by bringing the word home to their souls, by which they were established in the faith. Acts 14:22; 15:32,41. 2. βεβαιόω “to confirm, establish, verify.” Mark 16:20; Rom. 15:8; 1 Cor. 1:6,8; Heb. 2:3.

Conscience συνείδησις. Literally, “joint knowledge.” It is the faculty God has given to every man since the fall by which he knows good and evil (see Gen. 3:22): and for the disobeying of which, if he has no other light, he will be judged. Rom. 2:15. The Christian has a “purged” conscience, the effect once for all of the work of Christ in respect of his sins; so that he has no more conscience of sins. Heb. 9:14; 10:2. God will never impute sins to him. As a practical thing, Paul said, “I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence toward God, and toward men.” Acts 24:16. A “good” conscience and a “pure” conscience are named as what should characterize a Christian; whereas those who depart from the faith have a “seared” conscience, and lose the fine sensibilities which the faith imparts. Others may have a “weak” conscience through not apprehending Christian liberty. Conscience takes knowledge of acts, not of nature. When the sin in us is allowed to produce sins, then only is the conscience defiled.

Consist subsist. Col. 1:17.

Constantly strongly Titus 3:8.

Convenient becoming. Eph. 5:4.

Conversation manner of life. Gal. 1:13. citizenship. Phil. 3:20.

Converts The remnants of Israel and Judah returned to their city and God. The root idea in this word and in that of “conversion” is “turned,” or a radical change in life and character. Isa. 1:27.

Convocation This Latin word signifies a religious gathering duly called and constituted. Ex. 12:16.

Coos An island on the south-west of Asia Minor; same as Cos. Acts 21:1.

Coral The finest coral was procured from the Red Sea or Persian Gulf, and was greatly prized for its beauty and value. Coral is the interesting workmanship of millions of sea creatures who lived and died at the bottom of the waters. Ezek. 27:16; Job 28:18.

Corban A Hebrew word, and here (Mark 7:11) is translated “a gift,” a consecrated gift. The Jews had allowed a son to say to his parent, “It is a consecrated gift, I cannot give it to you,” thus setting aside, by their traditions, his duty to his parents.

Cords A symbol of Divine restraint. A symbol of the compellings of love. Psa. 2:3; Hos. 11:4.

Coriander is plentiful in the East, and is used in seasoning fruit and confectionery. Ex. 16:31.

Corinth The learned and wealthy but dissolute capital of Achaia. There had been an earlier city, but the one referred to in the Acts was founded by Julius Caesar. Paul continued there eighteen months, and thence he wrote the first and second Epistles to the Thessalonians, and afterward the Epistle to the Romans. He had been the means of the conversion of the Corinthians, to whom he wrote the two Epistles bearing their name. Acts 18:1; 19:1; 1 Cor. 1:2; 2 Cor. 1:1,23; 2 Tim. 4:20. Corinth is now only a mean village, with a few fragments of its former greatness.

Cormorant Another of the unclean birds abounding about the rivers and sea coasts of Israel. The word literally means plunger; it is one of those birds who plunge into the water in pursuit of its prey. Lev. 11:17; Deut. 14:17.

Corn, Corn of Wheat A cereal as familiar to the inhabitants of the Eastern world as elsewhere. Various words are used, signifying the breadstuffs of Israel. Mark 4:28; John 12:24, etc. The reference to the Lord is rather “grain of wheat,” “the grain of wheat” must die or He could not produce the fruit He wished. There could be no living association of man with Him except on the resurrection side of the cross. The grain dies and brings forth “much fruit.”

Corn, Old A symbol of Christ in glory as the food of a heavenly people. Josh. 5:11.

Cornelius A devout Roman centurion, who saw in a vision an angel of God telling him to send for Peter. Acts 10. While Peter preached to the gathered company the Holy Spirit fell on them, and they were baptized. These were the first Gentile converts.

Corner-stone, head of the corner, chief corner-stone Matt. 21:42; Mark 12:10; Luke 20:17; Acts 4:11; 1 Peter 2:7. Christ, though He had been rejected by the Jewish builders, is proclaimed as “head of the corner,” being a quotation from Psalm 118:22. Ephesians 2:20 and 1 Peter 2:6 speak of Him as the “chief corner stone.” In Ephesians this is in connection with the foundation, and in Peter it is said to be “laid,” so that the “chief corner stone” may refer to a part of the foundation, and the “head of the corner” to a top stone; agreeing with Christ being the “first and the last,” the “beginning and the ending” of God’s plan of building up an edifice to His glory in the salvation of poor sinners.

Cote stall, shed. 2 Chron. 32:28.

Cotes chambers or other enclosures for the protection of sheep. 2 Chron. 32:28. See also 1 Samuel 24:3.

Coulter An implement of husbandry, generally regarded as a ploughshare. 1 Sam. 13:20-21.

Council, Counsellor {See Sanhedrim in “The Synagogue and the Sanhedrim” in Bible Subjects}

Countervail compensate. Could not avail against the king, or damage him in any way. Esther 7:4.

Covenant of Salt An agreement or league of a perpetual and enduring character; yet practiced to a large extent in eastern countries, where, if a visitor eats salt in your house, he has thereby secured your help and protection, and for the time under your special safeguard. Num. 18:19, etc.

Covenant, New Covenant Except in Romans 1:31, “covenant breakers,” the word is διαθήκη. In the A.V. it is nearly as often translated “testament” as “covenant,” with the same meaning. It is better always translated “covenant,” except in Hebrews 9:16-17. As an English word, “covenant” implies an agreement between two or more; but in Scripture it is the will and purpose of one — God. It was so with Israel: God stated His covenant, as His will concerning them, the blessing was conditional on their keeping it. The new covenant is future, when God will take up Israel again for blessing. Heb. 8:8. God is not said to make a covenant with the church. Christ is the mediator of the new covenant. Heb. 8:6; 9:15; 12:24. Paul speaks of himself and others as being “able ministers of the new covenant.” 2 Cor. 3:6. In Galatians 4 two covenants are spoken of; one made at mount Sinai, the other the “Jerusalem above is free, which is our mother.” Gal. 4:26 JND. From the above it will be seen that the “new covenant” is yet to be made with Israel, though some of its blessings are anticipated in the new order of things brought in by Christ, in contrast to the old order under the law: it brings blessings to us who are in the church, and will bring many and varied blessings to Israel by-and-by. Two things will characterize it: a knowledge of God as Jehovah, and the forgiveness of sins.

Covereth his Feet Judg. 3:24 or “doeth his easement.” Also 1 Samuel 24:3.

Cow The cow formed an integral part of wealth in such an agricultural country as Israel, and generally denotes abundance. Lev. 22:28; Isa. 7:21. The “bullock” on the other hand is the chosen symbol of service and patient labour, and was the most valuable animal offered in sacrifice on Jewish altars.

Crane This gregarious bird is of large size and is remarkable for two characteristics, both noted in the references — first, its peculiar trumpet-like cry, and second, its regular migratory habits. Jer. 8:7; Isa. 38:14.

Creation, New Creature κτίσις. In Mark 10:6; 13:19; Romans 1:20; 2 Peter 3:4 reference is made to the creation of Genesis 1. In Colossians 1:15 our Lord is spoken of as “the firstborn of every creature,” and in Revelation 3:14 as the “beginning of the creation of God.” In Romans 8:19-21,39 every created thing is referred to as suffering from the effects of the sin of man, and as groaning for relief. In 2 Corinthians 5:17 and Galatians 6:15 the Christian is said to be a “new creation”; he is a new creation in Christ in contrast to the first creation in Adam, although until his body is redeemed he has not quite done with the first creation in its life, duties, and relationships. In all the above passages, “creation” is the better word. In 1 Timothy 4:4; James 1:18; Rev. 5:13; 8:9 it is κτίσμα, “creature.”

Creator One of the titles of God, but which also belongs to Christ, for all things were created by Him and for Him. Rom. 1:25; 1 Peter 4:19; Col. 1:16.

Crete A large island in the Mediterranean, not far from Greece, also called Candia. Some Jews from Crete were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost. These may have received and carried to Crete the gospel. Paul at a late date, apparently visited Crete, and left Titus there to set things in order and to ordain elders in every city. The Cretans had gained an unenviable notoriety for untruthfulness. Acts 27:7,12-13,21; Titus 1:5,12.

Crisping pin(s) small bags or purses. Isa. 3:22. Translated bags in 2 Kings 5:23.

Crispus The chief ruler of the synagogue at Corinth; he believed at the preaching of Paul, who baptized him and his household. Acts 18:8; 1 Cor. 1:14.

Cross, The, The well-known instrument used in crucifixion. It is used as a symbol of the sacrifice of the Lord: “the death of the cross,” (Phil. 2:8); “the blood of his cross,” (Col. 1:20); “preaching of the cross,” (1 Cor. 1:17-18). It was that on which atonement for sins was made. Jews and Gentiles were united into one body by the cross. Eph. 2:16. The cross makes nothing of man, and was the symbol of shame to the Lord (Heb. 12:2); and of the shame and self-denial that lie in the Christian’s path. Matt. 10:38; 16:24; Mark 8:34; Luke 9:23; 1 Cor. 1:17;Gal. 5:11; 6:12.

Crown A symbol of victory or royalty or kingly dignity. Ezek. 16:12; Rev. 9:7. Yet, in derision they put a crown of thorns upon the Lord. Matt. 27:29. The twenty-four elders, typical of the redeemed, have on their heads “crowns of gold” (Rev. 4:4,10). The woman in Revelation 12:1 had on her head a crown of twelve stars, pointing to Israel and the twelve tribes. The Christian is said to receive “a crown of righteousness,” (2 Tim. 4:8); “the crown of life,” (James 1:12; Rev. 2:10); and “a crown of glory,” (1 Peter 5:4). It may be but one crown, looked at from different aspects: the warning to the saint is, “hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown” (Rev. 3:11). The apostle Paul declared that the saints at Philippi and at Thessalonica were his “crown” (Phil. 4:1; 1 Thess. 2:19). The crown, better translated “Diadem,” is only worn by the Lord, (Rev. 19:12); by Satan as the “great red dragon,” (Rev. 12:3); and by the beast, the head of the future Roman power (Rev. 13:1). There are four crowns set before the saints — First, the crown of gold common to the redeemed. Rev. 4:10. Second, the crown of life for the martyr. Rev. 2:10. Third, the crown of righteousness for the servant and witness. 2 Tim. 4:8. Fourth, the crown of glory for the shepherds of God’s flock. 1 Peter 5:4.

Crucifixion The most painful and degrading death. Scripture says, “Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree” (Gal. 3:13). The Romans nailed the hands to the cross piece of wood, and the feet to the upright beam. The crucified sometimes lived for two days. Breaking the legs was requested by the Jews that the bodies might be the sooner buried.

Crystal Glass “like unto crystal,” and “clear as crystal.” The word is κρύσταλλος, and means “ice,” and then “crystal” from its resemblance to ice. Rev. 4:6; 21:11; 22:1. The same word is used in the LXX to mean both “ice” and “crystal,” Job 6:16 and Ezekiel 1:22. {See Chalcedony}

Cubit {See Long Measure in “Measures of Capacity” in Bible Subjects}

Cuckow A species of sea-fowl, but the particular bird referred to is uncertain. It is ranked amongst the unclean birds under the Law. Deut. 14:15; Lev. 11:16.

Cucumber is a well-known Egyptian and Palestinian vegetable; a favourite dish amongst the labouring class.

Cumbered distracted. Luke 10:40.

Cummin An aromatic, medicinal plant, yielding seeds, which, when crushed, gives a pleasing aromatic flavour highly prized in the East. Most useful in stomach complaints. The Pharisees were careful to pay tithe of it. Matt. 23:23.

Cunning clever or skilful; not to be understood in a bad sense, as with us. Ex 31:4; Ex. 36:8.

Cup

1. A symbol of the sinners’ portion, Divine wrath. Psa. 75:8. It is used by the Lord in reference to what He had to endure in putting away sin. Matt. 20:22; 26:39.

2. A symbol of the believers’ portion, Divine favour. Psa. 23:5. 3. Often taken as a symbol of what was in the cup (see 1 Cor. 10:16).

Curious Arts {See Divination}

Curious skilfully wrought. Ex. 28:8.

Curtains. 1. The curtains of the Tabernacle that were inside set forth Christ and His glories for us. Ex. 26:1,14. 2. The curtains of the court that were outside set forth Christ and His glories to be displayed by us. Ex. 27:9-16.

Cush That part of Africa known as Ethiopia. Isa. 11:11.

Custom, receipt of custom Kings of the earth took “custom” of tributary people, strangers (Matt. 17:25), and which Christians are exhorted to pay (Rom. 13:7). A tribute was paid by the Jews to the Romans, and the “receipt of custom” was the office where such payments were received. {See Tribute}

Cymbal A piece of metal formed somewhat like a plate, two of which were struck together. The sounds are disagreeable and inharmonious when heard without other instruments. The word for “tinkling” is translated “wailed” in Mark 5:38. The allusion is to the words a professed Christian may utter without the love of God in his heart. 1 Cor. 13:1.

Cypress has been used from time immemorial as a memento over the tombs of the rich. It is a tall and upright tree, and its dark mournful-looking waving plumes make it a fitting emblem for funeral purposes.

Cyprus An extensive island at the east end of the Mediterranean. The “Chittim” of the Old Testament. When the church was scattered abroad at the persecution respecting Stephen, some went to Cyprus. Paul himself laboured there. It is remarkable as having belonged to the nations of Greece, Persia, Rome, Egypt, and England. Acts 4:36; 11:19; 15:39; 21:3,16; 27:4.

Cyrene A Greek city on the north coast of Africa, nearly opposite to Crete. Many Jews resided there, and some from thence were in Jerusalem at Pentecost; and the Cyrenians had a synagogue also in the city. Matt. 27:32; Acts 2:10; 11:20; 13:1.

Cyrenius Called in Roman history “Quirinus,” twice governor of Syria, once at the time of the birth of Christ, and again in A.D. 6. On both occasions a “census” was made. Luke 2:2.

Cyrus sun. Cyrus, the destroyer of Babylon and deliverer of the Jews, points to the future day when the Gentiles in the hands of Jehovah will be used for the blessing and help of His earthly people. Name occurs about 24 times, and only in the Old Testament. Isa. 44:28; 45:1.

D

Dalmanutha By comparing Mark 8:10 with Matthew 15:39 it appears that the “borders of Magdala” (or “Magadan,” as some MSS. read) and the “parts of Dalmanutha” were either the same district or very close to each other, on the west side of the lake. Dalmanutha is supposed to lie a little south of Magdala.

Dalmatia A mountainous district in Illyricum, on the east coast of the Adriatic, visited by Titus. Paul had preached in Illyricum. Rom. 15:19; 2 Tim. 4:10.

Damascus A city in or just outside the northern extremity of Israel, 33° 30' N. It is mentioned as early as Genesis 15:2, and became a place of extensive commerce. In the N. T. it is of interest in connection with Paul’s conversion, and as being the place where he first preached. Acts 9; 22:5-11; 26:12,20; 2 Cor. 11:32; Gal. 1:17. Damascus has still a long and wide thoroughfare that may well have been called “Straight Street” (Acts 9:11), now called “Street of Bazaars.” It is still a large city of some 210,000 inhabitants, of which 180,000 are Mohammedans: the poverty of the Christians and Jews is great. Its natural beauties are sadly contrasted with the dirt and contamination usual in a Turkish city.

Damnable ἀπώλεια. From “to destroy” (2 Peter 2:1), “destructive” heresies.

Damnation {See Judgment}

Daniel God my Judge. The Prophet is a figure the Lord as the revealer and interpreter of the ways of God; also as the future Jewish remnant, faithful to God and confessing national iniquity and sin. Name occurs about 80 times in the Scriptures. Dan. 1.

Dark Sayings of Old The true spiritual design of Israel’s early history. Psa. 78:2.

Darkness

1. The supernatural darkness at the crucifixion, as if nature itself shuddered at the spectacle of its Creator being nailed to a cross, and would cover His shame from the cruel gaze of His enemies. Matt. 27:45.

2. The great future judgment on the earth, when “the sun shall be turned into darkness,” a time of dense moral obscurity. Acts 2:20; Rev. 16:10.

3. The abode of the lost, in contrast with the light in which God dwells. Matt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30; 2 Peter 2:4,17; Jude 6,13.

4. The kingdom and power of Satan. Luke 22:53; Eph. 6:12; Col. 1:13.

5. The spiritual condition of fallen man is darkness. Matt. 4:16; Luke 1:79; John 3:19; Eph. 5:8.

6. The sad condition of one brought into the light, if he abides not in the light. Matt. 6:23; Luke 11:34-35. All these stand in strong contrast to the Lord as the true light, which coming into the world lighteth every man.

Darling The life or soul as being dear. Psa. 22:20; Psalm 35:17.

Darts A symbol of sharp and sudden temptations. Prov. 7:23; Eph. 6:16.

David beloved. Israel’s second king, and the only one born in Bethlehem, the Saviour’s birthplace, reigned forty years over all twelve tribles. He is God’s choice. Type of the Lord in millennial conflict and successful warfare. Although Saul was the first king, yet David is always regarded as the head and root of royalty in Israel, as being the object of Jehovah’s choice in contrast to Saul, man’s choice. Many times referred to in the N.T. but particularly to show that Christ was born of the seed of David, His genealogy being given in Matthew 1 and Luke 3 (see also John 7:42; Rom. 1:3; 2 Tim. 2:8). Christ was often spoken of as the “Son of David.” Matt. 9:27; 20:30-31; 21:9, Mark 10:47-48. He was David’s Lord as well as Son, Matt. 22:43; the root and the offspring of David. Rev. 22:16; 5:5. He also had the key of David, authority to open or shut. Rev. 3:7. He is the Messiah anointed for the Throne, then rejected as now, and also the early part of the millennial reign. Name occurs about 1120 times in the Scriptures. 1 Sam. 16.

Day Symbol of appointed time of activity. John 9:4; 1 Thess. 5:5,8.

Day of the Lord The time when Christ will come to the earth in judgment. 1 Thess. 5:2; 2 Peter 3:10.

Day star The day star arises in the heart when the coming of Christ as the bright and morning star becomes by faith a bright hope in the soul. 2 Peter 1:19.

Daysman arbiter or umpire. Job 9:33.

Dayspring Christ as the dawn, the true light, come into the dark world. Luke 1:78.

Deacon διάκονος.The seven chosen in Acts 6 to care for the poor, and to “serve tables,” probably take charge of the funds — though not there called “deacons,” led to such persons being appointed in the church under that name. Phil. 1:1; 1 Tim. 3:8-13. Those chosen must be morally qualified to “use the office well.” {See Offices and Gifts in the Church in Bible Subjects}

Deal a part or portion. Ex. 29:40; Num. 15:4.

Death

1. The dissolution of soul and body, the wages of sin. Rom. 5:14; 1 Cor. 15:22.

2. The spiritual condition of fallen man. John 5:24; Eph. 2:1.

3. Symbol of alienation from God. Matt. 4:16; 2 Cor. 1:10.

4. The working of the law in a renewed soul struggling for liberty. Rom. 7:10.

5. The standing of the Christian as to the law, sin, and the elements of the world, by dying with Christ. Rom. 6:8; Col. 2:20.

6. Death personified, the last enemy to be destroyed. 1 Cor. 15:26.

7. The death of the Christian is often called “falling asleep.” Acts 7:60; 1 Cor. 15:6,18; 1 Thess. 4:13,15.

8. A symbol of apostasy from God and truth. Rev. 8:9.

9. A symbol of Divine and judicial judgment upon man. Rev. 2:23.

10. The second death — the eternal doom of the wicked, and the casting into the lake of fire of Death and Hades. Rev. 2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8.

Decapolis District of “ten cities.” Matt. 4:25; Mark 5:20; 7:31. A district in Syria, the limits of which are unknown; the ten cities are held to be Canatha, Hippos, Abila, Gadara, Capitolias, Dium, Pella, Gerasa, Philadelphia, on the east, and Scythopolis on the west of the Jordan. (See map illustrating the Journeyings of Christ.)

Decently becomingly. 1 Cor. 14:40.

Dedication, Feast of the We do not read of this in the O.T. but it doubtless refers to the dedication of the altar after its desecration by Antiochus Epiphanes, about B.C. 166. John 10:22. {See Feast of Dedication in “Chronology Between Old and New Testament” in Bible Chronology}

Deep Besides the ordinary meaning of “profound” (John 4:11; 1 Cor. 2:10), and for “the sea” (Luke 5:4; 2 Cor. 11:25), the word ἄβυσσος is translated “deep” (Luke 8:31; Rom. 10:7), and “bottomless pit” (Rev. 9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1,3). The abode of evil spirits, not the same as the “lake of fire.” Rev. 19:20; 20:10. It is the place in which Satan will be confined during the thousand years of the millennium.

Deliciously luxuriously. Rev. 18:7.

Delilah languishing. The beguiling power of the world over the Christian. Name occurs 6 times, and only in the reference chapter. Judg. 16.

Demas A convert of, and fellow-labourer with Paul, but on Paul’s second imprisonment, he had to write that Demas had forsaken him, having loved this present world. Col. 4:14; Philem. 24; 2 Tim. 4:10.

Demetrius

1. The silversmith of Ephesus, who sought to excite his fellow-workmen when their trade was in danger. Acts 19:24.

2. A disciple of whom John could say that he had a good report by all, and by the truth itself. 3 John 12.

Denounce announce or declare. Deut. 30:18.

Deputy άνθύπατος. A governor of a Roman province with consular powers, a Proconsul. Acts 13:7-8,12; 18:12; 19:38.

Derbe A city in the plain of Lycaonia, near Lystra in Asia Minor. Acts 14:6,20; 16:1.

Desert of the sea Figure of Babylon and its utter desolation. Isa. 21:1.

Desired lamented or mourned for. 2 Chron. 21:20. 2 Chronicles 21:18-19 clearly enough show this to be the force of the word desired as here used.

Despite, do to insult. Heb. 10:29.

Destruction

1. ἀπώλεια, from “to destroy,” overthrow, ruin. Matt. 7:13; Rom. 9:22; Phil. 3:19; 2 Peter 2:1; 3:16. Also translated “perdition, perish, die, waste, pernicious ways, damnation.”

2. ὄλεθρος, “destruction.” 1 Cor. 5:5; 1 Thess. 5:3; 2 Thess. 1:9; 1 Tim. 6:9.

3. καθαίρεσις from “to take down or away,” “destroy.” 2 Cor. 10:8; 13:10. Translated “pulling down.” 2 Cor. 10:4.

4. σύντριμμα, from “to break, break in pieces.” Rom. 3:16. In none of the above Greek words, nor in the passages, is there the thought of “annihilation,” or ceasing to exist.

Devil

1. διάβολος, from “to strike through,” and figuratively to stab with accusation; accuser. Except in John 6:70, where Judas is said to be a devil, this word refers to the great evil spirit — a real person — whose name is Satan. He tempted our parents in the garden of Eden, and has been and is the great enemy of God, of His people, and of all mankind. He tempted the Lord; is the constant tempter of mankind generally; and seeks to corrupt the kingdom of Christ. He sowed the tares among the wheat (Matt. 13:39), and endeavours to ensnare with his devices all God’s children. Christ annulled his power for believers (Heb. 2:14), and the promise is given that if they resist him he will flee from them (James 4:7). The place of endless torment was prepared for him and his angels (Matt. 25:41), into which he will be finally cast (Rev. 20:10). The Greek word is translated “false accuser” in 2 Timothy 3:3; Titus 2:3; and “slanderer” in 1 Tim. 3:11.

2. δαιμόνιον, δαίμων, always translated “devil,” but should have been “demon,” in distinction from Satan, though the demons are his agents: wicked spirits, of whom Beelzebub was the prince. In the latter day some give heed to the teaching of demons. 1 Tim. 4:1. In the temples of the heathen were tables of demons, because the sacrifices were really offered to demons. 1 Cor. 10:20-21. They were the wicked spirits who possessed mankind, as in the following:

3. δαιμονίζομαι “possessed by demons.” The instances recorded prove that they were real beings, though spirits, for they spake, and answered the Lord, though the voice used may have been that of the possessed (Matt. 8:31; Luke 8:30, 31). They are said to believe, no doubt referring to the facts of Scripture (James 2:19); and they feared that the Lord (whom they call Son of God) would torment them before the time (Matt. 8:29). They were powerful, and could only be driven out by One stronger than Satan — either by the Person of the Lord Himself or by those empowered by Him. Luke 8:29; Acts 19:16.

Diana The Latin name of the Greek goddess, “Αρτεμις,” who, the Ephesians said, was worshipped by all Asia and the world. Acts 19:24-37.

Didymus {See Thomas}

Dinner ἄριστον, “early meal.” It was used for “breakfast,” or any morning meal. It appears to be used in the N.T. for any meal (Matt. 22:4; [in Luke 14:16 the same feast is called “supper”]. Luke 11:37-38; 14:12; John 21:12,15.

Dionysius Member of the great council of Areopagus at Athens, who believed the word preached by Paul and clave unto him. Acts 17:34.

Diotrephes A professing Christian who loved to have the pre-eminence, and who forbade any to receive the brethren, casting out of the church those that did. The apostle John said he would deal with him if he came where he was. 3 John 9.

Disannul to annul. Gal. 3:15,17.

Disciple μαθητής. From μαθέω to learn, and hence “a learner” or “follower of a teacher.” It is applied to

1. the followers of John the Baptist, Matt. 9:14, etc.

2. the followers of the Pharisees, Matt. 22:16; Mark 2:18.

3. the twelve apostles, Matt. 10:1; 11:1; Luke 6:13; 9:1, etc.

4. the followers of Christ generally, John 6:60-61,66; Acts 1:15, etc. The title belonged in an emphatic way to those who were real followers of the Lord Jesus, John 15:8.

Dispensation οἰκονομία, “administration of affairs,” what God dispenses to an individual or to a people. It was a dispensation of law until John; grace and truth came by Jesus Christ, and a dispensation of the gospel of the glory and of grace was committed to Paul. 1 Cor. 9:17; Eph. 3:2; Col. 1:25. The dispensation of the fullness of times is future, when God will gather together all things in Christ. Eph. 1:10.

Diversities of Tongues These were common in the church at Corinth, Ephesus, etc. but ceased at an early date. 1 Cor. 12:28.

Divination The damsel was “possessed with a spirit of Pithon” (margin). Acts 16:16. This has been described as “the famous dragon who guarded the oracle of Delphi.” The woman brought gain to her masters by soothsaying, foretelling events, etc. but she was aided in this by a spirit or demon, which Paul cast out, and her powers of deception were gone. In Acts 19:19 there were those who practiced “curious arts,” inquiring into hidden things, for which they had books, like astrologers. In Acts 8 Simon “used sorcery or magic arts”; and in Acts 13:8 Elymas is described as a “sorcerer,” or magician. In the O.T. such were not allowed to live. Lev. 20:27. They were the mere tools of Satan to deceive the people, as are those who now practice spiritualism.

Divorce, bill of divorcement The power of a man to put away his wife for any cause, had been permitted by Moses; but the Lord declared that for adultery alone should a woman be put away. Matt. 19:3-9; Mark 10:2. A writing of divorcement had wisely been added, for the very drawing up of this and having it witnessed was a check upon the hasty passions of man.

Doctors of the Law {See Lawyers}

Doctrine teaching. Matt. 7:28.

Dog These in the East are chiefly scavengers who devour the rubbish, and have no home, though puppies are often taken into the houses of the peasants, and fondled and fed. This will account for the Syrophenician woman saying that the dogs (the diminutive of the word being here used) under the table eat the children’s crumbs.

1. A symbol of contempt and cruelty. The Jews still speak of “Gentile dogs,” and Mahomedans of “Christian dogs.” Matt. 15:27; Mark 7:27-28; Phil. 3:2.

2. Symbol of the those who are unclean and morally impure. Prov. 26:11; Matt. 7:6; Rev. 22:15.

3. A symbol of persons without conscience or feeling. Psa. 22:16; Phil. 3:2.

4. A symbol of Satan. Psa. 22:20.

Door

1. The door is symbolical of the true entrance, in contrast to those who enter by climbing up some other way. The Lord entered by God’s appointed door (presentation in the temple and circumcision) into the Jewish sheepfold. He Himself is the door of the sheep (John 10:1-9), by which all must enter to be saved.

2. An open door represents the way being free for the spread of the gospel. 1 Cor. 16:9; 2 Cor. 2:12; Col. 4:3; Rev. 3:8.

3. A closed door is symbolical of the close of the present dispensation (Matt. 25:10). The Judge standing at the door (James 5:9), tells us that the Lord is at hand to set things right, and to vindicate those of whom He approves. He is still in grace knocking at the hearts of those who compose the Laodicean church (Rev. 3:20).

Dorcas {See Tabitha}

Dote stupid. Jer. 50:36. But in Ezekiel 23, where the word doted occurs six times, it implies intense and all-absorbing affection.

Dove περιστερά. This was one of the clean birds, and could be offered in sacrifice by even the poorest of the people. Such were sold in the temple for offerings. Matt. 21:12; Mark 11:15, etc. The Scripture references are equally abundant in Old and New Testaments, and represent certain gracious qualities. Gen. 8:9; Song of Sol. 2:14. It is also the symbol of peace and harmlessness. Matt. 3:16; 10:16; Song of Sol. 6:9. When the Holy Spirit descended and rested upon the Lord it was in “bodily shape like a dove.” Luke 3:22; John 1:32. Compare the Holy Spirit like tongues of fire, as a symbol of testimony in Acts 2:3.

Doves’ dung Valuable for vegetation; also a vegetable resembling pigeons’ dung, and largely used for food. 2 Kings 6:25.

Dragon

1.Whatever animal may be meant in these and other passages it is difficult to say, but certainly it is the selected symbol denoting cruelty, desolation, and utter loneliness. Mic. 1:8; Job 30:29.

2. A symbol of Satan, the “great red dragon” Ezek. 29:3; Rev. 12; 13:2,4,11; 16:3; 20:2.

Dromedary An exceedingly swift animal of the camel species. Wherever the word occurs in Scripture a swift, speedy animal is meant, and one smaller than the ordinary camel. Isa. 60:6; Jer. 2:23.

Drunkenness

1. Symbol of evil indulgence and frenzy with utter insensibility to judgment. 1 Thess. 5:7; Rev. 17:6.

2. A symbol of carnal excitement. Isa. 29:9; Eph. 5:18.

Drusilla The daughter of Herod Agrippa I. was married to Aziz, king of Emesa, but was induced by Felix, the procurator, to live with him. She and her son perished in the eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79. Acts 24:24.

Duke(s) Patriarchal chiefs or rulers, not as with us a title of nobility. Gen. 36:15.

Dumah Edom or Idumea. Isa. 21:11.

Dung A symbol of utter contempt and abhorrence. Mal. 2:3; Phil. 3:8.

Dureth endure. Matt. 13:21.

Dust A symbol of utmost depths of humiliation. Psa. 22:15; Dan. 12:2.

E

Eagle This unclean bird of prey is frequently alluded to in Scripture.

1. An emblem of strength, safety, tenderness, and care. Ex. 19:4; Deut. 32:11.

2. άετύς. It is a symbol of judgment and swiftness in execution when God’s set time is come. Matt. 24:28; Rev. 4:7.

3. One of the living creatures in Revelation 4:7 was like a flying eagle, as one capable of soaring heavenward; and an eagle helps the woman (Israel) to escape from the dragon. Rev. 12:14; see Deut. 28:49. In Revelation 8:13 “eagle” should be read instead of “angel.”

4. A symbol of sure and thorough judgment. Luke 17:37; Job 39:27-30.

5. A symbol of the King of Babylon.

6. A symbol of the King of Egypt. Ezek. 17:3; Ezek. 17:7.

Ear, to to plough. Gen. 45:6.

Earing time seed-time. Ex. 34:21, etc.

Earnest The Holy Spirit is given to believers as a pledge or earnest of all the promises, and of the glorified body, according to the contexts. 2 Cor. 1:22; 5:5; Eph. 1:14.

Ears Tingle horror and astonishment. 1 Sam. 3:11.

Ears.

1. symbol of human spiritual attention. Matt. 13:15; Rev. 2:7; Psa. 40:6.

2. A symbol of Divine attention. Psa. 34:15.

3. A symbol of devoted obedience. Psa. 40:6.

Earth A symbol of prophetically of the Roman Empire. Rev. 10:2; 13:11.

Earthquake A symbol of prophetically, the convulsion of settled order of things. Isa. 29:6; Matt. 24:7; Rev. 6:12; 16:18.

East and West the whole earth. Isa. 45:6.

Easter The word is πάσχα, and clearly refers to the Passover. Acts 12:4. At the time the Authorized Version was made the words Passover and Easter were almost interchangeable.

Eating

1. A symbol of personal appropriation of Christ; entering by faith into the reality of His death. John 6:51-58;1 Cor. 10:3,7.

2. A symbol of communion and fellowship generally. 1 Cor. 10:16; 5:11; Acts 11:3-9; Song of Sol. 5:1; Matt. 26:26. The priests’ eating of the sin and other offerings expressed their thorough identification with what those sacrifices respectively set forth.

Ebony This tree grows in tropical countries. The ebony of Scripture, one of the most valuable of woods in the manufacture of fine articles, was imported probably from India.

Ed a witness. The name of the altar erected by the two and a-half tribes on the western side of Canaan. Josh. 22:34.

Edify build up. Rom. 14:19.

Egypt The well-known country on the north of Africa. It is principally referred to in the N.T. as the place where Israel was in bondage. When Herod was seeking the life of Jesus He was carried into Egypt, and thence He was called, as was Israel, as God’s Son. Matt. 2:13-19. In Revelation 11:8 Jerusalem is called spiritually, Sodom and Egypt. Isa. 31:1.

Eighth Symbol of a new beginning. 2 Peter 2:5; Rev. 17:11; Lev. 25:22.

Elah to be strong. He reigned two years over Israel. A bad king and a drunkard. He was conspired against and slain by his captain, Zimri. 1 Kings 16.

Elamites Inhabitants of Elam, a country lying south of Assyria proper, and N. of Persia. Acts 2:9; Daniel 8:2.

Elder(s) πρεσβύτερος. “An elder,” one advanced in life. It will be seen above in Acts 20 that in Ephesus the same persons are called elders and bishops, or overseers; and in Titus 1 we remark the same. Paul left Titus in Crete that he should ordain or choose “elders in every city ... if any be blameless ... for a bishop must be blameless” (verses 5-7). We also learn in 1 Timothy 5:17 that some elders ruled, or took the lead, and some laboured in word and doctrine. In Paul’s first missionary journey he chose elders in every church (Acts 14:23). In Hebrews 13 the saints are exhorted to remember those who had had the rule over them (or were their leaders), who had spoken unto them the Word of God; they were to imitate their faith, and consider the end of their conversation. The saints were also to obey the leaders then among them, for they watched for their souls (verses 7,17).{See Offices and Gifts in the Church in Bible Subjects}

Election God’s elect were chosen in Christ before the world began. God’s purpose in eternity infallibly makes good in time and forever the salvation of the elect; while God’s eternal grace in Christ characterizes the blessed nature of that salvation. 2 Tim. 1:9. Saints know that they are God’s election (1 Thess. 1:4); but the truth itself, as also the knowledge of who are its subjects, should not be spoken of outside the household of faith. The gospel of free, full, unlimited grace to all should be presented to the sinner; while election and the sovereign favour of God are truths most comforting and consoling to the saint. Jesus, too, is Jehovah’s elect in the accomplishment of the Divine purposes on behalf of Israel and the earth (Isa. 42); elect also as a foundation-stone on which to rest, and corner-stone in which to glory. 1 Peter 2:4-7. Israel is spoken of as God’s elect (Isa. 45:4); so also angels (1 Tim. 5:21); but neither angels nor Israel are said to be chosen in Christ and before the world began. Eph. 1:4-5. Election is referred to individuals, not to the church collectively; hence in, 1 Peter 5:13, which would seem to contradict the statement, it should be “She that is elected together with you,” evidently an individual sister. {See Predestinate}

Elephant This huge animal, so well-known in India and Africa, was not introduced into Israel till the wars of Antiochus of Syria with Egypt, and is not even named in Scripture, save in the margin of the passages here given. 1 Kings 10:22; 2 Chron. 9:21.

Elias, Elijah Another form of the name of Elijah. He is referred to in the N.T.

a. in reference to John the Baptist (Matt. 11:14, etc.);

b. he appeared as prophet with Moses on the mount of transfiguration (Matt. 17:3-4, etc.);

c. some judged the Lord to be Elias (Matt. 16:14, etc.);

d. Elijah, at the time of a famine was sent only to a Gentile widow (Luke 4:25-26);

e. James and John sought to follow Elijah in calling down fire from heaven, but were rebuked by their Master (Luke 9:54);

f. Elijah thought he alone remained faithful, but God had His unknown ones (Rom. 11:2);

g. he is held up as an example, though a man of like passions with ourselves, of offering effectual prayer (James 5:17).

Eliezer God the helper. Figures the Holy Spirit leading home the bride through the desert, to Christ risen and in heaven, as Eliezer conducted Rebekah to Isaac, received from the dead in a figure (Heb. 11:19) and dwelling in Canaan — type of heaven. Name occurs but once in Scripture (Gen. 15:2), but it is the same who is repeatedly referred to as the “Servant,” in Genesis 24.

Elihu my God is Jehovah. The Holy Spirit the alone interpreter of God’s moral ways and dealings with man. Name occurs about 7 times, and only in the book of Job. Job 32.

Elijah [whose] God [is] Jehovah. The man, Elijah is a figure of that portion of the Church changed and caught up to meet Christ without seeing death, as Moses figures the dead saints raised, hence Moses and Elias in the Mount of Glory (Luke 9:28-35); also speaks of ministry of power and judgment to apostate Israel in coming days. Name occurs about 100 times in the Scriptures. 2 Kings 2.

Elimelech God is King. The Elimelech is a figure of God, Israel’s husband and King, when in her land. Name occurs 6 times, and only in the book of Ruth. Ruth 1.

Elisabeth The wife of Zacharias the priest, and mother of John the Baptist. She being filled with the Holy Spirit hailed her cousin Mary as the mother of her Lord. Luke 1:5-57.

Elisha God’s Salvation. The man, Elisha, is a figure of the future ministry of grace to guilty Israel succeeding that of judgment. Name occurs about 60 times, and only in the Old Testament. 1 Kings 19.

Elm Tree is elsewhere translated “teil tree,” under the spreading branches of which idolatrous rites were performed. Hosea 4:13. Average lifespan of 335 years.

Elymas Said to be an Arabic word signifying sorcerer, by which he was perhaps better known than by his name Bar-Jesus, that is, son of Jesus or Joshua. He opposed Paul, and was struck with blindness. Acts 13:8.

Emerald σμάραγδος. A beautiful green gem in prismatic crystals. Rev. 4:3; 21:19. It occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:9,17; 36:13,17; 39:6,10; Ezekiel 28:13. {See Chalcedony}

Emerods hemorrhoids or piles. Deut. 28:27.

Emmanuel The word is interpreted “God with us,” that is, in the Person of the Lord Jesus. Matt. 1:23. This passage alone suffices to declare His Godhead.

Emmaus A village about 7½ miles from Jerusalem, but in what direction is not known. It was the village to which the Lord walked in company with two of his disciples, from whose sight He vanished after breaking the bread. Luke 24:13.

Endamage damage. Ezra 4:13.

Endeavour be diligent. Eph. 4:3.

Ends of the Earth most distant parts of the globe. Psa. 72:8.

Enlightening the Eyes imparting Divine light. Intelligence, perception. Psa. 19:8; see also 1 Samuel 14:27.

Enoch dedicated. Referred to in the N.T. as one who was by faith translated without dying (type of the rapture of the church), and who before that event had the testimony that he pleased God. Heb. 11:5; Jude 14. There can be no doubt that Jude refers to an unrecorded prophecy by Enoch, and did not copy from the apocryphal book bearing Enoch’s name. A figure of the church taken to heaven after her walk and testimony for God on earth and before the world is judged, as typified in the flood. Name (not to be confounded with the son of Cain, Gen. 4) occurs about 9 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 5.

Ensample example. 1 Cor. 10:11.

Ensue to pursue. 1 Peter 3:11.

Entreat treat. Matt. 22:6.

Epaphras One of the saints at Colosse, where he was a faithful minister of Christ. At Rome Paul speaks of him in the Epistle to the Colossians as “our dear fellowservant,” but in Philemon he calls him my “fellowprisoner.” Col. 1:7; 4:12; Philem. 23.

Epaphroditus A “brother, and companion in labour, and fellowsoldier” of Paul. He was sent by the saints at Philippi with subsidies to Paul, and probably remained with him some time, where he was sick nigh unto death. Phil. 2:25; 4:18.

Ephesus The capital of proconsular Asia, a large and luxurious city lying near the sea on the west of Asia Minor, renowned for its commerce, and its heathen temple which drew many pilgrims to the place. In the Revelation Ephesus is the first named of the seven churches in Asia. The seven cities, after which the churches are named, all lie toward the west of Asia Minor. They are named in the order in which they may be said to be situated: beginning at Ephesus, proceed northward to Smyrna and Pergamos; then south-east to Thyatira, and proceeding southward takes in the rest. They lie far from Israel, but near to Europe; and it is in the latter that God caused Christianity to take deeper root, whence it has spread throughout the world. As far as we know, Paul did not visit any of the seven churches except Ephesus. He remained there two years, and it is added, “so that all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks” (Acts 19:10). Ephesus being the capital of the district, was naturally visited by many from the other towns. Demetrius declared that throughout almost all Asia Paul had turned away much people from the worship of the gods. Acts 18:19,21,24; 19:1,17,26; 20:16-17; 1 Cor. 15:32; 16:8; Eph. 1:1; 1 Tim. 1:3; 2 Tim. 1:18; 4:12; Rev. 1:11; 2:1. There is now, besides extensive ruins and a railway station, only a Turkish village, called Ayasolook.

Ephraim

1. A city near to the wilderness, to which the Lord retired when they sought his life after the raising of Lazarus. It is probably Taiyibeh, about 17 miles N.N.E. of Jerusalem on the mountains. John 11:54.

2. double fruit. Fruitfulness of the Lord in His present rejection by the world and Israel; illustrated in Hebrews 2. Name personally and of the people occurs about 140 times, and only in the Old Testament. Gen. 41:52.

Epicureans Greek philosophers, who held that physical indulgence constituted true happiness. Acts 17:18. It is from them that the English word “epicure” is derived.

Erastus

1. Chamberlain or treasurer of the city of Corinth who sent his salutation to Rome. Rom. 16:23.

2. A fellow-worker with Paul. Acts 19:22; 2 Tim. 4:20,

Esau hairy. Name of the person and people occurs more than 100 times in the Scriptures; Edom, however, not here included, is the usual way in which the descendants and country of Esau are spoken of in the Bible. Gen. 25. A figure of apostate Gentile power in opposition to God and His earthly people. Referred to in the N.T –

a. as an instance of God’s sovereignty (Rom. 9:13);

b. as a profane person (βέβηλος), who not valuing God’s gift of birthright, sold it for one morsel of food (Heb. 12:16); nevertheless Isaac was by faith able to bless him concerning things to come Heb. 11:20; see Gen. 27: 39-40.

Eschew avoid. 1 Pet. 3:11.

Essenes These are not named in the New Testament, but it is generally believed that they are more than once alluded to. They were distinct from the Pharisees and Sadducees, and led more secluded lives and did not set themselves up to be teachers of the law. They denied the resurrection of the body, but held with the immortality of the soul, the existence of angels, and a state of future rewards and punishments. They were also fatalists.
As far as is known they lived moral lives, but were much given to asceticism. Some married and lived in the towns; but others refrained from marriage and lived in secluded places. They refused all pleasant food, and lived on the barest quantity of the simplest provisions. They had sets of rules, which all were sworn to observe. They professed to have a sort of knowledge of the angels and to approach to them by their holy lives.
The principal passage, believed by many to allude to the Essenes, is in Colossians 2, where “voluntary humility,” “neglecting the body,” “intruding into things not seen,” being “vainly puffed up by their fleshly mind,” are thought to refer to them: while the rules named, “touch not, taste not, handle not,” strictly applied to theirs.
The folly of expecting any such perfection in the flesh is exposed by the apostle.

Estate state. Col. 4:8.

Esther star. Esther in the book of Esther is a figure of the earthly and Jewish bride of the Lord in millennial glory and dignity. Psa. 45. Name occurs about 58 times, and only in the book of Esther. Esther 2.

Eternal Life ζωή αἰώνιος. This is the gift of God (1 John 5:11), and of Christ (John 10:28). It is by faith in the Son (John 6:47), and for which Christ had to become a man and die (John 3:14; 6:54); it is possessed in the Son (1 John 5:11). It is another life outside of life in Adam down here. God would have His saints know that they have eternal life now (1 John 5:13), and enjoy it in the power of the Holy Spirit, to be enjoyed in its fullest sense only when mortality is swallowed up of life.

Eternal

1. άἷδιος, “always,” eternal. Rom. 1:20; Jude 6.

2. αίών, “always being.” Eph. 3:11; 1 Tim. 1:17.

3. αἰώνιος, same as αἰών, without beginning or end. This word occurs very frequently and is often translated “everlasting.” It is applied to God (Rom. 16:26); and to the Holy Spirit (Heb. 9:14). Also to “life” many times (Matt. 25:46, etc.); “redemption” (Heb. 9:12); “salvation” (Heb. 5:9); “glory” (2 Tim. 2:10). Also to “judgment” (Heb. 6:2); “fire” (Jude 7); “punishment” (Matt. 25:46); “destruction” (2 Thess. 1:9). There are no stronger words in the Greek language than the above to imply “never ending, endless, eternal.”

Ethanim flowing or streaming rivers. The seventh Jewish ecclesiastical month and first of the civil year, corresponding to our September and October. 1 Kings 8:2.

Ethiopia, beyond the rivers of Rather, Cush, i.e. beyond the rivers Nile and Euphrates (Isa. 18:1), as the descendants of “Cush” (Gen. 10) settled on the borders of both rivers.

Eunuch

1. Persons who often held high offices in eastern countries, as the Ethiopian eunuch. Acts 8:27-39; see also Matt. 19:12.

2. Persons incapacitated for marrying, and forbidden to enter the congregation of the Lord. Isa. 56:4; Deut. 23:1. In the east generally employed as guardians of the bed-chamber.

Euodias A Christian woman of Philippi, whom Paul exhorted to be of “the same mind in the Lord” with Syntyche. They had laboured much with him in the gospel. Phil. 4:2.

Euphrates The well-known river on which the city of Babylon was built; it formed the boundary that separated the nations of the East from the promised land. It has two sources in the far north, which unite and form a broad and deep river; it runs nearly south, and is eventually joined by the river Tigris, and empties itself into the Persian Gulf. Rev. 9:14; 16:12.

Euroclydon Most Editors read Eurakulon, which implies a north easterly wind. Acts 27:14.

Eutychus The youth who when asleep fell from the third floor of a house at Troas, while Paul was preaching, and who was restored by the apostle Acts 20:9,

Evangelist εὐαγγελιστής. “A preacher of the gospel.” Eph. 4:11. Philip is the only one specially named as an evangelist. Acts 21:8. Timothy was told to do the work of an evangelist. 2 Tim. 4:5. Paul was an evangelist, and constantly refers to his preaching the gospel, and indeed said, “Woe is unto me, if I preach not the gospel!” 1 Cor. 9:16. There were doubtless many others. {See Preacher}

Eve life. The first women, husband of Adam. Introduced in the N.T. as an example of one being deceived by the subtlety of Satan. She was in the transgression, but in grace women shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith, love, and holiness with sobriety. Gen. 3:16; 2 Cor. 11:3; 1 Tim. 2:13-14. Figures the creation of the bride of the Second Man (Eph. 5:31-32) and of her association with Him in lordship and dominion over the earth. Name occurs 4 times in the Scriptures.

Everlasting {See Eternal}

Exchanger banker. Matt. 25:27.

Express exact. Heb. 1:3.

Eyes

1. Symbol of spiritual perception. 2 Chron. 16:9; Eph. 1:18; Rev. 3:18; 4:6,8.

2. Symbol of direction and guidance. Num. 10:31; Psa. 123:2.

Eye-salve What Christ exhorted the Laodiceans to apply that they might see. They were like those described by the Lord, blind, but who said they saw. They needed the anointing of the Holy Spirit to enable them to see things as God sees them. Rev. 3:18.

Eye-service Service done to please men, as far as seen by the eye, in contrast to being “the servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart.” Eph. 6:6; Col. 3:22.

F

Fables Only used in the N.T. in a bad sense; they should be avoided, or refused, for fables are put in contrast with “the truth.” Fables are supposed events, and though ostensibly compiled to instruct, they at best are only human wisdom, which has no place in the church of God. 1 Tim. 1:4; 4:7; 2 Tim. 4:4; Titus 1:14; 2 Peter 1:16.

Face

1. A symbol of intelligence. Rev. 4:7; Ezek. 1:10.

2. A symbol of the Divine presence. Ex. 33:13-23.

Fair Havens A harbor on the south of Crete. It is shut in on the west by a bold headland, and on the south it is sheltered by an island, forming thus a safe anchorage; but being open to the east it is “not commodious” to winter in. Acts 27:8.

Faith πίστις. From the same root as “to believe.” There are various characters of faith:

1. The assent to what is stated, or belief of what is known to exist, called a dead faith, and such as the demons have. Matt. 8:29; 13:21; James 2:18-20.

2. Saving Faith. This is confidence in God founded on the Word: faith in a Person: it is the gift of God. John 3:36; Rom. 4:3; 10:9-10. There is no virtue in the faith itself, but it links the soul with the infinite God.

3. Salvation is received on the principle of faith in contrast to the principle of works under the law. Rom. 1:16-17; 3:28, etc.

4. The walk of faith. 2 Cor. 5:7; Matt. 9:29; 21:21. The power and action of which is witnessed to in O.T. saints. Heb. 11.

5. “The Faith” is at times referred to as “the truth” — that which has been recorded, and which we have believed, and for which we should earnestly contend. Jude 3.

Fallow deer This clean animal is noted for its agility, gracefulness, and beauty. It figures largely in Eastern song. 1 King 4:23; Deut. 14:5.

Family πατριά from “father.” The word is translated “lineage” (Luke 2:4); “kindred” (Acts 3:25); “family” in Ephesians 3:15, where it is, not “the whole” family, but “every” family in heaven and earth are named. God has different families.

Fan A winnowing fan, or fork, with several prongs, by which the corn and crushed straw are thrown into the air, and the wind carries away the straw and chaff. Matt. 3:12; Luke 3:17. Used as a symbol of God’s discriminating judgment.

Farthing {See Money in Bible Subjects}

Fasting Our Lord fasted forty days (Matt. 4:2), and He declared that His disciples would fast when He, the bridegroom, had left them. Matt. 9:15. He also told His disciples that there was a power available only by prayer and fasting. Matt. 17:21. Barnabas and Paul were sent on their missionary journey with prayer and fasting. Acts 13:3. Elders also were appointed with prayer and fasting. Acts 14:23. The “Fast” alluded to in Acts 27:9 is held to be connected with the Day of Atonement on the 10th of the 7th month (Lev. 23:27-29) which would be the time of the equinox, when sailing in the Mediterranean was dangerous.

Fat.

1. A symbol of ruitfulness, abundance, excellence. Psa. 63:5; Num. 13:20; Psa. 92:14; Ezek. 34:20.

2. A symbol of utter insensibility of heart and conscience towards God. Isa. 6:10; Psa. 119:70; Deut. 32:15.

3. The fat of the sacrifices set forth the holy energy and devotedness of will which led the Blessed One to death. Lev. 1 to 7.

Father πατήρ.

1. God

a. as the Father in distinction from the Son and the Holy Spirit. John 6:27.

b. as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. John 17:1-25.

c. as the Father of the saints after the resurrection (John 20:17, etc.), though named before to the disciples. Matt. 5:16,45,48, etc.

d. as the Father of all mankind. Acts 17:28-29.

2. Man

a. as the father of children. Eph. 6:4.

b. as an early progenitor, as Abraham (Acts 7:2), and as the patriarchs in general are repeatedly called the fathers.” Matt. 23:30.

c. Abraham the father of all them that believe, because of the same faith. Rom. 4:11.

d. Fathers in distinction from babes and young men in the divine life. John 2:13-14).

e. Father in the sense of having been the means of a person’s conversion.(1 Cor. 4:15.

f. Any one on earth who assumes to control with authority our faith and practice. Matt. 23:9.

3. Satan, the father of the wicked, because of their moral likeness to him. John 8:44.

Fathom {See Long Measure in “Measures of Capacity” in Bible Subjects}

Fats vats. Joel 2:24; 3:13.

Fear φόβος, from “to flee,” “be afraid,” as Adam was when he had sinned (Gen. 3:8), but “fear hath torment,” and “perfect love casteth out fear.” 1 John 4:18; see also Luke 1:74. There is also reverential fear, the fear of God, which the wicked know nothing of (Rom. 3:18), but which characterizes the Christian. 2 Cor. 7:1; Eph. 5:21. εύλάβεια, piety, or godly fear, occurs in Hebrews 5:7 in reference to the Lord, and is translated “godly fear” in Hebrews 12:28.

Fearful δειλός, “the fearful,” (Rev.21:8), those afraid to confess Christ, are classed with gross sinners.

Feast Besides the common application of the word, it is applied to the appointed festivals of the Jews: of these there are named in the N.T.

1. The Passover (Matt. 26:2), in commemoration of God’s passing over the Israelites when He slew the Egyptians.

2. The Feast of Unleavened Bread, associated with the Passover. Luke 22:1; see also 1 Cor. 5:8).

3. The Feast of Tabernacles. John 7:2.

4. Feast of Pentecost. Acts 2:1.

5. Feast of Dedication. John 10:22; {see also Jewish Calendars and Its Antitypes in “Seasons and Divisions of the Year” in Bible Subjects}.

6. “Feasts of Charity.” Jude 12.; social feasts held among the saints, but which were apt to lead to abuses. See 1 Cor. 11:21-22; 2 Peter 2:13.

Feet

1. A symbol of Christian walk and ways. Eph. 6:15; John 13:1-10.

2. Under the feet. A symbol of thorough subjection. 1 Cor. 15:25-27; Eph. 1:22; Rom. 16:20.

Felix Procurator of Judea, appointed by Claudius, about A.D. 53; superseded by Portius Festus in A. D. 60. Felix had been a slave, and ruled as one, most deplorably; but he escaped the punishment he deserved by the intercession of his brother, Pallas, with Nero. He married Drusilla, daughter of Herod Agrippa I. whom he induced to leave her husband, Aziz, king of Emesa. Though he had trembled at Paul’s preaching, his mean character is exhibited in expecting to be bribed to release him, and by leaving him bound to please the Jews. cts 23:24,26; 24:3-27; 25:14).

Fellowship κοινωνία, having things in common. It is translated “communion” in 1 Corinthians 10:16, communion of the body and of the blood of Christ in the Lord’s supper, answering to the peace-offering, of which part was burned, part eaten by the priest, and part by the offerer. Lev. 7:11-17,28-36. “The communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all.” 2 Cor. 13:14; see also Phil. 2:1. Our fellowship is with the Father and with His Son Jesus Christ, and with one another. 1 John 1:3,7; 1 Cor. 1:9. The objects before us are the same as before the Father and the Lord: this separates us from fellowship with darkness, and its unfruitful works. 2 Cor. 6:14; Eph. 5:11.

Ferret This unclean animal is only mentioned once in Scripture, and is believed to denote some species of lizard. Lev. 11:30.

Fervent burning. 2 Peter 3:10,12.

Festus, Portius Appointed procurator of Judea by Nero in A.D. 60. Acts 24:27; 25:1-24; 26:24-25,32.

Fig Tree

1. A symbol of a kingdom. Judg. 9:10-11.

2. A symbol of Israel nationally. Luke 21:29; 13:6-7; Hos. 9:10.

3. A symbol of security, prosperity, peace. Zech. 3:10; Mic. 4:4; 1 Kings 4:25.

Figs A medicinal plant were prepared as a plaster or poultice for the cure of Hezekiah’s boil (Isa. 38:21). This is still in many cases an efficacious remedy in abscesses, gum-boils, etc. Figs are the first fruit mentioned in Scripture; the figure of plenty (Zech. 3:10), and a symbol of the Hebrew-politico commonwealth. Matt. 24:32.

Fig-tree A tree very common in Israel, its fruit appears before its leaves are developed. It is a type of Israel in the remnant returned from captivity, planted in God’s vineyard, which for three years brought forth no fruit: it was spared another year, but without effect. The fig-tree that was cursed was also a type of Israel. Mark 11:13,20-21; Luke 13:6-7.

Figure

1. Τύπος, from “to strike.” Type, figure. Acts 7.43; Rom. 5:14.

2. ἀντίτυπον, antitype, what answers to the type, figure. Heb. 9:24; 1 Pet. 3:21.

3. παραβολή, a comparison, similitude. Heb. 9:9; 11:19.

4. μετασχηματίξω, “to transfigure, transform,” metamorphose (1 Cor. 4:6): translated “transform” in 2 Corinthians 11:13-15.

Fine refine. Job 28:1.

Fir Probably no wood was more variously used than “Fir.” This tree, formerly very common in Israel, is now but rarely found throughout the country.

Fire

1. A symbol of Judgment. Matt. 25:41.

2. A symbol of purification. Mal. 3:2.

3. Symbol of testing judgment. 1 Cor. 3:13; Rev. 3:18; Jer. 23:29.

First Born A symbol of dignity, not necessarily order of birth. Psa. 89:27; Col. 1:15.

First-begotten, First-born, πρωτότοκος, from “first” and “to bring forth.” “First” in respect to time (Matt. 1:25; Luke 2:7; Heb. 11:28). “First” in the sense of pre-eminence, the Lord is “the firstborn” (Heb. 12:23); the “firstborn among many brethren” (Rom. 8:29); the “first born of every creature,” and “the firstborn from the dead,” and “of the dead” (Psa. Col. 1:15,18; Rev. 1:5).

First-fruits, ἀπαρχή, First of the ripe fruits. It is applied to the first-fruit of the good olive tree that was on the earth (Rom. 11:16). The saints are as the first-fruits of God’s creatures (James 1:18); and the first-fruits of the apostle Paul’s labours (Rom. 16:5; 1 Cor. 16:15). The saints have the first-fruits of the Holy Spirit (Rom. 8:23). Christ risen is the first-fruits of those who sleep (1 Cor. 15:20,23). The 144,000 of Revelation 14 are, amid the judgments, as “the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb” (Rev. 14:4).

Fish A symbol of the rulers of Egypt. Ezek. 29:4-5.

Fitches Produce a pungent condiment, highly valued in Egypt and Israel.

Five Symbol of responsibility, weakness. Matt. 25:2; Luke 16:28; 1 Cor. 14:19.

Flame A symbol of the severity of Divine judgment. Luke 16:24; Isa. 29:6.

Flax λίνον. The well-known plant from which linen is made. Its fibers also supplied the wick for lamps. Matt. 12:20. Christ in grace would not quench the smoking flax until the time of judgment on Israel. It was extensively cultivated all over the East before the introduction of cotton. Egypt especially is noted for its flax crops; so also Israel.

Flea This little insect swarms in countless numbers, and is of course in all warm countries exceedingly troublesome. It is used in these, the only two passages where the word occurs, as the expression of insignificance. 1 Sam. 24:14; 26:20.

Flesh σάρξ. This term is applied to mere human life, irrespective of its character or the condition in which it may be found. Luke 3:6; Phil. 1:22; Matt. 24:22. In its doctrinal signification, however, as employed by Paul in his epistles to the Romans and Galatians, it applies to that principle of life in man which is alienated from God, incurable and unmendably bad. Gen. 6:3; Rom. 7:5; Gal. 5:16-19; Eph. 2:3. The flesh and Spirit are repeatedly contrasted by the apostle in their character, tendencies, and results. The flesh and its works, and the Spirit and its fruits, are eternally opposed. John 3:6; Gal. 5:19-24. The works of the flesh far outnumber the fruit of the Spirit, for which see Galatians 5:19-21, in which seventeen “works” are named; and verses 22 and 23, in which nine kinds of “fruit” are mentioned. The word is used in a variety of senses: a few references only are named.

a. The material of the body, differing in men, beasts, fishes, birds. 1 Cor. 15:39; Luke 24:39; Rev. 19:18,21.

b. The human body. Matt. 26:41; Eph. 5:29; Col. 2:5; and in reference to the Lord, Acts 2:31; Eph. 2:15; Heb. 10:20.

c. Man, manhood, mankind (Matt. 24:22; Rom. 3:20; 1 Peter 1:24; and of the Lord, Col. 1:22; Heb. 5:7).

d. Relationship, descent (Rom. 9:3,5,8; 11:14; 2 Cor. 11:18; and of the Lord, Rom. 1:3).

e. A kindred word to σάρξ is σαρκικός (often changed by the editors into σάρκινος) “after the nature of flesh,” sometimes referring to the physical flesh, and sometimes to the moral nature of the flesh. It is translated “Fleshly,” 2 Cor. 1:12; 1 Peter 2:11; “Fleshy,”2 Cor. 3:3; “Carnal,” Rom. 7:14; 1 Cor. 3:1,3-4; 2 Cor. 10:4; Heb. 7:16; and “carnal things,” Rom. 15:27; 1 Cor. 9:11.

Flood Symbol of desolating agencies. Luke 6:48; Rev. 12:15-16; Ps. 90:5.

Fly In these and other Scriptures there is no particular species of fly pointed out. Their number and variety are almost legion in Bible lands. Ex. 8:21-31; Eccl. 10:1.

Foal The Mosaic law was most careful in caring for the young of animals generally, which the “foal,” the young of the “horse” and of the “ass” shared. Gen. 32:15; Zech. 9:9.

Fold {See Shepherd}

Forehead marked Symbol of open alliance or specially set apart. Ezek. 9:4; Rev. 13:16, 14:9.

Foreskin A symbol of filthiness of the flesh. Deut. 10:16; Ex. 4:25; Hab. 2:16.

Forest A symbol of a kingdom. Ezek. 20:46; Jer. 21:14; Isa. 10:18-19.

Forgiveness The Scriptures do not speak of past, present, and future forgiveness. “Having forgiven you all trespasses” (Col. 2:13) refers to all they had done. All our sins (believers) were necessarily future when laid by God on Jesus and full atonement made, but atonement and forgiveness are distinct truths, although closely connected. Forgiveness means the complete remission of all sin and trespass up to the moment of believing, on Jesus and resting on His finished work. After sins and failure are upon confession forgiven. 1 John 1:9. Forgiveness of sins is Divine, eternal, full, and founded solely on the shed blood of Jesus. Heb. 9:22; Rom. 3:25; Col. 1:14; Matt. 26:28; Eph. 1:7. Belief in the Lord Jesus is essential to forgiveness. Acts 10:43; John 8:24. There is another kind of forgiveness which is neither for God nor eternity, but administrative in its character and for earth, as in John 20:21-23, and certainly not priestly absolution.

1. ἄφεσις, from “to dismiss,” deliverance, remission, often translated remission.

2. χαρίζομαι, “to give, grant, forgive,” We are to forgive one another. Eph. 4:32; Col. 3:13. When an erring one is restored the church forgives him. 2 Cor. 2:7,10.

Fornication A symbol of illicit intercourse with the world. Rev. 2:20-21; 17:2; Ezek. 16:15.

Fortunatus A Corinthian convert who was with Paul at Ephesus when he wrote his first Epistle to the Corinthians, and returned to Corinth with the epistle. 1 Cor. 16:17.

Foundation A symbol of immovable security. 2 Tim. 2:19; Isa. 28:16.

Fountains A symbol of sources. Psa. 36:9; Rev. 8:10; 7:17; Isa. 41:18.

Four Symbol of perfection in nature or for earth. Rev. 4:6; 7:1.

Fowls

1. A symbol of the great of the earth. Ezek. 31:6; Matt. 13:32.

2. A symbol of thorough destruction. Isa. 18:6; Rev. 19:17-18.

Fox This nocturnal and gregarious animal is undoubtedly the “jackal” in most of the passages where the word “fox” occurs. Judg. 15:4; Ezek. 13:4. Remarkable for its burrowing habits: “the foxes have holes,” Matt. 8:20; Luke 9:58. They are still plentiful in the East and assemble during the night in large packs and are exceedingly troublesome to the gardens and vineyards and to domestic cattle and fowls. Cunning, cruelty, and destructiveness are the characteristics of this animal as pointed out in the Word of God. It is a symbol of a crafty enemy. Song of Sol. 2:15; Luke 13:32. Herod Antipas exactly delineated this character.

Frankincense It was brought from the East by the Magi who came to worship the Lord, and it was imported by the merchants to Babylon the Great. It is a sort of resin obtained from an incision in the bark of the arbor thuris: it has a rich perfume, is nearly white, glittering, brittle, and bitter to the taste. Matt. 2:11; Rev. 18:13. A symbol of the moral perfectness of Christ displayed in what He was and in what He did. Lev. 2-6. A symbol of all that went up to God as a sweet savour. Lev. 2:2.

Fray to frighten. Zech. 1:21.

Fretting corroding. Lev. 13:51-52.

Frog This amphibious reptile is several times mentioned in Scripture but always, save in the Apocalypse, in connection with Egypt. The “frog” abounds in the rivers and marshy places in Syria but especially in Egypt. Ex. 8:2; Rev. 16:13. Symbolical of the unclean spirits proceeding out of the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet, described as spirits of demons, working wonders, who will gather together the kings of the world to the great final battle.

Froward perverse. 1 Pet. 2:18.

Furlong {See Long Measure in “Measures of Capacity” in Bible Subjects}

Furnace

1. A symbol of deep trial and suffering. Deut. 4:20; Isa. 48:10.

2. A symbol of divine judgment. Matt. 13:42,50; Rev. 1:15.

Furniture equipment. Gen. 31:34.

G

Gabbatha The Hebrew name of the place of judgment at Jerusalem, called the Pavement (probably tessellated), because it was paved with stones, as the Greek word implies; but the Hebrew word signifies “high or elevated.” John 19:13. {See Pavement}

Gabriel An angel, who said, “I ... stand in the presence of God.” He was sent to both Zacharias and to Mary to announce the conception of John the Baptist and of the Lord Jesus. Luke 1:19,26. (see Dan. 8:16; 9:21).

Gadarenes, Gergesenes, Gerasenes (the Greek MSS. have these three names), Matt. 8:28; Mark 5:1; Luke 8:26,37. The inhabitants of the country on the east of the Sea of Galilee, where the Lord cured a man possessed by demons. On losing their swine, the inhabitants besought the Lord to leave the place. In the district there are places that exactly correspond with the details of the gospel narrative.

Gaius

1. A convert of Macedonia. Acts 19:29.

2. A convert of Derbe. Acts 20:4.

3. A Christian whom Paul had baptized; he calls him his “host” and “of the whole church.” Rom. 16:23; 1 Cor. 1:14.

4. A convert, to whom the third Epistle by John is addressed. 3 John 1.

Galatia A central province in Asia Minor, having Bithynia on the north, and Lycaonia on the south. The district was not always of the same extent: Lystra and Derbe in Lycaonia may have formed part of Galatia in the time of the Acts. Paul speaks of “the churches” of Galatia, but where these assemblies were situated is not known. Acts 16:6; 18:23; 1 Cor. 16:1; Gal. 1:2; 2 Tim. 4:10; 1 Peter 1:1.

Galbanum An aromatic plant is a Persian plant, and formed one of the ingredients of the sacred incense.

Galileans These are named only in Acts 5:37, being the followers of one Judas a Galilean, who declared that tribute was due to God only, and ought not to be paid to the Romans. This he did in “the days of the taxing,” or when a census was taken in A.D. 6, when Archelaus was banished. Though Judas perished, his followers were dispersed and secretly propagated his opinions.
We thus see how needful it was at that time to teach submission to the powers that be, as God did by Paul in Romans 13:1-7, where the words occur, “pay ye tribute also.” (See also 1 Peter 2:13-17.)

Galilee A large district towards the north of Israel on the west of the Jordan and the lake, having Samaria on its south. After the captivity, many from various nations settled in Galilee, which accounts for its being called “Galilee of the Gentiles,” (Matt. 4:15), though many Jews were there also. In Galilee much of the time of the Lord’s ministry was spent (Matt. 4:23; Mark 1:39), and there many of His miracles were performed, which called forth the doom of those that rejected Him. Galilee had many towns and villages, and was thickly populated.

Gall and Wormwood are the names of two poisonous plants; the latter was eaten, and the former yielded a drink, while both are used as the expression of Divine judgment. Jer. 8:14, etc.

Gall χολή, A word used for what is extremely bitter, as gall, bile, etc. Matt. 27:34. It was given by the Romans to criminals about to be crucified to stupefy them, that they might suffer the less: our Lord refused it. In Mark 15:23 it is called “myrrh,” which is also very nauseous. Peter declared Simon to be in “the gall of bitterness,” as expressive of the extreme offensiveness of Simon’s spirit to a spiritual mind. Acts 8:23.

Gallio A Roman pro-consul of the province of Achaia. Paul was accused before him at Corinth of “[persuading] men to worship God contrary to the law”; but he refused to entertain the accusation, and drove them away. Acts 18:12-17.

Gamaliel A doctor of the law of great repute, at whose feet Paul had been brought up. He gave the wise counsel when the apostles were arrested, that if their mission were not of God it would come to nothing; and if it were of God they could not overthrow it. He is reported by the Jews to have died a Pharisee, but ecclesiastical traditions claim him as a Christian. Acts 5:34; 22:3.

Garden of God A symbol of the kingdoms and powers of the world. Ezek. 31:8-9.

Garlic A well-known Egyptian vegetable.

Garments There are but few references in the N.T. to define articles of clothing. In Matthew 5:40 and Luke 6:29, a “coat” and “cloak” are referred to: ἰμάτιον is the “cloak,” a loose outer garment, and the “coat” is χιτών, a vest or tunic. The disciples were not to take two of these when they were sent out. Matt. 10:10; Mark 6:9; Luke 9:3. It was a χιτών of the Lord’s that was woven from top to bottom without seam, John 19:23; and it was such that Dorcas made, Acts 9:39, as well as “garments,” ἰμάτιον. By John 19:23 it appears that besides the “coat,” each of the four soldiers had a part of the Lord’s raiment, and these are supposed to have been the turban or handkerchief worn round the head; the girdle; the sandals; and the outer cloak; these with the tunic constitute the usual dress of the people at this day. A symbol of practical holiness. Rev. 3:4: 16:15; Jude 23; Ex. 28:40-43. Symbol of outward character. Jude 23; Rev. 3:4; 16:15.

Gate

1. A symbol of a place of government and authority. Matt. 16:18; Gen. 19:1; Rev. 21:12-13.

2. Open gate denotes security. Isa. 60:11; Rev. 21:25.

Gaza A village situated near the Mediterranean, about 31° 30' N. now called Ghuzzeh. Water may still be seen near the road in the neighborhood of which the Ethiopian was baptized: it is a district “without villages or fixed habitation.” Acts 8:26.

Gehazi valley of vision. Divine discovery of and Divine judgment upon sin in those externally near to God. Name occurs about 12 Times, and only in second book of Kings. 2 Kings 4.

Generation

1. γενεά, used

a. from father to son (Matt. 1:17);

b. for a race then existing (Matt. 11:16);

c. for the continuance of the race of unbelieving Jews (Matt. 24:34; Mark 13:30; Luke 21:32).

2. γέννημα, “offspring,” where there is moral likeness: as “generation of vipers.” Matt. 3:7; 12:34; 23:33; Luke 3:7.

3. γένεσις, “birth generation, descent.” Matt. 1:1.

4. γένος, “species, family,” etc. 1 Peter 2:9.

Gennesaret, Lake of, Sea of Galilee; Sea of Tiberias, {See Holy Land – Physical Features in Bible Subjects}

Gennesaret, Land of, A district of Galilee, lying to the N.W. of the Lake, a most fertile plain of about a mile wide, and three miles long. Springs run through it into the lake. Matt. 14:34; Mark 6:53.

Gentile

1. ἔθνος, having the meaning of “nation, people,” any nation in contradistinction from the Jews (Matt. 10:5,18, etc.), though the same word is used in Luke 7:5; John 11:48 for the Jewish “nation” as a nation, and in 1 Peter 2:9 for the people of God, holy “nation.”

2. Ελλην, better translated “Greek” (as it is mostly), in distinction from the Jews. John 7:35; Rom. 2:9-10; 3:9; 1 Cor. 10:32; 12:13. Not to be confounded with “Ελληνιστής”, which refers to Hellenists, Greek-speaking Jews. Acts 6:1; 9:29. In Acts 11:20 most editors read, “Greeks.”

Gershom, a stranger there. Christ having been rejected by Israel, is at present unknown by, and a stranger to, the ancient people (name not to be confounded with son of Levi, Num. 3). Occurs about 5 times, and only in the Old Testament. (Ex. 2:22)

Gethsemane A garden on the slope of the Mount of Olives, to which our Lord often resorted with His disciples. The brook Cedron had to be crossed to reach the spot from Jerusalem. Matt. 26:36; Mark 14:32. It was the place of the Lord’s agony, where He was “exceeding sorrowful unto death.” Mark 14:34 JND. His “agony” being such that the ground was moistened with His sweat as drops of blood! Here He was betrayed and taken prisoner. An enclosed space, in which are eight old olive trees, is shown to travellers as the garden of Gethsemane; but there is no certainty that this is the right spot. Titus cut down all the trees round Jerusalem at its siege.

Ghost πνεῦμα, spirit. {See Holy Spirit}

Gin trap. Job 18:9.

Girdle Symbol of for strength and activity, of being prepared and ready for service. Rev. 1:13; 15:6; Isa. 22:21; Psa. 109:19; Ex. 29:9.

Glass Symbol of transparent purity. Rev. 15:2; 21:18,21. Glass was known to the ancient Egyptians and Assyrians, though it was then not so clear as at present. 1 Corinthians 13:12 seems to point to a semi-transparent glass, because of the word “through.” “We see through a glass, darkly.” The word here, and in James 1:23 is ἔσοπτρον and is also applied to mirrors, and this agrees with James. Mirrors were then made of polished metal. In Revelation 4:6; 15:2; 21:18,21 another word is used (ὕαλος, ὑάλινος); and there we have “sea of glass,” “clear or pure glass,” transparent glass, evidently referring to a sort of crystal, more or less transparent. This signifies fixed, accomplished holiness in all its brightness.

Glede This unclean bird is probably of the vulture species. Deut. 14:13. In the only other passage where the original word occurs it is translated “vulture.” Lev. 11:14.

Glory δόξα, “esteem, honour, excellency of mind, body,” etc. It is applied to natural things, as the glory of the sun, moon, and stars, 1 Cor. 15:41; Psa. 19:1; to man as “the image and glory of God,” 1 Cor. 11:7; and through grace, believers are received to the glory of God. Rom. 15:7; 2 Cor. 4:15. The Lord Jesus fully manifested the glory of God. John 1:14; 2:11. He speaks of the glory He had from eternity with the Father, and of His acquired glory which He will graciously share with His joint heirs. John 17:5,22,24. The Lord Jesus will be hailed as King of kings and Lord of lords. 1 Peter 4:13; Rev. 17:14; 19:16. He is the Lord of glory. James 2:1. Glory really belongs to God. He is the God of glory. Acts 7:2; 2 Cor. 4:6,15. In Him shine, in infinite perfection, the divine attributes: it is in the acknowledgment of this, and that from Him come all their blessings, that Christians joyfully ascribe to Him Praise and Honour, Glory and Power forever and ever. Rom. 11:36; 16:27; Gal. 1:5; 1 Tim. 1:17. The same is ascribed to the Lord Jesus by every creature. Rev. 5; Phil. 2:10-11. The visible manifestation of glory seems connected with light. God dwells “in ... light, which no man can approach unto.” 1 Tim. 6:16; Matt. 17:2. In the vision of the new Jerusalem the “glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof.” Rev. 21:23. We are saved by grace, Eph. 2:8; we hope for glory, Rom. 5:2. Glory is the outshining of God’s grace, effected by the power of the Lord Jesus Christ at His second coming. Our bodies, freed from every trace of mortality and corruption, will be glorified like His body of glory. Phil. 3:21. The church will very soon possess the glory of God, Rev. 21:11, the hope of which she even now rejoices in. Rom. 5:2. Christ will be the measure of glory then, as He is the measure of grace now. For this glorious manifestation of the sons of God all creation eagerly awaiteth, because that glory will liberate the groaning creation. Rom. 8:19-22.

Gnat The reference is to the smallest of insects which is contrasted with the largest Palestinian animal the camel. The words in the text “strain at,” should be “strain out.” Matt. 23:24.

Go beyond overreach. 1 Thess. 4:6.

Goat This clean animal was pre-eminently the sin-offering victim. In patriarchal times especially the goat formed an important and valuable item of wealth. Its flesh could be eaten for food, its milk was greatly prized, and its skin used for numerous purposes. Lev. 16:8,10,26; Num. 15:24-29. The habits and qualities of this well-known animal, both wild and domesticated, are frequently referred to in the Sacred Writings.

1. It is the symbol of the strong and compact Macedonian power, of Alexander the Macedonian king (Dan. 8:5,21), and of the great and mighty (Ezek. 39:18).

2. A symbol of the living wicked at Christ’s return. Matt. 25:32-33

3. A symbol of the great sin offering. Lev. 16.

Goats’ Hair A symbol of practical separation from evil. Ex. 25:4; 26:7; 35:6.

God θεός. The great self-existent Being, known by His works, even His eternal power and divinity (θειότης). Rom. 1:20; Psa. 19:1. He is the Lord God Almighty (Rev. 4:8, etc.), and the Lord of Sabaoth (Rom. 9:29; James 5:4). He was revealed in the Person of the Lord Jesus Christ, who was “God ... manifest in the flesh” (1 Tim. 3:16); and in the communications He has been pleased to make in His Word of Himself as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, three Persons but one God. “God is love” (1 John 4:8; see also John 3:16), “God is light” (1 John 1:5); and the gracious name by which He is specially revealed to His saints in the N.T. is that of Father. John 20:17. The principal of God’s attributes and characteristics named in Scripture are —

1. His eternity Isa. 57:15; 1 Tim. 1:17.

2. Immortality 1 Tim. 6:16; Psa. 90:2.

3. Omnipotence Job 11:7; Rom. 1:20; cf. 1 Tim. 6:15, only Potentate.

4. Invisibility 1 Tim. 1:17; 6:16.

5. Omnipresence Psa. 139:7-10; Jer. 23:23-24.

6. Omniscience 1 Chron. 28:9; Jer. 1:5; Rom. 8:29-30; Heb. 4:13.

7. Incorruptibility Rom. 1:23; James 1:13.

8. Immutability Mal. 3:6, James 1:17.

9. Wisdom Psa. 104:24; Rom. 11: 33-36.

10. Holiness Amos 4:2; Luke 1: 49.

11. Justice Rom. 2:6-7; 2 Tim. 4:8.

12. Grace and Mercy Luke 1:50; Rom. 3:24; Eph. 2:4.

13. Long-suffering Num. 14:18; Rom. 2:4.

14. Faithfulness Psa. 92:2; 1 Cor. 1:9.

How blessed to be able to say, with the Psalmist, “This God is our God for ever and ever” (Psa. 48:14).

Godhead θεότης. Not simply divine in character, but the Godhead in an absolute sense (Col. 2:9): here only. In Romans 1:20 it is θεότης, divinity.

Godliness {See Piety}

Gog and Magog Two nations which Satan, after he is released from his 1,000 years’ imprisonment, will gather together to war against the camp of the saints and the beloved city (Jerusalem). Rev. 20:8. Fire will come from God and devour them (see Ezek. 38, 39). Doubtless nations to the north and north-east of Israel are alluded to, Russia being the head of them.

1. Historically, the future Russian Prince and his land; thus literally to be understood. Ezek. 38; 39.

2. The wicked on the earth at the close of the millennial reign; thus symbolically to be understood. Rev. 20:8.

Gold

1. A symbol of Divine glory.

2. A symbol of Divine righteousness. Heb. 9:4; Rev. 3:18; 1 Kings 6:22.

3. A symbol of the Divine nature of the Lord. Ex. 25; 26; 28.

Golgotha {See Jerusalem in Bible Subjects}

Gomorrha {See Sodom}

Good substance. 1 John 3:17.

Goodman master. Matt. 20:11.

Gopher Wood was used in the construction of Noah’s Ark. Both the “cypress” and the “cedar” were anciently used in ship building, but whether either was the “gopher wood” of Genesis 6 cannot with certainty be determined. Gen. 6:14.

Gospel εύαγγέλιον, “a good message, or good news.” The term is applied to the good news God sent His people in the Old Testament. Heb. 4:2. In the N.T. it more especially refers to the good news in connection with the Lord Jesus. At first this took the form of the “gospel of the kingdom.” Matt. 4:23; 9:35, etc. Then “the gospel of the grace of God” (Acts 20:24), and by Paul especially “the glad tidings of the glory,” (Christ being in the glory who put away our sins) (2 Cor. 4:4 JND), which Paul calls “my gospel.” 2 Tim. 2:8. It not only speaks of salvation, great as that is, but it separates the believer from earth and associates him with Christ in the glory. In a future day “the everlasting gospel” will be proclaimed which has always been the same: Fear God, give glory to Him, and worship Him as Creator. Rev. 14:6.

Gourd of Jonah was a plant peculiarly fitted to afford shade and shelter under a burning Eastern sky. It was and is still used in the construction of arbours.

Government κυβέρνησις. This gift seems to refer to ruling in the church. 1 Cor. 12:28; see Rom. 12:8. {See Elders}

Governor .1 ήλεμών, “a Roman leader, governor, prince.” Applied to Pontius Pilate, Matt. 27:2-27; Luke 3:1; to Felix the governor, Acts 23:24-36; and to Cyrenius, governor of Syria. Luke 2:2. 2. ἐθνάρχης, “governor of a people.” The Romans gave such the title of Pretor, Procurator or Ethnarch. 2 Cor. 11:32.

Grapes, ripe

1. A symbol of apostates ready for judgment. Rev. 14:18.

2. A symbol of moral fruit for God. Isa. 5:1-7.

Grass. The grasses of Israel are more numerous than in any other country.

1. A symbol of prosperity of a temporary character, of what is transitory and perishable. James 1:10-11; Rev. 8:7; Isa. 40:6-7; 1 Peter 1:24.

2. Symbol of human frailty. James 1:10-11; 1 Peter 1:24; Isa. 40:7.

Grass, Green Symbol of earthly prosperity. Rev. 8:7; 9:4.

Grasshopper(s) This troublesome insect and Eastern scourge is a species of locust, but permitted as food to the Jews. The immense swarms and destructive character of these insects to vegetation are described with remarkable minuteness and graphically portrayed in the prophet Joel. Eccl. 12:5. A symbol of insignificance. Num. 13:33; Isa. 40:22. Teaching and lessons of great interest are drawn from the ways and habits of this very common little creature in Israel and the East.

Grave {See Sepulchres, Tombs and Burials in Bible Subjects}

Greaves leg armour. 1 Sam. 17:6.

Grecian Ελληνιστής Greek-speaking Jews, and should not be confounded with Gentile Greeks (Acts 6:1, 9:29; 11:20), but in the last passage the Editors read “Greeks.”

Greece (Acts 20:2) {See Achaia}

Greek Language This was the language most commonly spoken at the time of the Lord on earth, through the flourishing of the Greek empire, prior to the Roman, and which made it the most suitable language in which the New Testament should be written. Luke 23:38; John 19:20; Acts 21:37; Rev. 9:11.

Greyhound This word only occurs once in the Bible and the margin which explains the meaning of the word as “girt in the loins,” also says it is the “horse.” A fleet animal is no doubt referred to. Prov. 30:31.

Grisled grey, spotted. Zech. 6:3.

Grudge to murmur. James 5:9.

Guilty of worthy of. Matt. 26:66.

H

Habergeon coat of mail. Ex. 28:32.

Haft handle. Judg. 3:22.

Hagar, fugitive. Covenant of works or the law made with man in the flesh. Gal. 4. Name occurs about 14 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 16.

Hail Symbol of judgments direct from heaven. Rev. 11:19; 16:21.

Hailstones A symbol of sudden and severe judgment. Isa. 30:30; Ezek. 13:13; Josh. 10:11.

Hair, long A symbol of subjection. The woman’s glory. 1 Cor. 11:15; Rev. 9:8.

Hair, short A symbol of masculine energy and dignity. 1 Cor. 11:14; Num. 6:18-19.

Hale to haul, drag. Luke 12:58.

Hallelujah See Alleluia.

Haman honourable. Future Gentile enemy of Israel planning her destruction, and in the midst of his power and plans suddenly destroyed. Name occurs about 54 times, and only in the book of Esther. Esther 3.

Hand, right

1. A symbol of Christ’s personal place of power and favour. Mark 16:19.

2. A symbol of security, power and judgment. Psa. 16:8; Ex. 15:6; 21:8.

Hands A symbol of actions and service. Psa. 90:17; 73:13.

Hannah, grace, favour. Israel desolate and in sorrow turns to Jehovah, who then establishes her in the earth in glory and relationship to Himself. Name occurs 13 times, and only in first two chapters of 1 Samuel. 1 Sam. 1.

Haran {See Charran}

Hardly difficultly. Mark 10:23.

Hardness hardship. 2 Tim. 2:3.

Hare This was another of the unclean animals and hence prohibited for food. The Palestinian hare closely resembles our own. Lev. 11:6; Deut. 14:7.

Harlot A symbol of a corrupting religious system or people. Isa. 1:21; Ezek. 16; Hosea; Rev. 17:5; Jer. 3:1-10.

Harnessed armed. Ex. 13:18.

Hart This Mosaically clean animal was a species of deer and is noted for its swiftness, activity, affection, and earnest longings for water. There are some precious lessons drawn from the movements and habits of this graceful animal. Isa. 35:6; Psa. 42:1.

Harvest

1. Used symbolically of gathering in souls by the preaching of the gospel (Matt. 9:37-38; Luke 10:2; John 4:35).

2. A symbol of discriminating and separating judgment. Matt. 13:30,39; Rev. 14:15; Joel 3:13.

3. A symbol of a special season of grace. Matt. 9:37-38; John 4:35.

Hawk This unclean species of bird is the common name for small birds of prey of which there are a considerable number in Israel. God gives the wisdom, or rather instinct, to these migratory birds to seek a warmer climate, so says Job. Lev. 11:16; Job 39:26.

Hay Cut or dried grass, as food for cattle was unknown among the Hebrews; it simply signifies full grown grass. Prov. 27:25.

Hazael God has looked upon. God raising up a scourge for His people in the north (the Assyrian of the Prophets) in the latter-day crisis of their history. Name occurs about 24 times, and only in the Old Testament. 1 Kings 19:15.

Head

1. Symbol of supremacy of persons or places. Col. 2:10; Rev. 17:9. Christ is Head of the church, Eph. 5:23; Col. 1:18; and He is Head over all things to the church Eph. 1:22; Col. 2:10.

2. A symbol of seat of moral government, intelligence, and power. Isa. 7:8-9; 9:14-15; Gen. 49:26; Zech. 6:11; 1 Cor. 11:3-10. In Revelation 12:3 the “head” symbolizes a power or kingdom.

Heady headlong, rash. 2 Tim. 3:4.

Heart A symbol of the seat of the feelings, affections, and understanding. Prov. 6:18; Luke 6:45; Hos. 7:11; Luke 24:25; John 12:40; Rom. 6:17; Phil. 1:7; Col. 3:16.

Heathen The same word that is translated “nations” or “Gentiles,” irrespective of their being civilized or not. Matt. 6:7; Acts 4:25, etc. It One that is dealt with in discipline, in Matthew 18:17, is to be as one of the heathen — one outside the assembly.

Heaven

1. Symbol of the highest seat of authority – a scene of authority and light. Matt. 24:29; Rev. 8:10.

2. The abode of God (Matt. 5:34; 6:9; Acts 7:49).

3. The abode of the angels (Matt. 22:30; Gal. 1:8).

4. The city of which the saints are now citizens (Phil. 3:20).

5. Paul was caught up into the “third heavens” (2 Cor. 12:2).

6. The wide universe of space (Acts 7:42).

7. The atmosphere (Matt. 8.20; Mark 4:4,32).

8. A part to which Satan has access (Rev. 12:7-9).

9. We look for new heavens and a new earth, in which will dwell righteousness (2 Pet. 3:10-13; Rev. 21:1).

Hebrew Language The learned seem agreed that the Hebrew language had undergone a change during and after the captivity, and that a corrupt Aramaic dialect had taken its place. This was the language of the Jews in Israel in the time of the Lord, though it is called Hebrew. Luke 23:38; John 5:2; 19:13,17,20; Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14: Rev. 9:11; 16:16.

Hebrews The name is supposed to come from Eber or Heber, of whom Abraham was a descendant. See Luke 3:34-35. Thus Abraham is called “the Hebrew” (Gen. 14:13), and hence the name is applied to the children of Israel in their natural descent, in distinction from their being God’s people. Paul called himself a Hebrew of the Hebrews, signifying the pure descent, without any mixture of Gentile or proselyte blood. Acts 6:1; 2 Cor. 11:22; Phil. 3:5.

Heifer This animal was simply a young cow. In the special provision for wilderness defilement a red heifer was to be sacrificed as a sin-offering. Gen. 15:9; Num. 19. The untamed character and unbroken will of these well-fed animals are beautifully alluded to in the Prophets, and their mournful lowing, as figuring the desolation and distress of Moab (Isa. 15:5), is told us in the grandest of all the Prophets.

Hell

1. γέεννα, Gehenna. Symbol of power of Satan. Gehenna is a corruption of two Hebrew words, signifying “valley of Hinnom,” also called Tophet, the place near Jerusalem where the Jews sacrificed their children by fire to heathen gods, and which was afterward defiled (2 Kings 23:10). A continual fire (Isa. 30:33), made it a fit type of the place of eternal torment (Matt. 5:22,29-30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15,33; Mark 9:43,45,47; Luke 12:5; James 3:6).

2. ᾃδης, Hades. The place of departed spirits. Symbol of lowest power of death. Matt. 11:23; 16:18; Luke 16:23, Acts 2:27,31; Rev. 1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14.

3. ταρταρόω, to cast into Tarturus — a term used by the heathen writers for the “deepest abyss of the infernal regions,” a place of the densest darkness (2 Peter 2:4: see also 2 Peter 2:17 and Jude 13).

Helmet A symbol of Divine certainty of salvation. Eph. 6:17; 1 Thess. 5:8. {See Armour}

Helps ἀντίληψις. 1 Cor. 12:28. Paul refers to “every one that helpeth with us, and laboureth.” 1 Cor. 16:16. He also exhorted one to “help those women which laboured with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and with other my fellowlabourers, whose names are in the book of life.” Phil. 4:3. Paul called Priscilla, Aquila, and Urbane his fellowlabourers, and not simply “helpers.” Rom. 16:3,9. Surely there are many “helpers” in the church of God, who in various ways do acceptable work for the Lord.

Helve handle. Deut. 19:5.

Hemlock An exceedingly bitter and poisonous plant. Hos. 10:4.

Herbs A symbol of the moral judgment of evil according to God. Ex. 12:8; Deut. 11:10.

Hereafter henceforth John 1:51.

Heresy, Heretic The word αιρεσις is translated “heresy,” Acts 24:14; 1 Cor. 11:19; Gal. 5:20; 2 Peter 2:1; and “sect,” Acts 5:17; 15:5; 24:5; 26:5; 28:22. The word signifies “a choice,” making a choice different from others, leading to separation, as the “sect of the Sadducees,” Pharisees, etc. and applied to Christians as “the sect of the Nazarenes.” But the “choice” is generally associated with some doctrine or practice different from what prevails; thus the way Paul worshipped God was called “heresy” by the Jews, Acts 24:14; and now those who depart from the true faith with peculiar doctrines of their own are “heretics,” Titus 3:10; and what they hold is “heresy,” and they become “a sect.”

Hermogenes A convert of the Roman province of Asia, who is named with Phygellus as “[having] turned away” from Paul, not necessarily as apostates, but as giving up Paul’s gospel and the special heavenly teaching committed to him. 2 Tim. 1:15.

Herod, {See Herod the Great in “Chronology Between Old and New Testament” in Bible Chronology}

Herod Antipas {See Herod Antipas in “History of the Jews” in Bible Chronology}

Herod, Family of, {See Family of Herod in Bible Chronology}

Herodians These can hardly be called a Jewish sect, but were rather political partisans. As their name implies, they followed the leading of Herod. He tried to seduce the people into heathen practices and pastimes; urged entire submission to the Romans, and the payment of the tribute. This the Pharisees strongly opposed on the supposed ground of Deuteronomy 17:15.
How manifest therefore was the hatred to the Lord when those who were thus so hostile to each other’s principles could unite in order to tempt our Lord as to the tribute money (Matt. 22:15-22). Had He said that the tribute ought not to he paid, the Herodians would have accused him of sedition; and had He said it was right to pay the tribute the Pharisees would have said it was inconsistent with His claim to be Messiah, the Deliverer from the Gentile yoke. The Lord’s marvellous answer confounded them both.
There was nothing to prevent persons being both Sadducees and Herodians, and this will account for the “leaven of Herod” in Mark 8:15, being apparently called the “leaven of the Sadducees” in Matthew 16:6.

Herodias {See references to Herodias under Agrippa and Herod Antipas in “History of the Jews” in Bible Chronology}

Heron This unclean bird is but one of a species common enough in Israel and Syria generally. In both of the passages referred to — the only ones where the heron is named — it is said, “the heron after her kind,” showing that a species is meant and not a particular bird merely. Lev. 11:19; Deut. 14:18.

Hezekiah (strength of the Lord), reigned twenty-nine years over Judah. This godly and devout king was next to Solomon, the most honoured of all the Judean monarchs; his zeal and earnestness were remarkable. 2 Chron. 32.

Hierapolis A city near to Colosse and Laodicea in Asia Minor. It is now called Pambouk Kalesi, in which there are many ruins. Col. 4:13.

Hill

1. A symbol of seat of royal government. Psa. 2:6; 15:1; 24:3.

2. A symbol of perpetuity. Deut. 33:15; Job 15:7.

Hind(s) This beautiful animal is the female deer, while the “hart” is the male stag. The intense love of liberty, and other characteristics of this animal are accurately depicted in the Word of God. Gen. 49:21. A symbol of agility, fearlessness, liberty, affection. 2 Sam. 22:34; Psa. 18:33; Hab. 3:19; Prov. 5:19; Song of Sol. 2:7; 3:5.

Hiram noble. This Tyrian king, in the days of David and Solomon also termed “Huram,” represents the Gentiles willingly lending their aid and treasures in building up the Temple in the coming days of the kingdom. Name occurs about 28 times, and only in the Old Testament. 1 Kings 5.

Hireling {See Servant}

Holiness {See Sanctification}

Holy Spirit, Holy Ghost Commonly spoken of as the third Person of the Trinity, perhaps because He is named last of the three in Matthew 28:19, and because He is represented as being “sent” by God the Father, and by the Lord Jesus. John 14:26; 15:26. His personality and divine authority are proved by many passages. Ananias lied to the Holy Spirit, Acts 5:3; Paul and Timothy were forbidden by the Holy Spirit to preach in Asia, and He suffered them not to go into Bithynia. Acts 16:6-7. The saints are builded together for a habitation of God through the Spirit. Eph. 2:22; 1 Cor. 3:16. It is the Holy Spirit that quickens those that are saved, John 6:63; seals them, Eph. 1:13; indwells them, and thus unites them into the one body of Christ, 1 Cor. 12:13. He is their Comforter or Advocate on earth (as Christ is in heaven), John 14:16,26. Though the Holy Spirit had influenced God’s people of old, He could not come as a Person until Christ had ascended. John 16:7. Besides His work in and with the saints, His presence on earth is a demonstration to the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment. John 16:8-11.

Holyday Any day kept as a feast by the Jews. Col. 2:16. The same word is often translated “feast,” as in Matthew 27:15; Mark 15:6.

Honest

1. καλὀς. This word is in no wise restricted to what is now ordinarily understood by being honest; it is translated more than fifty times “good.” Luke 8:15; Rom. 12:17; 2 Cor. 8:21; 13:7; 1 Pet. 2:12.

2. σεμνός, venerable. Phil. 4:8.

Honey A symbol of natural affection, of sweetness of nature. Forbidden to be offered in the sacrifices. Lev. 2:11; Psa. 119:103; Rev. 10:10.

Hooks of Gold and Silver A symbol of Divine security, founded on the righteousness of God – Gold, and the blood of Christ – Silver. Ex. 26-33.

Hope The desire and expectation of what we do not yet fully possess; it is begotten by God in the power of the Holy Spirit. Rom. 15:13; 1 Pet. 1:21. It is sure and steadfast, and gives full assurance. Heb. 6:11,18-19. It embraces the coming of the Lord, salvation, eternal life, and glory. Rom. 5:2; Col. 1:27; Titus 1:2; 2:13; 3:7. Jesus Christ Himself is our hope. 1 Tim. 1:1.

Hophni and Phinehas champion and mouth of brass. A degraded and corrupt priesthood, causing “the way of truth to be evil spoken of.” Names occur about 7 times, and only in the Old Testament. 1 Sam. 1:3.

Horn(s) A symbol of power, and often kingly power. Psa. 75:10; 132:17; 1 Sam. 2:1; Dan. 7:8; Luke 1:69; Rev. 13:1. The Lamb had seven horns, perfect power. Rev. 5:6. Satan and the Roman beast have ten horns, which “are ten kings.” Rev. 12:3; 17:3,7,12,16.

Hornet This is amongst the largest and certainly the most dangerous of insects when irritated. Their sting is most painful, and, as they swarm in large numbers, occasionally attacking man and beast, madness and death often ensue. They are, in the earlier stages of Israel’s history spoken of as the instruments of Divine judgment upon the Canaanites. Deut. 7:20; Ex. 23:28.

Horse This useful animal was not used as a beast of burden or applied to agricultural purposes as with us. Deut. 17:16; Zech. 1:8. The Jews were forbidden to multiply them (Deut. 17:16) as calculated to withdraw the heart from Jehovah. Egypt was famous for its cavalry. The horse is a symbol of imperial power in warfare, and the ass of peace. Zech. 6; Rev. 6:2,4-5,8. The Scripture references to the qualities of the horse are very numerous.

Hosanna The word is the same in the Greek, and is a compound of two Hebrew words which occur in Psalm 118:25, and are there translated “save now.” The sense is “Bestow blessing on the Son of David: bestow blessing in the highest.” Matt. 21:9,15; Mark 11:9-10; John 12:13.

Hoshea help, deliverance. He reigned nine years over Israel. A wicked king, but sinned not like his fathers; a wily diplomatist. 2 Kings 17.

Hough to hamstring. Josh. 11:6.

House Symbol of organized habitation. 2 Cor. 5:1; 1 Tim. 3:15; 1 Peter 2:5. Very little is known of the form of houses in the time of the Lord. It is supposed that then, as now, the rule was to have a court in the center with a fountain, trees, etc. A verandah ran round this, where at all times shade could be enjoyed. Under the verandah was a raised part, on which to sit. In this court visitors were received. Around the court were doors to all the other apartments, and to rooms above. The rooms had windows with lattice work to admit the air without the inmates being seen. The front wall of the house was a blank, except the door, and windows high up. It was from such a window Eutychus fell. Acts 20:9. {See Church}

Household Besides the ordinary signification of this word it is applied to the “household of faith,” and the “household of God.” Gal. 6:10; Eph. 2:19.

Hunger and Thirst A symbol of intense spiritual desires. Matt. 5:6; John 6:35.

Husks are the pods of the locust tree (cevatonia siliqua), the food of horses and swine. Occasionally the poorest of the people have fed upon them, but only under circumstances approaching to a famine. Luke 15:16. It is called St. John’s Bread, from the tradition that John the Baptist ate it.

Hymenaeus One who had made shipwreck of the faith, and who had erred concerning the truth saying that the resurrection was passed already, and who stumbled others. Paul delivered Hymenaeus and Alexander to Satan, that they might learn not to blaspheme. 1 Tim. 1:20; 2 Tim. 2:17.

Hymns Songs of praise. Eph. 5:19; Col. 3:16. The same word is used in the LXX in Nehemiah 12:46; Psalm 40:3, and in some of the titles of the Psalms. “Hymns” may be more immediately “songs of praise” as distinguished from “spiritual songs.”

Hyssop A fragrant shrub, sometimes growing out of a wall. 1 Kings 4:33. It bears white or blue flowers. It was used in the sacrifices to sprinkle the blood with. Heb. 9:19. Hyssop occurs in John 19:29 instead of the “reed” in Matthew 27:48 and Mark 15:36, on which the sponge was placed to give our Lord the vinegar; so that some of the shrubs must have had long stems. It was employed in the purification of the Leper. Lev. 14. A symbol of man in his worst estate. Lev. 14; Num. 19:6; 1 Kings 4:33

I

Iconium A large city in Lycaonia, Asia Minor. Most of the cities in Asia were inhabited by Jews and Gentiles, and here a great number of Jews and Greeks believed, resulting in an assembly being gathered. It is now called Konieh, a town of considerable extent. Acts 13:51; 14:1,19,21; 16:2; 2 Tim. 3:11.

Idolater, Idolatry, Chiefly referred to the worship of idols; but a covetous man is also an idolater: he makes a god of his possessions, Eph. 5:5; Col. 3:5; and there is a general exhortation to avoid idolatry and idols. 1 Cor. 10:14; 1 John 5:21. Anything that would be an unworthy object before the soul, extending to pictures and images in places of worship. A symbol of any object of life or center for the heart short of God. 1 John 5:21; Col. 3:5; Phil. 3:19; 1 Cor. 10:14.

Idumaea The same as Edom: a large district on the south of Judaea. Some from thence were in Jerusalem at the Pentecost. Mark 3:8.

Illuminate enlighten. Heb. 10:32.

Illyricum A district along the N.E. of the Adriatic, visited by Paul. Rom. 15:19.

Image A symbol of one who represents another. Gen. 1:26; Col. 1:15; Acts 19:35.

Immortality

1. ἀθανασία, “not capable of dying,” “not subject to death.” 1 Cor. 15:53-54; 1 Tim. 6:16.

2. ἀφθαρσία, “incorruptibility” and “incorruptible.” 1 Tim. 1:17. Rom. 2:7; 2 Tim. 1:10.

Immutability {See God}

Implead accuse. Acts 19:38.

Impotent powerless John 5:3.

Impute

1. λογίζομαι, “to add up, reckon.” Blessed is the man to whom God will not reckon sin; but to whom He will reckon righteousness without works: the man is judicially esteemed as righteous. Rom. 4:6,8,11,22-24; 2 Cor. 5:19; Gal. 3:6; James 2:23.

2. έλλογέω, “to bring into account.” Sin is not put to account where there is no law. Rom. 5:13.

Incense, odour, (Rev. 5:8; 8:3-4) Symbol of sweet savour to God.

Incense.

1. A symbol of Christ in the value and fragrance of His person offered to God. Lev. 16:13.

2. A symbol of prayers of future suffering saints. Rev. 5:8.

Incontinent without self-control. 2 Tim. 3:3.

Incorruptible, Incorruption What is incapable of corruption. Applied to the Christian’s crown, 1 Cor. 9:25; to his inheritance, 1 Pet. 1:4; to the seed of which he is born, 1 Pet. 1:23; to the condition of the raised saints, 1 Cor. 15:42-54; to God Himself, Rom. 1:23. Incorrectly translated “immortal,” “immortality,” in Rom. 2:7; 1 Tim. 1:17; 2 Tim. 1:10; and “sincerity” in Ephesians 6:24; Titus 2:7.

Indignation, The A symbol of the future brief but awful period of Israel’s suffering at the hands of Jehovah. Isa. 10:25; 26:20.

Infidel The simple meaning is “without faith,” an “unbeliever,” 2 Cor. 6:15; 1 Tim. 5:8. The same word is translated “unbeliever” in 1 Cor. 6:6; 14:23.

Iniquity {See Sin}

Injurious insolent. 1 Tim. 1:13.

Inn

1. κατάλυμα, from “to unloose.” A place where girdles, sandals, etc. were unloosed, while rest was obtained. Luke 2:7. It is scarcely feasible to confine this to the “caravansari” of the East, where men and animals all rest in a bare enclosure, with open shelters round the walls. The same Greek word is translated “guest chamber” in Mark 14:14; Luke 22:11.

2. πανδοχεῖον. A place where “all are received.” Luke 10:34. This has been thought to refer to a “caravansari”; the Vulgate calls it “stabulum.” The “host” may have been one who took charge of the place, and sold such things as were necessary to travellers.

Inspiration {See “Inspiration”}

Instant urgent. Luke 23:23.

Intercession, έντυγχάνω, “to get access to anyone.” Especially referred to the Lord making intercession for the saints to preserve communion, Rom. 8:27,34; Heb. 7:25; also to the Holy Spirit. Rom. 8:26. The saints are directed to make intercession for all men, 1 Tim. 2:1; and it is remarkable that the same word (ἔντεξις) is used in 1 Tim. 4:5, where food is sanctified by the word of God and “intercourse” (with Him).

Inward intimate. Job 19:19.

Iron

1. A symbol of strength. Dan. 2:40; 7:7; Job 40:18.

2. A symbol of irresistible power. Psa. 2:9.

3. A symbol of a hardened conscience. 1 Tim. 4:2; Rev. 9:9.

Isaac laughter. Christ dead, risen, and dwelling in heaven the heir of all things. Name occurs about 130 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 22.

Ish-bosheth man of shame. Usurpation of the royal power in Judea during the early part of Christ’s millennial reign. Name occurs about 13 times, and only in the second book of Samuel. 2 Sam. 2.

Israel, Israelite {See Jews.}

Italy. The well-known European country of which Rome is the capital. In the Acts it is used as if synonymous with Rome. The passage in Hebrews does not necessarily imply that the epistle was written in Rome: it is better translated, “They from Italy salute you.” Acts 18:2; 27:1,6; Heb. 13:24.

Ituraea A district in the north, on the east of the Jordan. It was given with Trachonitis to Philip. Luke 3:1.

J

Jacinth ὑάκινθος. It is associated in Rev. 9:17 with fire and brimstone, perhaps because of its reflecting the flashes. Rev. 21:20. The Greek word signifies the flower hyacinth, as well as a gem. It occurs in the LXX in Exodus 25:4; 26:1, etc. but is translated blue. {See “Chalcedony.”}

Jacob, supplanter. The Patriarch, mentioned in connection with Abraham and Isaac, as when the Lord declared that God was not the God of the dead but of the living, because it had been said to Moses that God was their God. Matt. 22:32; Mark 12:26; Luke 20:37. Jacob is also spoken of as an instance of God’s sovereignty – God had loved Jacob, but had hated Esau. Rom. 9:13. He was the Jew, outcast from home and country, and under the governmental dealing and discipline of God. In some respects, Jacob also typifies the Lord, as in his marriage with Leah and Rachel. Name occurs, including it as applied to the nation, about 370 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 25.

Jairus Ruler of the synagogue, whose daughter Jesus raised from the dead. Mark 5:22; Luke 8:41.

Jambres {See Jannes.}

James

1. Son of Zebedee, one of the twelve apostles. Matt. 4:21; 10:2; Mark 1:19; 3:17. He was brother of John, probably an elder brother by being always named first. He and his brother were termed “Sons of Thunder” {see Boanerges}. The two brothers and Peter seem to have been chosen by the Lord to a kind of first place. See Mark 5:37; 9:2; 14:33. James was killed with the sword by Herod Agrippa I. about A.D. 44. Acts 12:2. He may be alluded to in 1 Cor. 15:7.

2. Son of Alphaeus, one of the twelve apostles. Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13. These are the only passages where with certainty this apostle is alluded to by name; but in the Acts we find a James at Jerusalem holding a sort of first place, and saying at the conference “My sentence is,” Acts 15:19, which naturally points him out as an apostle, and who could that be but James, the son of Alphaeus, Acts 12:17; 15:13; 21:18; Gal. 2:9? The same is doubtless the writer of the Epistle bearing his name; and he also appears to have been the brother of Jude. Luke 6:16; Jude 1.

3. The Lord’s brother. He could not have been an apostle, for we read distinctly, “neither did His brethren believe in Him.” John 7:5. In Gal. 1:19 he is found at Jerusalem; but is there doubtless called the Lord’s brother to distinguish him from the James that was referred to as usually being at Jerusalem, and named in Gal. 2:9. In Gal. 1:19 the words do not necessarily imply, according to the learned, that James, the Lord’s brother, was an apostle. Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3.

4. The Less, also mentioned simply as James. Mark 15:40; Matt. 27:56; Luke 24:10. These are only mentioned to point out their mother, named Mary. James and Joses being common names — the Lord having brothers of the same name. There is no means of otherwise identifying James the Less.

Jangling talking. 1 Tim. 1:6.

Jannes and Jambres These, according to ancient Jewish tradition, were the chief of the Egyptian magicians, who were allowed by God to imitate, to a certain extent, the wonders wrought by Moses. 2 Tim. 3:8-9.

Jason

1. A kinsman of Paul. Rom. 16:21.

2. One attacked because of his connection with the apostle at Thessalonica. Acts 17:5-9.

Jasper ἴασπις. A variety of quartz, non-transparent, of various colours. It occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:18; 36:18; 39:13; Isaiah 54:12; Ezekiel 28:13. Symbol of divine glory displayed. Rev. 4:3; 21:11,18. {See “Chalcedony.”}

Jehoahaz [whom] the Lord holdeth.

1. He reigned seventeen years over Israel. Another wicked king, but in an extremity he “besought the Lord.” During this reign the royal power was greatly curtailed by the incursions of the Syrians. 2 Kings 13.

2. He reigned three months over Judah. This bad king’s reign was brought to an abrupt termination by the king of Egypt, who deposed him, sending him in chains to Egypt, and making Judea a tributary province. 2 Chron. 36.

Jehoash [whom] the Lord has given, or Joash, the Lord is gathering together.

1. He reigned forty years over Judah. This youthful monarch walked well when counselled by Jehoiada, the priest, but on his death, the princes of Judah aided the king in the affairs of the state, and both king and kingdom thereby suffered. Slain by his servants. 2 Chron. 24.

2. He reigned sixteen years over Israel. A brave king, but one of the many who trod in the steps of wicked Jeroboam, the founder of the kingdom. This monarch’s touching appeal to the dying Elisha, is really beautiful, and displays the feelings of a heart not wholly turned aside from God. 2 Kings 13.

Jehoiachin may the Lord establish [him]. He reigned three months and ten days over Judah. A wicked king, deposed and taken captive to Babylon for thirty-seven years; afterward released from his long imprisonment and raised to dignity. 2 Chron. 36.

Jehoiakim may the Lord establish [him]. He reigned eleven years over Judah. A wicked king, seated on the throne by the king of Egypt, and deposed by the king of Babylon. 2 Chron. 36.

Jehoram the Lord is exalted. (or Joram)

1. He reigned eight years over Judah. This was a wicked king, a murderer and an idolater, walked in the ways of wicked Israel, and died unlamented, besides being denied a grave in the sepulchre of the king. 2 Chron. 21.

2. He reigned twelve years over Israel. This was another bad king who walked in the idolatrous courses of Jeroboam, and followed his mother — Jezebel’s wicked ways. Baal worship, to which his father, Ahab, was so warmly addicted, was to some extent, at least, put down, although other forms of idolatry were practiced. 2 Kings 9.

Jehoshaphat [whom] the Lord judges. He reigned twenty-five years over Judah. Under the reign of this pious monarch, who walked in the godly ways of his father, the kingdom was greatly blessed. The commandments of the Lord, and not the ways of Judah, were the guide of his conduct and ways. 2 Chron. 20.

Jehu He [is] Jehovah. He reigned twenty-eight years over Israel. The stern destroyer of the house of Ahab, and zealous uprooter of Baal worship; he afterward, himself turned to idolatry, and worshipped the calves set up by Jeroboam. 2 Kings 10.

Jeremiah exalted of the Lord. Christ buying the earthly inheritance in presence of the world’s hostile power (Matt. 13:44), and Christ weeping and lamenting over Jerusalem (Luke 19:41-42) is figured in the “Lamentations” of the same Prophet. Name occurs about 140 times, and only in the Old Testament. Jer. 32.

Jericho A city about fifteen miles N.E. of Jerusalem, and five miles from the Jordan. Matt. 20:29; Mark 10:46; Luke 10:30; 18:35; 19:1; Heb. 11:30. In N.T. times, after having been burnt down, it was restored with great splendor by Archelaus. The road from Jerusalem to Jericho is still at times unsafe. It is some 1,800 feet below Jerusalem, being a more or less steep descent all the way. The miserable village of Riha is sometimes called Jericho; but this is a mile and a half from where ancient Jericho is believed to have stood.

Jeroboam [whose] people is numerous.

1. He reigned forty-one years over Israel. This king followed in the steps of his namesake — the first king of Israel, but the Lord pitying the infliction of His people, used Jeroboam greatly in restoring the northern coasts of the kingdom according to the prophecy of Jonah. A brave and warlike monarch. 2 Kings 14.

2. He reigned twenty-two years over Israel. The kingdom established on idolatry, and a vile priesthood instituted. Jeroboam was a noted idolater, and gave character to the after history of the kingdom. 1 Kings 14.

Jerusalem, {See Jerusalem}

Jesus

1. The Greek form of “Joshua.” Acts 7:45; Heb. 4:8.

2. A disciple at Rome, also called Justus. Col. 4:11.

Jesus the Lord Jesus was the personal name of the Lord as a man. Matt. 1:21. It signifies Jehovah the Saviour. He was born of the Virgin Mary, conceived by the Holy Spirit (verse 20). Of His childhood we read that He waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom, and the grace of God was upon Him. At the age of twelve years He was found in the temple, sitting among the doctors, hearing them and asking them questions: doubtless He also taught without as yet seeming to teach, for they were astonished at His understanding and His answers. He was thus about His Father’s business; but He went to Nazareth, and was subject to His parents: the two things being beautifully combined. For the next eighteen years we know only that He increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man. When He began to be about thirty years of age, He came forth, was baptized by John, and sealed by the Holy Spirit. Then He was tempted of the devil. Being announced by John as the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world, He began His ministry. It consisted chiefly in preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing diseases of every kind, casting out the demons, and raising the dead. He fulfilled the O.T. Scriptures that spoke of what Messiah would do. The Lord was here also for another purpose, namely, to save souls; as many as received Him to them gave He power to become the sons of God. He revealed God to them as Father, gave them eternal life, and by the gift of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost they became as one body, united to the Lord in glory as the Head of the church. He was the second Man and the last Adam, being Head, as it were, of a new race in His saints, who were delivered from their old standing in Adam, and in new creation given a new standing in Christ. From the first He was refused by the leaders of Israel: “His own received Him not.” Still a few were gathered to Him, of whom He chose twelve apostles. After a ministry of about three years and a half, the time had arrived, according to the counsels of God, for Jesus to be offered up as a sacrifice for sin. In the garden of Gethsemane He was in the deepest anguish at the prospect of bearing sin, and asked if it were possible the cup might pass from Him, but bowed to His Father’s will. He was arrested, and crucified: His blood was shed, by which redemption was accomplished. On the third day He rose from the dead; breathed into the apostles the Spirit and power of life; and after appearing several times to many witnesses, He ascended to heaven. That the Lord Jesus was God as well as man is clearly proved in Scripture, both by direct statement and by His works: for He accomplished what no mere man could do, such as casting out demons, raising the dead, forgiving sins, reading the thoughts of men, and by raising Himself from the dead. The Lord Jesus being God as well as man, there is necessarily a mystery enshrouding His Person that is beyond man’s grasp: we are told that no man knoweth the Son but the Father, and no one knoweth who the Son is but the Father. This should be no stumbling block, but should call forth reverence, adoration, and worship.

Jewels.

1. A symbol of our preciousness to God.

2. A symbol of marks of Divine favour. Mal. 3:17; Ezek. 16:17; Isa. 61:10.

Jewry, (Luke 23:5; John 7:1) Merely another, and an incorrect name for Judaea.

Jews This term was not used until after the division of the ten tribes from the two, 2 Kings 16:6, and is supposed to be derived from “Judah,” the chief of the two tribes, in distinction from “Israel,” the name given to the ten tribes. Those who returned from the captivity were of the two tribes, and these, with any of the ten tribes who may have been left in the land or have returned and dwelt in Canaan are called “Jews.” The Lord is called “King of the Jews,” and He said, “Salvation is of the Jews.” But the name of “Israel” is also used: the elders are called “the elders of Israel” or the “elders of the Jews.” John showed himself to Israel; the Lord said He had not found such faith in Israel, etc. Thus it appears that the term “Israel” is often used as if there had been no division of the tribes. The Lord said He was sent to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. It is also used in the sense of those “privileged of God,” as all are not Israel that are of Israel. Nathanael was declared to be truly an Israelite in whom was no guile. In John’s Gospel “the Jews” refer to those in Judaea in distinction from “the people” who gathered to the feasts from other parts. In the Revelation (Rev. 2:9; 3:9) some in the church falsely claim to be Jews (symbolical of privileged persons), who are really of the synagogue of Satan: such as they who seek to Judaize Christianity, and to assimilate Christian worship to forms and ceremonies.

Jezebel no habitation. See her character in the Old Testament, where she is called an “accursed woman.” Symbolical of a wicked and seductive spirit that led into idolatry. Rev. 2:20. Idolatrous religious system leagued with the Apostate civil power in the closing days. Name occurs about 23 times in the Scriptures. 1 Kings 16.

Joab Jehovah-father. Craft; boldness. Type of a clever, cunning man of the world. Name occurs about 140 times, and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 2.

Joanna Wife of Chuza, steward of Herod Agrippa; she had been cured of some infirmity, and ministered to the Lord of her property. She was honoured by being one who carried to the disciples the news of His resurrection. Luke 8:3; 24:10.

Job treated with hostility. Self and human righteousness withered up by the hand and in the presence of God. Name occurs about 60 times in the Scriptures. Job 1.

John the Apostle The son of Zebedee and brother of James. He was a fisherman before being called to be an apostle. He was one of the three who were with the Lord on the mount of transfiguration and on other occasions. He called himself the “one whom Jesus loved,” and at the last Passover he leaned on Jesus’ bosom. He and James were called “Sons of Thunder” {see Boanerges}; but except in uniting with his brother in asking if they should call down fire from heaven (Luke 9:54), he appears to have been of a loving and lovable spirit. The Lord at His crucifixion committed His mother to John’s care. He was the writer of the Gospel and Epistles bearing his name and of the Revelation. As to his after life, tradition and legends add much. We know he was in the Isle of Patmos; it is said that he had to work in the mines there, but was liberated and went to Ephesus, where he had previously laboured. An interesting story is related of a convert having fallen away and become the head of a band of robbers, John went after him, and on being captured by the robbers demanded to see their captain, and was the means of melting his heart into contrition and restoring him to the Lord and to His saints.

John the Baptist The forerunner of Christ; he was the son of Zacharias and Elisabeth, born to them in their old age, both of whom were of the tribe of Levi. His name was fixed by Gabriel, and he was a Nazarite from his birth. Of his early life we know nothing; his ministry was carried on in the wilderness, and he was clothed in camel’s hair, and ate locusts and wild honey. His baptism was to repentance, and his mission was to prepare the way for the Messiah, though it extended to proclaiming Jesus as the true light that lighteth every man, and as the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world. In one sense he was the Elijah who was to usher in the coming of the Lord, and in another sense he was not, because Jesus was not accepted by Israel as the Messiah. He was declared to be the greatest born of women, and yet the least in the kingdom of heaven was greater than he, because of the new place such would be in. His faithfulness in rebuking Herod Antipas for his sin led to his imprisonment and ultimately to his death. While in prison his faith seems to have failed, for he sent to ask if Jesus was the coming one, or were they to look for another. The Lord in reply pointed to His works, which showed that He was the true Messiah.

John

1. One of the council in Acts 4:6.

2. The nephew of Barnabas, whose surname was Mark. {See Mark.}

Jona The father of Peter, John 1:42; see Matthew 16:17. In John 21:15 he is called Jonas; the Greek is the same.

Jonah, Jonas dove. Referred to in the N.T. as a type of the Lord, being three days and three nights “in the heart of the earth.” No other sign was to be given to the nation that had rejected Him who was “greater than Jonah.” Matt. 12:39-41; 16:4; Luke 11:29-32. A picture of Israel cast out amongst the Gentiles. Name occurs about 30 times in the Scriptures. Jonah 1.

Jonathan [whom] the Lord hath given. The future Jewish remnant cleaving to Christ during the reign of Antichrist. Name occurs about 100 times, and only in the Old Testament. 1 Sam. 14.

Joppa A sea-port town in the Mediterranean, N.W. of Jerusalem; it is the nearest port to that city, but has no safe landing place. This is where Peter had the vision of the sheet from heaven, to prepare him for visiting Cornelius. Acts 9:36; 11:13. Its population is about 5,000, of which 1,000 are nominal Christians. Its modern name is Yaffa or Jaffa. A railway now runs from Jaffa to Jerusalem.

Jordan {See “Holy Land—Physical Features”}

Joseph

1. The Patriarch. John 4:5; Acts 7:9-18; Heb. 11:21-22; Rev. 7:8.

2. The husband of Mary He was “of the house and lineage of David,” and a just man; he followed the instructions from heaven, and sought the safety of the Lord when a babe. He was a carpenter by trade, but all Jews learned a trade, so that this does not tell us his position in life. At the presentation at Jerusalem they offered two turtle doves, which was the offering of the poor. John 6:42 is the latest mention we have of Joseph; it is supposed he died early, for Jesus when on the cross commended His mother to the apostle John. Matt. 1:18-24; 2:13,19; Luke 1:27; 2:4,16,33,43; 3:23; John 1:45.

3. Joseph of Arimathaea He was a counsellor in Israel, a good and a just man, who did not consent to the condemning of the Lord. Though he had been a secret disciple, he fearlessly went to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus, and interred Him in his own new tomb. Scripture says he was a rich man, and this agrees with Isaiah 53:9, “He ... [was] with the rich in His death.” Matt. 27:57-60; Mark 15:43; Luke 23:50; John 19:38.

4. Joseph called Barsabas, surnamed Justus (Acts 1:23). He was one of the two selected as fit persons to fill the place of Judas Iscariot, having been with the Lord Jesus throughout His ministry.

Joses One of the brethren of the Lord. Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3. {For Matt. 27:56; Mark 15:40,47, see James.} {For Acts 4:36 see Barnabas.}

Joshua the Lord’s salvation. Christ in victorious power by the Spirit leading His people through death into present blessing in the heavenly places. Eph. 1. Name occurs about 210 times in the Scriptures. Josh. 1.

Josiah may the Lord heal [him]. He reigned thirty-one years over Judah. In the eighth year of his reign, Josiah sought and found the Lord, and four years afterward began to extirpate idolatry out of the land — root and branch. This godly king’s reign was signalized by close attention to the written word of God. 2 Chron. 35.

Jot or tittle smallest Hebrew letter, or curl of a letter. Matt. 5:18.

Jotham the Lord is perfect. He reigned sixteen years over Judah. This good king “became mighty, because he prepared his ways before the Lord his God.” Beautiful testimony! 2 Chron. 27.

Juda

1. One of the brothers of the Lord. Mark 6:3.

2. The part of Canaan allotted to Judah. Matt. 2:6; Luke 1:39.

Judaea The province containing all the country south of Galilee and west of the Jordan. John 4:3,47,54, etc. In some passages the name has a wider meaning; in Matthew 19:1 it includes the east of the Jordan, and in Luke 1:5, where Herod is called “king of Judaea,” it signifies the whole of Israel.

Judah The two tribes, in distinction from Israel, the ten tribes; with both of which the new covenant is to be made. Heb. 8:8.

Judas

1. One of the apostles. In two places the Authorized Version has added the words “brother of”: reading “Judas, brother of James”; but it may be “son of,” and we know not which James is referred to; but if Jude who wrote the Epistle is the same person, then “brother” is correct. Luke 6:16; John 14:22; Acts 1:13. In the list of the apostles in Matthew 10:3 and Mark 3:18 it will be seen that Judas is not named, but instead occurs the name of Lebbaeus, whose surname is Thaddeus, which leads to the conclusion that these are other names of Judas. Very little is recorded of this apostle: he asked the Lord how He would manifest Himself to His disciples and not unto the world.

2. Judas of Galilee. He raised an insurrection “in the days of the taxing,” A.D. 6. He was slain by the Romans, and his followers dispersed. Acts 5:37.

3. Judas. Acts 15:22. {See Barsabas.}

4. Judas, with whom Paul lodged. Acts 9:11.

5. Judas Iscariot, son of Simon. One of the twelve apostles; he was entrusted with “the bag,” though he was alas! a thief. Judas being chosen one of the apostles was a trial of man under new circumstances. He was an associate, “friend,” of the Lord: saw Him in public and in private; heard His words, saw His actions, and witnessed His miracles. Could have asked Him anything, and have had all his doubts solved and his difficulties removed. But alas! he yielded to temptation, and then Satan entered into him, and he stayed not till he had with a kiss betrayed his Lord for thirty pieces of silver (about £3 15s.). His remorse speedily followed, and he confessed that he had betrayed innocent blood, and was impelled to return the money he had coveted: a complete dupe of Satan, who first leads into sin, and then mocks those led astray. He hanged himself, and then, either being cut down or his body falling, his bowels gushed out. Matt. 10:4; Mark 3:19; Luke 6:16; John 6:71; 13:2,26; etc.

Jude The writer of the epistle bearing his name. He says of himself that he was “the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James,” which has naturally led to the conclusion that he is the same as Judas the apostle, because of Luke 6:16 and Acts 1:13. In both passages the word “brother” is added, and is most probably correct.

Judgment κρίσις, κρίμα. “Judgment” is used in the N.T. in two senses—

1. as a sessional judgment, when men will be arraigned before the Judge. It is appointed that after death shall be judgment. Heb. 9:27. Scripture does not speak of a general judgment when all mankind will be judged. It describes two sessional judgments, Matt. 25:31-46 and Rev. 20:11-15, which will be found to differ materially. The Christian of the present dispensation does not appear at either of the above. Scripture declares that he shall not come into judgment (κρίσις), but is already passed from death unto life (John 5:24). He will have to stand before the judgment seat of Christ, Rom. 14:10; 2 Cor. 5:10, not to be judged for his sins, for Christ was judged for them, but each must give account of himself, and be manifested before Christ.

2. The other form of judgment is the executing of judgments, which may be of a temporary character, as in the Revelation; or the final doom of Satan and the wicked, which is eternal. Heb. 6:2; Rev. 20:10,15. The same Greek words are sometimes translated in the A.V. “condemnation,” and often “damnation.”

Junia A relative and fellow-prisoner of Paul, “of note among the apostles,” and who was “in Christ” before Paul. Rom. 16:7.

Juniper Tree or rather desert shrub. This species of broom afforded shelter to the Prophet, 1 Kings 19, as it does the wandering Arabs and travellers of the nineteenth century. It is largely used in the manufacture of charcoal. Psa. 120:4.

Jupiter The supreme deity of Greek and Roman mythology. Acts 14:12-13; 19:35.

Justification δικαίωσις,-ωμα. The ground on which God can account the believer righteous in His sight is, the blood of Jesus (Rom. 5:9), and the grand and glorious measure of the believers’ righteous standing is Christ risen and glorified (2 Cor. 5:21). Such is its ground and measure, and as to its blessedness, let Psalm 32 supply an answer. In systematic theology, justification always precedes sanctification, but in Scripture, when coupled as in 1 Corinthians 6:11, and 1 Peter 1:2, sanctification comes first in order. Sanctification in which it is used in these and other passages, refers to the first movement of the Divine life in the soul, and from that instant I am set apart to God and to obey as Christ obeyed; the working of this out in practical life is the progressive sanctification, so much and justly insisted upon. Now, the entrance of the believer into that blessed place and position, secured for him in Christ and before God, is not taken up and enjoyed as a rule at the moment of believing. The full work of Christ, in the condemnation of sin — root and branch — the value of His blood, and what it has secured to the believer is not all known at once, and its priceless worth perceived in a moment; hence the importance of clear Scriptural teaching, as aiding the believer to enter into his blessed standing and enjoy the wealth of spiritual blessing conferred upon him. This, then, in our judgment, accounts for the order of the words, “But ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God” (1 Cor. 6:11). Justification is God’s most blessed answer in grace, founded on the blood of Jesus, to the state of ungodliness and condemnation under which the believer lay. The believer is justified, declared to be without a fault; so that justification is “the state of accomplished subsisting righteousness.” Rom. 5:16,18. God is the justifier. Rom. 8:33. The believer is justified before God (causatively) by grace, Rom. 3:24; (meritoriously) by blood, Rom. 5:9; (declaratively) by Christ’s resurrection, Rom. 4:25; (instrumentally) by faith, Rom. 5:1. He is justified before men (evidentially) by works, James 2:20-26.

Justus

1. Acts 1:23. {See Barsabas.}

2. One at Corinth, who “worshipped God.” Acts 18:7.

3. One who was also named Jesus, one of Paul’s fellow-workers. Col. 4:11.

K

Kerchief covering. Ezek. 13:18,21.

Keturah, incense. Israel’s future establishment in the land, and relationship to Jehovah. Name occurs 4 times, and only in the Old Testament. Gen. 25.

Key(s) A symbol of the right to exercise Divine authority to open and shut and govern. Isa. 22:22; Rev. 1:18; 3:7; Matt. 16:19.

Kid The kid or young of the goat was greatly prized as a luxury at table, and is so still. The flesh being fine and tender made the kid a peculiarly desirable article of food amongst all Orientals, and in honour of special guests it was customary to select from the flock a well-favoured kid for dinner. It was also used as a sin-offering. Gen. 27:9; Num. 7:87.

Kidneys A symbol of the inward feelings and affections. Lev. 3-9.

Kine cows, cattle. Gen. 32:15.

King βασιλείς.

1. a Roman ruler. Herod the Great, Matt. 2:1-9.

2. Herod Agrippa I. Acts 12:1-23.

3. Herod Agrippa II. Acts 25; 26.

4. Aretas, King of Arabia, 2 Cor. 11:32. The king named in Mark 6:14 was Antipas the tetrarch.

Kings A symbol of the royal dignity of saints. Rev. 1:6; 5:10.

Kiss

1. A symbol of familiar yet holy expression of love. 1 Cor. 16:20; 1 Peter 5:14.

2. A symbol of Divine expression of love. Luke 15:20.

Kite This rapacious and unclean bird cannot with certainty be identified, but as the same Hebrew word is translated “vulture” in Job 28:7, and its keen sight referred to, it no doubt refers to a species of the sharp-sighted vulture. Lev. 11:14.

Knee bowed

1. A symbol of subjection.

2. A symbol of reverence. Phil. 2:10; Eph. 3:14.

Knop knob. Ex. 25:31.

Korah ice. Christendom’s future apostasy and terrible doom. Jude 11. Name occurs about 20 times in the Scriptures. Num. 16.

L

Laban white. A man worldly-wise in external relationship to God’s people, and using religion as a stepping-stone for self and family aggrandizement. Name occurs about 54 times, and only in the book of Genesis. Gen. 24.

Ladder A symbol of communication between heaven and earth. Gen. 28:12.

Lama, Lamma An Aramaic word signifying “why.” Matt. 27:46; Mark 15:34.

Lamb A lamb, according to Scripture, might be either the young of the sheep or goats. Ex. 12:5; Lev. 23:19. It was the paschal offering, Ex. 12; daily sacrifice — morning and evening, Ex. 29:38-39; weekly sacrifice, Num. 28:9; monthly sacrifices, Num. 28:11; yearly sacrifices, Lev. 23, etc.; also offered on special occasions. Luke 10:3; Acts 8:32; Isa. 11.6. Symbol of Christ as a rejected sufferer. John 1:29. The word occurs nearly thirty times in the Revelation but is there associated with strength, glory, and worship. Rev. 5:6,12. Symbol of the younger members of Christ’s flock. John 21:15; Isa. 40:11.

Lamech strong. Lust, self-will, and cruelty of the last days in connection with Israel. Name occurs 5 times, and only in the reference chapter. Gen. 4.

Lamp λαμπάς. Matthew 25 shows that this is the common lamp in which oil was used. It is translated “torch” in John 18:3, and “light” in Acts 20:8. Rev. 4:5; 8:10.

1. Symbol of a light-bearer, individual or collective. Matt. 25:1; Rev. 1:20.

2. A symbol of prophetic light. Gen. 15:17.

3. A symbol of governmental light. 1 Kings 15:4.

4. A symbol of religious profession in possession of light and privilege. Matt. 25:7.

5. A symbol of the Spirit’s perfect light in the sanctuary — the presence of God. Lev. 24:2-4.

Lantern {See Candle.}

Laodicea In Phrygia, or Caria, in the west of Asia Minor. It was formally called Diospolis, but was re-built by Antiochus Theos, and named after his wife Laodice. Col. 2:1; 4:13,15-16; Rev. 1:11; 3:14. It was completely destroyed by an earthquake, but the inhabitants were wealthy enough to rebuild the city, without asking aid from the state (see Rev. 3:17). A traveller says: “Nothing can exceed the desolation and melancholy appearance of the site of Laodicea.” A village among the extensive ruins is named Eski-hissar. {See Ephesus.}

Lapwing This was another of the unclean, therefore prohibited birds. From the translation of the word it is now generally regarded as the “hoopoe.” This fine bird has a beautiful crest and commands attention from its singular appearance and peculiar gestures. It is a common enough bird both in the eastern and western hemispheres. Lev. 11:19; Deut. 14:18.

Lasea A city of Crete, near the port of “The Fair Havens.” Some ruins still bear the name. Acts 27:8.

Latche lace, thong. Mark 1:7.

Latin The language spoken by the Romans, and in which some of the classics were written: the language in which papal Rome conducts its services. Luke 23:38; John 19:20.

Laud praise. Rom. 15:11.

Laver No measurements are given of the laver, wherein the priests daily washed their hands and feet. God’s remedy for cleansing the daily defilements of His people is not blood but water — i.e. the constant application of the Word of God to the thoughts, words, and actions of the believer. Christ is the laver; the Word of God is the water. Eph. 5:26.

Law Often used in the N.T. as the principle of works in contrast to that of grace, with or without immediate allusion to the Mosaic law. Rom. 2:12-27; 3:19-31. It is also used as the principle on which things act: as “the law of faith,” Rom. 3:27; the “law of righteousness,” Rom. 9:31; “the law of the Spirit of life” and the “law of sin and death,” Rom. 8:2, etc..

Lawyer(s) These were teachers of the law; and though the title may have had a different origin from that of “scribe,” the two names seem to point to the same office — those who taught the law — though the lawyers may have studied the minutiae of the law, and may have assisted the Sanhedrim in difficult cases, as some suppose. The Lord denounced the lawyers with dreadful woes, in the same way as He had the scribes and Pharisees. Luke 11:45-52. Alas, alas! to whom could the people turn when the leading men of the nation and the teachers were thus corrupt? The blessed One who denounced all these was happily there to bless them had they but listened to Him.

Lead A symbol of judgment of evil and evil men. Ex. 15:10; Zech. 5:7-8.

Leaf

1. A symbol of religious profession. Psa. 1:3; Matt. 21:19.

2. A symbol of millennial blessing and healing. Rev. 22:2; Ezek. 47:12.

Leah wearied. The Gentile bride first possessed by Christ, although Rachel (the Jew) was first loved and sought. Name occurs about 34 times, and only in the Old Testament. Gen. 29.

Leasing lying. Psa. 4:2; 5:6.

Leaven Used for fermenting bread, but if left too long it turns to corruption. It is always used in Scripture as a type of evil. Matt. 13:33 and Luke 13:21 have often been thought to be exceptions, but it is not so. {See “Parables”} It is applied to the evils of the Sadducees and Pharisees, etc. Matt. 16:6,11; Mark 8:15; Luke 12:1. “The old leaven” of the flesh and its corruptions, and “of malice” is contrasted with “unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.” 1 Cor. 5:7-8. A symbol of active, spreading of moral and doctrinal evil. 1 Cor. 5:5-8; Gal. 5:9; Matt. 16:6.

Lebbaeus {See Judas.}

Leek is another Egyptian vegetable, also largely cultivated in Israel.

Lees, on the matured. Isa. 25:6.

Legs A symbol of strength and stability. Dan. 2:33; Song of Sol. 5:15; Psa. 147:10.

Lentil is a well-known cereal in Israel, and of which a very wholesome “pottage” is still made. Gen. 25:34.

Leopard πάρδαλις. The well-known spotted animal. Isa. 11:6; Dan. 7:6; Rev. 13:2. The same word is used in the LXX in Jeremiah 13:23, where the “spots” are named. It is an apt symbol of the conquests of Alexander the Great, Dan. 7:6, in the rapidity of his movements and sudden and unexpected nature of his attacks. The cat-like cunning of this animal in watching for its prey, its swiftness and cruelty, are finely depicted in the Prophets. It is characterized by swiftness, lying in wait, and tearing its prey even when it does not need to feed on it, Jer. 5:6; Hos. 13:7; Hab. 1:8; which things will characterize the Roman empire as a beast in a future day. The skin of this beautiful animal is highly prized and is the emblem of royalty in Africa till this day.

Leprosy A dreadful and incurable disease, apt type of the loathsomeness of sin. It was cured by our Lord when on earth. There are lepers still near Jerusalem. Matt. 8:3; Mark 1:42; Luke 5:12-13. A symbol of uncleanness in heart and life. Lev. 13-14.

Let to hinder. 2 Thess. 2:7.

Levi The son of Alphaeus, another name of the apostle Matthew. Mark 2:14; Luke 5:27,29.

Leviathan The graphic description of this huge amphibious animal in the book of Job leaves no doubt that the crocodile is meant. It inhabits chiefly the rivers and banks of Africa, especially of the Nile, but has been found in the “Nhar Zurka,” a river flowing through Samaria. The cruelty, strength, and other characteristics of this dreadful creature affords the Psalmist and the Prophets frequent illustrations in speaking of the great powers of Egypt, Assyria, etc. Job 41:1; Psa. 74:14.

Libertines Supposed to refer to persons who, after being taken prisoners by Rome, had been set at liberty. Acts 6:9.

Lice This insect is only mentioned as amongst the plagues on Egypt. In a warm country and to a cleanly people like the Egyptians this third infliction of Divine judgment must have caused them exquisite pain and distress. Ex. 8:16.

Light The nature of God – God is light. 1 John 1:5. He dwells in unapproachable light. 1 Tim. 6:16. The Lord Jesus was the true light that came into the world. John 1:4-9. The saints are the light of the world. Matt. 5:14; 1 Thess. 5:5. We are to let our light so shine that God may be glorified. Matt. 5:16: see also Eph. 5:13.

Lightning A symbol of obedience connected with the judicial power of God. Ezek. 1:13-14; Nah. 2:4.

Liking condition. Job 39:4.

Lily of Israel, of which there are several species, has been pronounced by travelers to be exquisitely beautiful. This fair and lovely flower is frequently referred to in the Scriptures. The lilium both colored and white. Travelers relate that a large lily of great beauty and of splendid color grows near Lake Merom, and is known as the Huleh Lily. Matt. 6:28; Luke 12:27. A symbol of loveliness and virgin purity. Matt. 6:28; Song of Sol. 2:1-2.

Linen

1. Βύσσινος, βύσσος. Translated “fine linen,” but is supposed to refer rather to byss, “cotton.” Luke 16:19; Rev. 18:12,16; 19:8,14.

2. σινδών, “linen,” Mark 15:46; Luke 23:53; and “linen cloth,” Matt. 27:59; Mark 14:51-52, a kind of “linen” in which the dead were wrapped.

3. λίνον, made of flax, Rev. 15:6. It is translated “flax” in Matt. 12:20.

4. A symbol of practical righteousness, assumed or real. Rev. 18:16.

5. A symbol of personal purity. Lev. 16:4; Rev. 15:6; 19:8-14.

Lion The well-known wild animal of Asia and Africa. It was anciently common enough in Israel, thou in Syria it is now extinct. No wild animal is so often mentioned in Scripture as the “lion” and its majesty, strength, courage, roar, and other features are frequently spoken of in the Word. Gen. 49:9; Psa. 22:21. Satan because of his ferocity, the Babylonian Empire because of its strength and grandeur, and Christ because of His majesty and royal power are each represented by the lion.

1. A symbol of royalty and strength. The first living creature of Rev. 4:7, representing one of the attributes of God the Almighty, was “like a lion.” The tribe of Judah was like a lion, Rev. 5:5, “who shall rouse him up?” Gen. 49:9. Paul was delivered out of the mouth of the lion, the Roman emperor (2 Tim. 4:17, see Rev. 13:2). Satan is compared to a roaring lion, 1 Peter 5:8, showing that he thinks to terrify and make sure of his prey (see Amos 3:4,8; Rev. 10:3).

2. A symbol of the Babylonian Empire in its imperial greatness. Dan. 7:4.

List to will. Matt. 17:12.

Lively living. 1 Pet. 1:3; 2:5.

Lizard This unclean reptile is only mentioned once in the Word of God. As there are many species of the lizard family abounding in the ruins and desolate places of the Holy Land the name is to be regarded here as a generic one, hence, all reptiles of the serpent kind were prohibited to Israel. Lev. 11:30.

Loaves, Two. A symbol of the Church presented to God in her actual state at Pentecost, hence the presence of leaven (evil) in these loaves. Lev. 23:17.

Locust The locust family is numerous and is a most frightful scourge in Eastern lands. Joel 1:4. They march in exact order and such are their numbers that no means or power known can arrest their devastating career. They turn in a few hours the most delightful and fruitful gardens into a desert. Locusts are also a symbol of a host sent in judgment and are remarkable for their devastations. Joel 1:4; 2:25; Psa. 78:46; Nah. 3:15-17; Rev. 9:3,7. The angel of the bottomless pit is their king (verse 11). The locust was the food of John the Baptist. Matt. 3:4; Mark 1:6. {See Husks.}

Loins gird(ed) A symbol of inward strength; bracing up of the inner man. Luke 12:35; Eph. 6:14; 1 Peter 1:13.

Lord

1. κύριος is the word most commonly employed, sometimes simply as a term of respect as between a servant and his master, and is translated “sir,” Matt. 13:27; but it also occurs in the highest sense (mostly without the article) referring to Jehovah, Matt. 1:20,22,24, etc. It is also constantly used, with the article, as a title of Christ, the Lord, Acts 21:14; 1 Cor. 4:19. The word is also translated “master,” as in Matthew 6:24; 15:27.

2. δεσπότης, “sovereign lord,” “master,” as of a slave. Luke 2:29; Acts 4:24; Jude 4; Rev. 6:10. Translated “master,” 1 Tim. 6:1-2; 2 Tim. 2:21; Titus 2:9; 1 Pet. 2:18. Especially applicable to Christ, even in respect of the wicked. 2 Pet. 2:1.

Lot covering, protection.

1. He is spoken of as a righteous man, who was daily vexed by the ungodliness of those among whom he dwelt. His deliverance as a just man is recorded, 2 Peter 2:7; and the destruction of his city is held up as a type of the sudden judgment that will be executed when “the Son of Man is revealed.” The lingerer is told to “Remember Lot’s wife.” Luke 17:28-32.

2. An illustration of the wretched principle “making the best of both worlds.” Name occurs about 36 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 13.

3. The lot was used for disposing of the Lord’s garments. Matt. 27:35; Mark 15:24 etc.. It was employed also in the choice of an apostle to fill the place of Judas, Acts 1:26, but we do not read of the lot being resorted to after the gift of the Holy Spirit.

Love

1. ἀγαπάω, ἀγάπη. The nature of God – “God is love.” 1 John 4:8,16. It is characteristic of the Christian: “Every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God.” 1 John 4:7. It is manifested in his loving God and all Christians. 1 John 5:1-2.

2. φιλέω represents a different phase of love – attachment. It is employed for the Father’s love to Christ, John 5:20; and for Christ’s love to His saints. Rev. 3:19. It is the word Peter uses when the Lord is testing him in John 21:15-17. The Lord used the same word the third time that He said, “Lovest thou Me?” It occurs in 1 Cor. 16:22: “If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema Maranatha.”

Lucius

1. A teacher, or prophet, of Cyrene. Acts 13:1.

2. A kinsman of Paul whose salutation is sent to Rome. Rom. 16:21.

Lucre gain. Tit. 1:11.

Luke Paul’s fellow-labourer. Paul also styles him “the beloved physician.” He is supposed to have been a Gentile. When we remember that Luke is the writer of the third Gospel and of the Acts of the Apostles, it seems remarkable that his name should so seldom be mentioned. In the Gospel he never pointedly alludes to himself; he was present at many of the scenes recorded in the Acts, and in chapter 16 he says “we endeavoured to go into Macedonia.” He was with Paul at Philippi and other places, went with him to Jerusalem, and also travelled with him to Rome. When Paul wrote the second Epistle to Timothy, Luke was still with the apostle. Col. 4:14; 2 Tim. 4:11, and called Lucas in Philem. 24.

Lunatics Literally “those affected by, or at, the changes of the moon.” It may refer to those of unsound mind, or to persons afflicted with epilepsy, which sometimes recurs at the changes of the moon. Matt. 4:24; 17:15.

Lust to desire. Gal. 5:17.

Lycaonia A district in Asia Minor, lying between Cappadocia and Pisidia, Galatia and Cilicia. Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe were its principal towns. The crowds spoke in the provincial Greek dialect of the place. Acts 14:6,11.

Lycia A small district in the south of Asia Minor, on the Mediterranean, Long. 30° E. Myra was its capital. Acts 27:5.

Lydda In the plains of Sharon, twelve miles from Joppa, on the south-east. Here Peter cured Aeneas of the palsy. In the fourth century it had its bishop, and there are still the remains of a church. The name is the same as the Hebrew Lod, and the present village is called Lud. Acts 9:32-38.

Lydia A woman of Thyatira, “a seller of purple,” whom Paul met at Philippi, in Macedonia. She believed and was baptized, and her household. She constrained Paul to take up his abode with her. Acts 16:14,40.

Lysanias Tetrarch of Abilene. Luke 3:1.

Lystra A city, near Derbe, in Lycaonia in Asia Minor. It was here that the heathen wished to sacrifice to Paul and Barnabas, but afterward, being influenced by the Jews, they stoned Paul and left him for dead. Acts 14:6,8,21; 16:1-2; 2 Tim. 3:11.

M

Macedonia The northern part of Greece, from whence sprang the third great empire of Daniel. It was the first district in Europe in which the gospel was preached by Paul. Acts 16:9; Rom. 15:26; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 8:1; 1 Thess. 4:10; 1 Tim. 1:3, etc.

Madian, Land of Same as Midian, named after the fourth son of Abraham by Keturah. His descendants are supposed to have dwelt on the eastern border of Edom, but were not stationary, being nomads. Acts 7:29.

Magdala On the west of the Lake of Gennesaret, a little north of its center. It is memorable on account of Mary Magdalene, or “of Magdala.” It now consists of about 20 huts, and is called Mejdel. Matt. 15:39.

Magdalene Simply one belonging to the city of Magdala. Matt. 27:56.

Magistrate(s)

1. στρατηγός, strictly “a Roman leader of an army,” but applied to a magistrate or ruler, especially governors of colonies. Acts 16:20-38.

2. άοχή, ἄοχων, any “chief,” or head man. Luke 12:11,58.

Magnifical magnificent. 1 Chron. 22:5.

Maher-shalal-hash-baz hastening to the spoil. A prophetic sign of the approaching and desolating ravages of the Assyrian — the great enemy of Israel in the past and future periods of her history. Name occurs but twice, and only in the reference chapter. Isa. 8.

Mahlon sick. Israel out of her land, sick unto death. Hos. 5:13. Name occurs 4 times, and only in the book of Ruth. Ruth 1.

Malchus Servant of the high priest, whose ear Peter cut off. The Lord’s healing it miraculously was a testimony at the moment of His arrest to His supernatural power and to His submission. John 18:10.

Mallow A plant difficult to identify, but was one eaten by the poorest of the people.

Mammon Riches are personified as a master: “Ye cannot serve God and mammon.” Matt. 6:24; Luke 16:9,11,13.

Manaen A prophet or teacher at Antioch. He had been “brought up with Herod the tetrarch” (doubtless Herod Antipas), “Herod’s foster-brother” (margin). Acts 13:1.

Manasseh (forgetting), reigned fifty-five years over Judah. This long-lived monarch, spite of faithful warnings and earnest remonstrances, did more evil than any of his predecessors. He filled Jerusalem with innocent blood, and the temple with the vilest forms of idolatry; he instigated Judah to work wickedness of a character worse than the very heathen, and thus greatly hastened the ruin of all Israel. In his old age he turned to the Lord. 2 Chron. 33.

Mandrake or “Love Apple.” It is still partaken of in the East, and is supposed to promote generation. Gen. 30:14.

Manna was “Angel’s Food” divinely supplied to Israel in the wilderness; its taste and colour are referred to in Scripture. A symbol of a humbled Christ for our wilderness circumstances. John 6; Ex. 16.

Manna, Hidden Symbol of secret spiritual sustenance. Rev. 2:17.

Mansion abode. John 14:2.

Mara bitter. Israel’s future return to her land accomplished in bitterness and sorrow. There is but one occurrence of the name in Scripture. Ruth 1:20.

Maran-atha {See Anathema.}

Marisk marsh. Ezek. 47:11.

Mark, Marcus) He is described as “John, whose surname was Mark,” also as “sister’s son to Barnabas.” His mother’s name was Mary, to whose house at Jerusalem Peter resorted when miraculously delivered from prison, and where he may have been the means of the conversion of Mark, for he calls him his “son.” 1 Pet. 5:13. He accompanied Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey, but forsook them at Perga. On Barnabas wishing to take him again, Paul thought it not good to take one who had previously left the work; so Paul and Barnabas separated. Paul and Mark were afterward reconciled; he was with Paul at Rome, and was commended to the Colossians, (Col. 4:10); was with Peter at Babylon; and Paul, when a prisoner a second time, asked for him to be brought, for he was serviceable for the ministry. Mark was used of God to write the Gospel which bears his name. Acts 12:12,25; 15:37,39; 2 Tim. 4:11.

Marriage The institution of God at the creation for the union of man and woman. Gen. 2:24. “Marriage is honourable in all” (Heb. 13:4); and it is taken as a symbol of the union between Christ and the church (Eph. 5:32); and of the marriage of the Lamb still to come. Rev. 19:7. In the resurrection of the saints, there is no marriage; in this respect they will be like the angels. Matt. 22:30. In times of distress it may be better to abstain from marriage if any have the power. 1 Cor. 7:8-9. Forbidding to marry is one of the doctrines of demons. 1 Tim. 4:1-3. It sets aside God’s ordinance, and has led to much crime.

Marriage Feast The Lord’s first miracle was to turn water into wine at a marriage feast. John 2:1-2. Also used as a symbol of the Gospel feast, provided first for Israel, and then going out to al. Matt. 22:1-10. The marriage supper of the Lamb is also named. Rev. 19:9. Of the ceremonies attending a marriage we really know very little. The bride of the Lamb will be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white, which is the righteousnesses of the saints. Rev. 19:8. By Matthew 22 it appears that a garment was provided for each of the guests, which doubtless represents Christ Himself. Matthew 25 shows that the virgins went forth with their lamps to meet the bridegroom, as has been seen in modern times in the East; and the same cry has been heard at midnight, “Behold, the bridegroom.” It is typical of the saints going forth in spirit to meet the Saviour.

Mars’ Hill {See Areopagus.}

Martha Martha was probably the widow of Simon the leper, for she appears to be head of the favoured family at Bethany, which Jesus loved, and to which He resorted. Luke 10:38,40-41; John 11:1-39; 12:2; see Matt. 26:6-13; Mark 14:3-9; John 12:1-11. Having such a guest at her house she naturally wished to entertain Him well; but when she wished the aid of her sister, the Lord had to remind her that Mary had chosen the better part of being, in this instance, a receiver rather than a giver. The death and resurrection of Lazarus brought her into a truer appreciation of the character of her Lord as the Christ, the Son of God. At the supper made for Him six days before the Passover, Martha still served, but there is no gentle rebuke now, Lazarus sitting at table with Him was a living witness of the power of the One she entertained. Tradition says that Martha and Lazarus went to Marseilles and long served the Lord.

Martyr The word signifies “witness,” as it is very often translated in the N.T. and is applied to Christ as “the faithful and true witness.” Rev. 1:5; 3:14. If a witness was put to death for Christ’s sake he became a martyr. Many of the “cloud of witnesses” (Heb. 12:1) had been martyrs. Two only are so-called in the N.T. Stephen, Acts 7:54-60; 22:20; Antipas, Rev. 2:13. “Martyrs of Jesus” are mentioned also in the charge against Papal Rome. Rev. 17:6.

Master

1. διδάσκαλος, “teacher, instructor.” A term often applied to the Lord by the Jews. Matt. 8:19; Mark 4:38; Luke 3:12; John 1:38; James 3:1, etc.

2. κύριος “lord, master.” A word implying authority. Matt. 6:24; 15:27; Mark 13:35; Acts 16:16,19; Rom. 14:4; Eph. 6:5,9; Col. 3:22; 4:1.

3. ῥαββί, “rabbi, chief, master.” a title given to the Jewish doctors. The disciples often addressed the Lord thus, and it was employed by Judas when he betrayed Him with a kiss. Matt. 26:25,49; Mark 9:5; 11:21; 14:45; John 4:31; 9:2; 11:8. The Lord told the apostles not to be called Rabbi. Matt. 23:7-8.

4. ἐπιοτάτης, “one set over,” as a magistrate. It is used by the apostles and by the ten lepers in addressing the Lord. Luke 5:5; 8:24,45; 9:33,49; 17:13.

5. δεσπότης, “sovereign, lord,” “the owner” of slaves. 1 Tim. 6:1-2; 2 Tim. 2:21; Titus 2:9; 1 Peter 2:18.

6. καθηγητής “guide, teacher.” A title not to be accepted by the disciples. Matt. 23:8,10.

7. κυβερνήτης, “pilot or master of a ship.” Acts 27:11. Translated “shipmaster” in Rev. 18:17.

Matthew One of the twelve apostles, also called Levi. He was one of the collectors for those who farmed the Roman taxes. When called by Jesus he immediately left his office, and made a feast for the Lord. Beyond this we do not read anything of him except in connection with the other apostles. He wrote the Gospel bearing his name, in which he styles himself Matthew the publican or tax gatherer. Matt. 9:9; 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13.

Matthias One of those selected as having been associated with the apostles from the baptism of John, to fill the place of Judas Iscariot, and upon whom the lot fell. We read no more of Matthias. Acts 1:23,26.

Maul hammer. Prov. 25:18.

Maw stomach. Deut. 18:3.

Measured A symbol of appropriation or possession. Zech. 2:2; Ezek. 40; Rev. 11:1; 21:15.

Meat food of any sort. Luke 3:11. A symbol of Christ as the nourishment of the new nature. Matt. 24:45; John 6:27,55; 1 Cor. 10:3.

Meat, strong Symbol of higher truths of Christianity. Heb. 5:12,14.

Medes Originally the inhabitants of Media, a large district to the north of Persia, and east of Assyria. Jews from Media were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost — remarkable as being the most distant place mentioned to which the ten tribes were carried. Acts 2:9.

Mediator “one who mediates between two.” The law was given by a mediator (Moses); but “a mediator is not of one, but God is one,” and God Himself gave to Abraham by promise. Gal. 3:18-20. Christ Jesus is the one Mediator between the Saviour God and men (1 Tim. 2:5); He is also Mediator of the new covenant. Heb. 8:6; 9:15; 12:24. All blessings from God come to us mediatorily in Christ.

Meet worthy, suitable. Matt. 3:8.

Melchisedec, Melchizedek king of righteousness. The king and priest who blessed Abraham (Gen. 14:18-20), is in the New Testament a type of Christ as King of Peace in the millennium, and as Priest after a different order from Aaron. The Melchisedec priesthood differed from the Aaronic in that it did not descend from father to son (“without father, without mother”), and that it had no succession; abideth “a priest forever.” We do not read of Melchisedec offering sacrifices, but of his blessing Abraham. So Christ in the millennium will be the king and the “blessing” Priest. Heb. 5:6,10; 6:20; 7:1-21. Name occurs about 11 Times in the Scriptures. (Gen. 14)

Melita The well-known island in the Mediterranean, where Paul was shipwrecked, now called Malta. Acts 28:1.

Menahem comforter. He reigned ten years over Israel. Another bad king, and, withal, exceedingly cruel. 2 Kings 15.

Mephibosheth Signification doubtful. Illustration of the kindness of God displayed to a poor sinner. Name occurs about 14 times, and only in Second Samuel. 2 Sam. 9.

Mercurius The herald of the gods in the Roman mythology, the same as Hermes of the Greeks. At Lystra the heathen supposed Paul to be Mercurius, and wanted to offer a sacrifice to him; but afterward, at the instigation of the Jews, they helped to stone him, and he was left for dead. Acts 14:12.

Mercy Refers to God’s saving grace. All mankind was concluded to be guilty by God that He might have mercy upon all. Rom. 11:32. The saved are “vessels of mercy.” Rom. 9:23. We need mercy to the end; “grace” collectively, and “mercy” individually. 1 Tim. 1:2; 2 Tim. 1:2; Titus 1:4; etc.

Mercy-seat A symbol of the throne of God, where in righteousness and grace, because of the sprinkled blood, Jehovah could meet His guilty people. Christ is the true mercy-seat. Ex. 25:21-22; Lev. 16; Rom. 3:25. {See Propitiation.}

Mesopotamia The region lying between the rivers Euphrates and the Tigris. It is where Nahor and Abraham lived, and from whence Jews came to the feasts at Jerusalem in the days of the apostles. It was merged in the Babylonian Empire. Acts 2:9; 7:2.

Mess portion. Gen. 43:34 .

Messias The same as Messiah, which only occurs in Daniel 9:25-26 in connection with the seventy weeks. The name is interpreted in John 1:41 to mean “the Christ,” and in the margin, “the Anointed,” which is the meaning of both “Messiah” and “Christ.” He is God’s anointed One to carry out on earth the counsels of eternity respecting His ancient people Israel. John 1:41; 4:25.

Mete to measure. Matt. 7:2.

Meteyard measuring rod. Lev. 19:35.

Michael The Archangel, the only one read of in Scripture. He contended with Satan for the body of Moses, but railed not against him. Michael and his angels will carry on war with Satan and his angels, and will prevail, and Satan will have no further access to heaven. Jude 9; Rev. 12:7.

Milch milk-giving. Gen. 32:15.

Mile {See Long Measure in “Measures of Capacity” in Bible Subjects}

Miletum, Miletus A city in the S.W. of Asia Minor, about 36 miles south of Ephesus, near the seacoast. It was here that Paul held the important interview with the Ephesian elders. Acts 20:15,17; 2 Tim. 4:20.

Milk Except in 1 Corinthians 9:7, milk is always in the N.T. used figuratively for the simple truths of the Word suitable for new-born babes. 1 Peter 2:2. The Corinthian saints had been fed with milk, and not with meat, for they were not able to bear it: why is stated in the context (1 Cor. 3:2). The Hebrews also could not be fed with solid food: they needed to be taught again the A, B, C of Christianity. Heb. 5:12-13.

Millet Another of the Palestinian cereals, and is eaten both prepared and unprepared.

Mincing taking short steps affectedly. Isa. 3:16.

Mind, to to intend. Acts 20:13.

Minish diminish. Ex. 5:19.

Minister διάκουος, “deacon,” minister. Paul says he was made a minister of the gospel, and of the church. Col. 1:23,25; Eph. 3:7; cf. Acts 26:16. He calls Tychicus a “faithful minister,” Eph. 6:21; Col. 4:7. Timotheus was a “minister of God.” 1 Thess. 3:2. Phebe was “minister” of the church which is in Cenchrea. Rom. 16:1 JnD. It does not appear that the word is used in the above and other passages in any official sense, but is applied to any who were true servants of Christ working for Him in the church. (The same word refers to magistrates in Rom. 13:4.)

Mint An aromatic plant is largely cultivated in Israel, and is much used as a perfume, and also as a condiment.

Miracles, Gifts of Healing Gifts for the early church, but which have long since passed away. 1 Cor. 12:28. {See “Miracles”}

Mire

1. A symbol of pollutions of the world. 2 Peter 2:22.

2. A symbol of utter moral degradation. Isa. 10:6; Job 30:19.

Mite {See Money in Bible Subjects}

Mitylene The chief city of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean Sea, near Pergamos. Acts 20:14.

Mnason A native of Cyprus, an old disciple who travelled with Paul on his last visit to Jerusalem, and with whom he and those with him lodged. Acts 21:16.

Mole This unclean animal is different in size and in some other respects from the English mole. Burying grounds and desolate places are the habitations of the Palestinian animal, hence the appropriateness of the Isaiah passage. Isa. 2:20; Lev. 11:30.

Moloch The same as the Molech of the O.T. the god of the Ammonites, to whom children were offered in sacrifice. Acts 7:43; see Amos 5:26.

Money-changers These sat in the temple to exchange Roman or foreign coins for the Jewish half-shekel, called “tribute” in Matthew 17:24. The Lord called them “thieves.” Matt. 21:12; Mark 11:15; John 2:14-15.

Moon Various signs are foretold as affecting the moon in a future day. Matt. 24:29; Mark 13:24; Luke 21:25; Acts 2:20; Rev. 6:12. The moon is used symbolically of some great but derivative and subordinate power, less than the sun, and greater than the stars. Song of Sol. 6:10; Rev. 8:12; 12:1; see also 1 Cor. 15:41.

Moon, New A symbol of Israel’s re-appearance in the latter day. Psa. 81:3; Ezek. 46:1.

Mordecai worshippers of Mars. Christ exercising the power and glory conferred upon Him in connection with His earthly people in the last days. Name occurs about 58 times, and only in the book of Esther. Esther 2.

Mortify put to death. Col. 3:5.

Moses drawn out of the water. A type of Christ, the future deliverer of His earthly people from their sins, and from their enemies. Name occurs about 805 times in the Scriptures. Ex. 2. This name occurs in the New Testament as –

1. the embodiment of the law; “There is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust,” John 5:45;

2. in contrast to Jesus Christ, ohn 1:17);

3. to show that the glory that accompanied Moses and the giving of the law is far exceeded by the ministry of the Spirit, 2 Cor. 3:7-11;

4. the vail that Moses wore is still on the heart of Israel, whereas the Christian has an unveiled face to behold the glory of the Lord, 2 Cor. 3:13-18;

5. the song of Moses (triumph over evil by God’s judgment) will again be sung, Rev. 15:3.

Mote anything small. Matt. 7:3.

Moth The clothes’ moth is the only one mentioned in Scripture and true to the derivation of the word it denotes the instability of man and the temporary tenure of all earthly possessions. This insect, especially in its larva state, is peculiarly destructive to clothing — a terrible trial in the East, where rich and very costly apparel are highly prized and carefully stored away. Luke 12:33; Job 13:28.

Mother A symbol of the source of religious corruption or blessing. Gal. 4:22-31; Rev. 2:20-23; 17:5.

Motions impulses. Rom. 7:5.

Mountain A symbol of stability and greatness, political and moral. Dan. 2:35; Jer. 51:25; Psa. 125:1-2; Rev. 6:14; 8:8; 16:20.

Mouse Of the unclean animal known by this name there are several species. In these passages therefore the term is a generic one; but in 1 Sam. 6:5, the field mouse is referred to as being one of the most destructive animals to growing crops. Lev. 11:29; Isa. 66:17.

Mulberry Trees of 2 Samuel 5:23-24 cannot be identified, but the reference in the text is evidently to a grove of trees whose tall branches would convey the rustling sound intended by Jehovah.

Mule This domestic animal was the offspring of the horse and ass, but as the Israelites were not allowed to cross the breeds (Lev. 19:19), the mule was imported into the country and was ridden by kings and distinguished persons. The mule is a strong, stubborn, patient, hardy, sure-footed animal. 2 Sam. 13:29; Esther 8:10.

Munition fortress. Isa. 29:7.

Mustard is only mentioned in the New Testament, and is found both cultivated and wild in Isreal.

Mustard-seed σίναπι. What plant is referred to is not definitely known. The Sinapis Nigra has a very small seed, and grows to ten feet high. A symbol of what in itself is small and insignificant. Matt. 17:20; 13:31.

Myrrh σμύρνα. A kind of gum obtained from trees growing in the East, very bitter, but of a peculiar pungent fragrance. It was one of the presents brought by the Magi at the birth of Christ, and was also used at His burial. Matt. 2:11; John 19:39. Wine “mingled with myrrh” was offered to the Lord at His crucifixion. Mark 15:23. Given, it is said, to lessen the consciousness of pain. The Lord refused to drink it. He would not accept mitigation from man.

Myrrh or Laudanum A well-known fragrant perfume; a sacred one, Ex. 30:23. A medicinal plant occurs in the Old Testament in Genesis 37:25, 43:11; and is not the perfume known as Myrrh. In these two passages the word denotes the gum of the “Cistus Plant,” known to us as Laudanum, the medical virtues of which are known to all. One of the love-perfumes of the Canticles.

Myrtle is one of the most beautiful trees in Israel. Zech. 1:8. The leaves, bark, and root are used in tanning Russia leather, and impart to it that peculiar smell characteristic of that kind and quality.

Mystery “a hidden secret.” There are several named in the N.T. but they are now revealed to the saints.

1. The Lord explained to His disciples the mysteries of the kingdom. Matt. 13:11; Mark 4:11; Luke 8:10.

2. The mystery of blindness happening to Israel for the blessing of the Gentiles, Rom. 11:25.

3. The mystery of the church, Rom. 16:25; Eph. 3:3-4,9; Col. 1:26-27.

4. The mystery of the unity of Christ and the church, Eph. 5:32.

5. The mystery of iniquity at present at work, 2 Thess. 2:7.

6. The mystery of godliness or piety, 1 Tim. 3:16.

7. The mystery of papal Rome, Rev. 17:5,7.

We also read of the mystery of the gospel, Eph. 6:19); of God’s will, Eph. 1:9; of Christ, and of God, Col. 2:2; 4:3; of the faith, 1 Tim. 3:9; of the seven stars, Rev. 1:20. The mystery of God shall be finished, Rev. 10:7.

N

Naaman pleasant. The pride of man thoroughly humbled, and the kingdom received as a little child. Name occurs about 12 Times in the Scriptures. 2 Kings 5.

Nadab liberal or noble. Reigned two years This wicked king followed in his father’s evil courses, and was conspired against and slain by Baasha. 1 Kings 15.

Nadab and Abihu noble and whose father is God. The daring presumption of mere nature, aided by religious ordinances and ecclesiastical position, to enter the Lord’s presence. These names occur about 12 Times, always in conjunction, and only in the Old Testament. Num. 3.

Nail A symbol of steadfast, firmly established. Isa. 22:23-25; Zech. 10:4; Ezra 9:8.

Nain (In Galilee, some 8 miles south by east of Nazareth. The approach to the place is by a steep ascent from the plain of Esdraelon; rocks and sepulchres abound in the vicinity. It is where Jesus raised to life the widow’s son. It is now a small hamlet of about 20 houses, and is called Nein. Luke 7:11.

Naked A symbol of spiritual destitution, of being without Christ. Rev. 3:17-18; 2 Cor. 5:3.

Naomi, my pleasantness. Israel, Jehovah’s pleasant child, Jer. 31:20; and pleasant plant, Isa. 5:7. Ruth 1.

Nathanael The Israelite of whom the Lord said, “in whom is no guile,” and who confessed Jesus to be the Son of God and the King of Israel. He is only again mentioned as being with the disciples when Peter went fishing. He is supposed by some to be identical with Bartholomew. John 1:45-49; 21:2.

Natural

1. φυσικός, from φύσις, “nature,” that which is according to nature in mankind or the animal world. Rom. 1:26-27; 2 Peter 2:12.

2. κατά φύσιν, “according to nature,” here applied to the vegetable kingdom: it was contrary to nature to graft wild branches into a good tree. Rom. 11:21,24.

3. ψυχικός, from ψυχή, “life, soul, breath,” etc. 1 Cor. 2:14; 15:44,46. The same word is translated “sensual” in James 3:15; Jude 19; one governed by his natural mind and appetites; a natural man, “not having the Spirit.”

4. γένεσις, from “to be born.” James 1:23. Ttranslated “nature” in James 3:6.

5. This term denotes the state of the unconverted — a condition in which there is not a single link with the living God. One living in the flesh, i.e. in the doctrinal sense of the word, is a “natural” man; one walking in the Spirit is a “spiritual” man. “Sensual” in James 3:15, and Jude 19, should be “natural.”

Naught bad. 2 Kings 2:19.

Naughty bad. Jer. 24:2.

Nazarene A native of Nazareth. For some reason, now unknown, it was proverbial among the Jews that nothing good could come from Nazareth. The Lord’s reception must rest on higher and holier grounds than anything of earth. Matt. 2:23; Acts 24:5.

Nazareth A town in Galilee, lying 6 miles west of mount Tabor. Though on a mountain it is surrounded by hills, which shelter it from the bleak winds. It was here that Joseph and Mary took up their abode on their return from Egypt, and where the Lord probably spent the earlier years of His life. The place was despised by the Jews, which led Nathanael to ask, “Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?” and to the Lord being called a Nazarene, as an inhabitant of Nazareth. Acts 24:5 shows that the term “Nazarene” was applied to the early Christians, and indeed to this day in Israel Christians are often called Nazarenes. Matt. 2:23; Mark 1:9; Luke 2:39,51; John 1:46; Acts 2:22, etc. Travellers say it is easy to find the hill, headlong down which the inhabitants sought to cast the Lord, when He spoke to them of grace having gone forth to the Gentiles (Luke 4:29). Nazareth is now called en-Nasirah, and has between 3,000 and 4,000 inhabitants. On the hill-side is a famous spring called the “Fountain of the Virgin,” and there is but little doubt that at this fountain nearly two thousand years ago might have been seen the mother of the Lord with her pitcher, as the women of the place may now be seen at the close of the day.

Neapolis The seaport of Philippi, where Paul first landed in Europe. Acts 16:11. It is now called Kavala, on the coast of Roumelia. It has a population of about 5,000, mostly Moslems.

Nebuchadnezzar prince of god mercury. Absolute and universal power in the hands of man. Name occurs about 90 times in the Scriptures. Dan. 2.

Necromancer One who professes communication with the dead. Deut. 18:11.

Neesing sneezing. Job 41:18.

Nephew, ἔκγονα, descendant, generally; not only nephews. 1 Tim. 5:4.

Nephthalim One of the twelve tribes: Naphtali. Matt. 4:13,15; Rev. 7:6. {See Zabulon.}

Net

1. δίκτυον, an ordinary trawl net. Matt. 4:20-21; Luke 5:2-6; John 21:6,8,11.

2. ἀμφίβληστρον, a net that encloses a large space. Matt. 4:18.

3. σαγήνη, a drag-net, a seyne. Matt. 13:47.

4. A symbol of cunning contrivance. Psa. 9:15; Prov. 1:17; Hab. 1:16.

Nether lower. Ex. 19:17.

Nethermost lowest. 1 Kings 6:6.

New Birth The new birth is not the improvement of man or the sanctification of his old nature, but it is the entire ignoring of the old life, with all its motions, works and tendencies, and the impartation of a totally new life or nature. This new and divinely imparted life is as true and real in the soul of the believer as it is now in Christ — “which thing (eternal life) is true in Him and in you” (1 John 2:8). We are born again or anew of water and of the Spirit, that is, of the Word of God and the Spirit of God. The “water” of John 3:5 must not be confounded with baptism, which latter is important in its place, but is not in a single instance connected with the reception of eternal life. The following Scriptures show clearly enough that “water” symbolizes the Word of God in its life-begetting, cleansing, and sanctifying power — 1 Peter 1:23; Ephesians 5:25-27; John 15:3. By the reception in faith of God’s Word in the power of the Spirit, I get communicated an actual, real, and eternal life. The measure and character of this life is Christ, thus “Christ our life.” It is a subjective condition, as “regeneration,” with which it is often erroneously confounded, is an objective one. The new birth is as distinct and positive as the life received from Adam. We, believers, have both, but it is our responsibility and privilege to deny the life of the first man, and to walk in the power of the Second Man, who is our life, as to its source, measure, character and blessedness, and who has also quickened us, the agent being the Holy Spirit planting the incorruptible seed of the Word in our souls.

New

1. καινός, “new,” in contrast with something “before,” applied to “bottles,” Matt. 9:17; Mark 2:22; Luke 5:38; new “doctrine,” Mark 1:27; Acts 17:19; new “covenant” or “testament,” Matt. 26:28; Mark 14:24; Luke 22:20; 1 Cor. 11: 25; 2 Cor. 3:6; Heb. 8:8,13; 9:15; new “man,” Eph. 2:15; 4:24; new “creature,” 2 Cor. 5:17; Gal. 6:15. Also used in Matthew 26:29; 27:60; Mark 14:25; 16:17; Luke 5:36; John 13:34; 19:41; 2 Peter 3:13; 1 John 2:7-8; 2 John 5; Revelation 2:17; 3:12; 5:9; 14:3; 21:1-2,5.

2. νέσς, “new” in the sense of “fresh”, not grown old, as new “wine,” Matt. 9:17; Mark 2:22; Luke 5:37,39; new “lump,” 1 Cor. 5:7; new [man], Col. 3:10; new “covenant,” Heb. 12:24. The word is also translated “young” in Titus 2:4.

3. ἄγναφος, “unfulled” cloth. Matt. 9:16; Mark 2:21.

4. πρόσφατος, “recent, modern.” Heb. 10:20.

Nicanor One of those chosen to serve tables, of whom nothing more is read. Acts 6:5.

Nicodemus The ruler of the Jews, who came to Jesus by night — like others, a disciple in secret. He could not understand how a man could be born again, though the Lord intimated that being a teacher in Israel he should have known such things (see Ezek. 36:25-27). Later on, Nicodemas pleaded that Jesus should not be condemned without being heard. After the crucifixion he bought a hundred pound weight of spices to anoint the body of the Lord, thus openly identifying himself with the One whom the rulers had rejected. John 3:1,4,9; 7:50; 19:39.

Nicolaitanes There were those at Ephesus who hated the works of this sect, as the Lord did also; but at Pergamos there were some who held the doctrine of the same. It cannot now be traced what their error was. Rev. 2:6,15.

Nicolas A proselyte of Antioch. One of the seven chosen to take care of the poor saints at Jerusalem. Acts 6:5.

Nicopolis “City of Victory.’ There were several places of this name; but the one alluded to is supposed to be situated in the Epirus, south-west of Macedonia. Paul had determined to winter at this place. Titus 3:12.

Niger Acts 13:1. {See Simeon.}

Night Symbol of present dark state of the world. Rom. 13:12; 1 Thess. 5:5,7.

Nineve The Nineveh of the Old Testament, the capital of the Assyrian empire, situate on the Tigris, about 36° 20' N. The Ninevites repented at the preaching of Jonah, and they will rise up in judgment against the inhabitants of Israel, who did not repent at the preaching and miracles of the Lord. Matt. 12:41; Luke 11:30,32. Nineveh sinned afterward, and was destroyed. Ezek. 31; Zeph. 2:13-15. Its ruins are extensive, and many ancient monuments have been discovered, and are in the European museums.

Noah, Noe rest. Referred to in the N.T. –

a. for his faith in preparing an ark, according to the instructions by God, though no signs of danger were apparent;

b. as a preacher of righteousness while the ark was being built;

c. in being one of eight persons saved, when the flood came suddenly upon the ungodly, even as the coming of Christ will be when He comes to the earth. Matt. 24:37-38; Luke 3:36; 17:26-27; Heb. 11:7; 1 Pet. 3:20; 2 Peter 2:5.

d. a figure of Christ in some respects, and in others the future remnant of Israel.

Name occurs about 55 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 6.

Noble, Nobleman

1. (ἅνθρωπος) εὐγενής, “of good family, noble birth.” Luke 19:12; Acts 17:11; 1 Cor. 1:26.

2. βασιλικός, “royal, kingly.” John 4:46,49. Translated “royal.” Acts 12:21; James 2:8.

3. κράτιστος superlative of κρατύς, strong, “mighty.” Acts 24:3; 26:25.

Noisome hurtful. Psa. 91:3.

Nurse A symbol of affection and tenderness. 1 Thess. 2:7; Num. 11:12.

Nurture discipline. Eph. 6:4.

Nuts are well-known fruit, still cultivated in Israel, although not plentiful.

O

Oak is one of the strongest and grandest of old trees. There are some magnificent specimens in Israel. Underneath its noble branches idolatrous rites were practiced, and from the strong and durable character of its trunk, it was a wood specially adapted for building purposes. A symbol of might and prosperity. Isa. 1:30; 6:13; 2:13; Amos 2:9.

Obadiah servant of the Lord. A servant of the Lord in fellowship with the world, hence the walk and testimony is of a hidden character. Name occurs 7 times, and only in the reference chapter. 1 Kings 18.

Obed-edom serving Edom. Jehovah’s care over those who care for His interests on earth. Matt. 6:33. Name occurs about 9 times, and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 6.

Observe to keep safe.(Mark 6:20.

Occupier trader. Ezek. 27:27.

Occupy to trade. Luke 19:13.

Occurrent occurrence. 1 Kings 5:4.

Odd number overplus. Num. 3:48.

Offence doing wrong. {See Sin.}

Offence a cause of stumbling. Mat. 18:7. {See Stumbling-block.}

Offend to cause to stumble. Matt. 5:29.

Offer, to

1. ἀυαφέρω, “to bear up,” “offer up,” Heb. 7:27; 13:15; James 2:21; 1 Peter 2:5; “to offer up” as a sacrifice: translated “bear” (sins), Heb. 9:28; 1 Peter 2:24.

2. προσφέρν,”to bring to, offer, present,” Matt. 5:24; 8:4; Mark 1:44; Luke 5:14; 23:36; Acts 7:42; 8:18; 21:26; Heb. 5:1,3,7; 8:3-4; 9:7,9,14,25,28; 10:1-2,8,11-12; 11:4,17; to offer gifts and sacrifices.

3. δίδωμι, “to give, present,” Luke 2:24; Rev. 8:3.

4. σπἐυδω, “to pour out” as a libation, Phil. 2:17; 2 Tim. 4:6.

5. ἀνάγω, “to bring up,” “offer up,” Acts 7:41.

Officer(s) ὑπηοέτης

1. A subordinate Roman attendant, Matt. 5:25; the same word is used for officers connected with the temple, John 7:32,45-46; 18:3,12,18,22; 19:6; Acts 5:22,26.

2. ποάκτωο, the officer who received the money adjudged to be paid, Luke 12:58.

Offices (occupied by overseers and deacons) were local, whereas gifts are from the Lord, and are for the whole church. Thus a bishop or a deacon was such only in the local assembly where he resided; but an evangelist, a teacher, a pastor, are such for the whole church, and can exercise their gifts anywhere. This is God’s order: it is only man’s arrangements in Christendom that have made it otherwise.

Oil

1. A symbol of the Holy Spirit. Matt. 25:3; Heb. 1:9; 1 John 2:20; Lev. 2.

2. “Mingled with oil” — sets forth the Conception of Jesus by the Holy Spirit. Matt. 1:20; Luke 1:35.

3. Anointed with oil — sets forth the truth of Acts 10:38. Luke 3:21-23.

Oil Tree The particular kind of tree here meant is not known, but simply signifies a tree yielding oil. Isa. 41:19.

Olive Tree ἐλαία. It lives to a great age, and is a celebrated one in Bible history. Its value commercially is very great, as one tree will yield from 12 to 55 gallons of oil. Its remarkably fine wood was used largely in the construction of the Temple, and is greatly prized in the manufacture of fine articles of furniture. It produces almost the only oil used in Israel; its healing properties are referred to in such Scriptures as Luke 10:34. The Gentiles and now Christendom are compared to an “olive tree.” Rom. 11:17,24. Revelation 11:4 speaking of two witnesses, says “These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth”; and in Jeremiah 11:16, Israel and Judah were God’s “green olive tree.” Thus Israel was the “good olive tree,” as a witness for God on the earth, and the Gentiles the “wild olive tree” which was grafted in, contrary to nature. A symbol of fruitfulness and testimony for God. Rom. 11; Judg. 9:8-9; Jer. 11:16; Rev 11:4.

Olive tree, wild Symbol of man as unfruitful to God. Rom. 11:17,24.

Omega {See Alpha.}

Omri servant of Jehovah. He reigned twelve years over Israel. This popular captain of the host was unanimously chosen king by the army. He excelled his predecessors in wickedness. After reigning six years in Tirzah, he bought Samaria and made it his capital, which was ever afterward continued as such. 1 Kings 16.

One Symbol of completeness, exclusiveness. 1 Cor. 12:11-14; Eph. 4:4-6.

Onesimus The runaway slave of Philemon, who was converted through Paul’s ministry at Rome and sent back to his master. Christianity was not brought in by Christ to set the world right, and so the slave was sent back to his master, and Paul asked to be charged with whatever Onesimus owed to Philemon. Col. 4:9; Philem. 10.

Onesiphorus One honourably mentioned as having diligently sought out Paul at Rome on his second imprisonment, and refreshed him, not being ashamed of his chain. He had also ministered to Paul at Ephesus. 2 Tim. 1:16; 4:19.

Onions are a well-known Egyptian vegetable, used both raw and cooked.

Open to explain. Acts 17:3.

Or ever before. Acts 23:15.

Oracle A word or message from God. “living oracles” applied to the law, Acts 7:38 JND; “oracles of God,” referring to the O.T. Scriptures, Rom. 3:2; to God’s revealed will, Heb. 5:12; as a message from God, 1 Peter 4:11. In the LXX the same word is used for the breastplate, “the oracle of judgment,” in connection with which answers were obtained directly from God. Satan imitated this in the heathen world, where oracles were connected with their idol temples, from which answers were received professedly from their gods.

Ordain

1. ποιέω, “to make, do,” Mark 3:14, Christ “appointed” twelve.

2. γίνοαι. “to be made,” Acts 1:22, one “should be” a witness.

3. διατἄσσω, τάσσω, “to appoint,” Acts 13:48; Rom. 13:1; 1 Cor. 7:17; 9:14; Gal. 3:19.

4. προορίζω,όρίζω, “to determine, place,” Acts 10:42; 17:31; 1 Cor. 2:7.

5. καθίστημι, “to set, place,” Titus 1:5; Heb. 5:1; 8:3.

6. κατασκευάζω, “to prepare, make ready,” Heb. 9:6.

7. πρoγρύφω, “to write before,” “marked out before,” Jude 4.

8. προετομιάζω, “to prepare before,” Eph. 2:10.

9. τίθημι, “to place, put,” “appoint,” John 15:16; 1 Tim. 2:7.

10. κρίνω, “to separate, judge,” “decide,” Acts 16:4.

It will be seen that none of the words used imply spiritual power and authority imparted to one person by another, as is often suggested by the word “ordain.”

Ordinance

1. διαταγή from “to appoint, order,” Rom. 13:2, what God has appointed.

2. δικαίωμα, “to justify,” and hence what is ordained on authority, Luke 1:6; Heb. 9:1,10.

3. δόγμα, “decree, law,” Eph. 2:15; Col. 2:14.

4. δογματίζω, “to impose a decree,” Col. 2:20.

5. παράδοσις, “something taught,” “a teaching,” Cor. 11:2.

6. κτίσις, that which is created, formed, 1 Peter 2:13 JnD, “every human institution.”

Orpah a hind or fawn. A backslider and apostate from Jehovah, His truth and people. Name occurs but twice, and only in the reference chapter. Ruth 1.

Ospray This unclean bird is termed by some “the fishing eagle.” Its native element is the air, and yet it lives on fish, which it can see swimming on the surface of the water a long way off. Like the eagle to which it is closely allied it swoops down upon its prey and rarely fails in catching it. Lev. 11:13; Deut. 14:12.

Ossifrage This unclean bird is very large but not numerous. It inhabits the mountainous parts of Syria, and, like the eagle, swoops down upon its prey, seizing much larger animals than itself and instantly tearing them in pieces. Lev. 11:13; Deut. 14:12.

Ostrich This immense bird although provided with wings cannot fly, but can out-run the fleetest horse. We need not a naturalist’s description of this interesting bird as Job furnishes us with an accurate account. The cruelty of the ostrich in forsaking her young (Lam. 4:3), the beauty of her plumage, her mournful cry, her swiftness of flight and other features are employed in the illustration of moral truth and lessons to us. In several instances where “owl” is in the text as in Isaiah 13:21, Leviticus 11:16, the margin rightly reads “ostrich.” Lev. 11:16; Job 39:13-18. A symbol of parental forgetfulness. Cruelty. Job 39:13-17; Lam. 4:3.

Ouche socket, case. Ex. 28:11.

Outgoing utmost limit. Josh. 17:18.

Outlandish foreign. Neh. 13:26.

Oven This is generally a very simple arrangement in the East. The oven is made of fire clay, and sunk more or less into the floor. Dried grass, etc. is thrown in. On a flat top the bread is baked, or the cakes are stuck to the sides of the oven. Matt. 6:30; Luke 12:28. A symbol of thorough, severe, and unsparing judgment. Mal. 4:1; Psa. 21:9.

Overcharged ladened. Luke 21:34.

Overseers {See “Offices and Gifts in the Church”}

Owl What particular bird is referred to cannot with certainty be determined. That it was an unclean bird uttering a peculiar screech is evident from the passages where the word occurs but in several instances “ostrich” should be substituted. Lev. 11:16; Isa. 34:14. A symbol of solitariness in suffering. Psa. 102:6; Mic. 1:8.

Ox This well-known agricultural animal was one exceedingly strong and used for sacrifice, for draft work, and for food. The ox constituted an important part of Eastern wealth. Isa. 1:3; Job 1:3. A symbol of patience and strength for labour. 1 Tim. 5:18; Psa. 144:14; 1 Cor. 9:9; Rev. 4:7; Ezek. 1:10.

P

Paddle small spade. Deut. 23:13.

Painful toilsome. Psa. 73:16.

Painfulness toil. 2 Cor.11:27.

Palace

1. αύλή “an open court enclosed by buildings,” “a large house,” Matt. 26:3,58,69; Mark 14:54,66; Luke 11:21; John 18:15.

2. πραιτώριον, praetorium, from “praetor,” a Roman officer; his court or residence, Mark 15:16; Phil. 1:13; also translated “judgment hall” and “common hall.”

Palm(s) φοῖνιξ. It was formerly very abundant in Israel, and yielded a rich supply of dates, a highly prized Eastern food and luxury. It is not only justly celebrated for its fruit, but its large, beautifully-shaped leaves were waved as emblematic of victory. Rev. 7:9. The fibrous nature of its trunk makes it an unsuitable wood for the manufacture of fine articles, but for garden-gates, posts, beams, etc. it is well adapted, and for these purposes is largely used in the East. Its branches were strewn in the path when the Lord entered Jerusalem, John 12:13, and as an emblem of victory are held by the multitude who cry “Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb.” Rev. 7:9; John 12:13. A symbol of the growth and flourishing state of the righteous. Song of Sol. 7:7-8; Psa. 92:12.

Palmer-worm This terribly destructive insect is much dreaded in the East. It is one of the locust species, but in its larva state, when it is fully as destructive to vegetation as when full winged. The locust in the various stages of its existence commits the most frightful ravages upon some of the fairest portions of the earth. Joel 1:4; Amos 4:9.

Palsy Palsy is a contraction of “paralysis,” and this is described as a loosening or disabling, a loss of the power of motion or sensation in any part of the body. Matt. 4:24; 8:6; 9:2,6; Mark 2:3-10; Luke 5:18,24; Acts 8:7; 9:33.

Pamphylia A district in Asia Minor visited by Paul. It lies on the south coast, with Cilicia on the east, and Lycia on the west. Acts 2:10; 13:13; 14:24; 15:38; 27:5.

Paper Formerly made of the papyrus which grew in Egypt. 2 John 12.

Paphos A city on the west coast of Cyprus. It was here that Paul condemned Elymas, who sought to prevent Sergius Paulus from listening to him. Acts 13:6,13.

Parables {See “Parables”}

Paradise Revelation 2:7 seems to allude to the garden of Eden, with its tree of life, as a type of what Christ will give to the overcomer. Christ promised the thief on the cross that he should be with Him that day in paradise (Luke 23:43). Paul was caught up to the third heavens and heard in paradise unspeakable words (2 Cor. 12:4). In all the passages it signifies a “place of delights and happiness.”

Paradise A symbol of heaven, or the immediate presence of God. Luke 23:43; 2 Cor. 12:4.

Parcel portion. Gen. 33:19.

Parchments “Membranes or skins,” on which manuscripts were anciently written, and which succeeded the use of papyrus. 2 Tim. 4:13.

Parmenas One of the seven chosen to attend to the needs of the saints at Jerusalem. Acts 6:5.

Parthians Natives of Parthia, a large country in the far east, adjoining Media, on the south of the Caspian Sea. Parthians were at Jerusalem at Pentecost. This is apparently the most distant country from which any had travelled on that occasion. That there should have been Israelites of the dispersion from so many districts, and such immense distances was no doubt ordered of God, for it was an occasion that had never been before. Thousands heard the gospel and could carry it back with them. Acts 2:9. {see Medes}.

Partridge The habit of this bird in laying her eggs on the ground and her attempts to hatch them there is noticed by the Prophet Jeremiah. Thousands of eggs are thus procured and the bird itself is easily caught; that too, and the manner of doing it, are noted in 1 Samuel 26:20, etc. Jer. 17:11; 1 Sam. 26:20.

Pass to surpass. Eph. 3:19.

Passion “To be affected, to suffer,” Acts 1:3, after Christ “had suffered.”

Passover {See Feasts.}

Pastor(s) ποιμήν, “a shepherd.” Eph. 4:11 is the only place where pastors are named; but Peter was told to shepherd Christ’s sheep. John 21:16. The Lord is called the good Shepherd, John 10:11,14; the great Shepherd (Heb. 13:20); and the chief Shepherd, 1 Peter 5:4, an example to the pastors how to watch over and tend His sheep and lambs. {See “Offices and Gifts in the Church”}

Patara A seaport in Lycia, lying to the east of Rhodes, from whence Paul on his third missionary journey sailed to Phoenice. Acts 21:1.

Pate the head. Psa. 7:16.

Patmos The island to which the apostle John was banished, by Domitian as is supposed. It is a rocky island in the Aegean Sea, near Samos. Rev. 1:9. There is a town half an hour’s climb from the harbor, with 4,000 or 5,000 Greek inhabitants. The island is now called Patino.

Patriarch “Head of a family” and often used in Scripture to designate Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and the twelve sons of Jacob. Acts 2:29; 7:8-9; Heb. 7:4.

Pattern

1. τύπος, From “to strike,” Titus 2:7; Heb. 8:5, “type,” “pattern.”

2. ύποτύπωσις, “a delineation,” 1 Tim. 1:16.

3. ύπόδειγμα, from “to show before,” Heb. 9:23, “representations.”

Paul formerly named Saul. He was of the tribe of Benjamin, a native of Tarsus, a city of Cilicia, and born free of Rome. He was a Pharisee, and studied under Gamaliel. We first hear of him as a young man, at whose feet the clothes of the witnesses against the martyr Stephen were laid. He became a violent persecutor of the church, thinking he was therein doing God service. After his conversion (about A.D. 36), he began at once to preach that Jesus was the Son of God (Acts 9:20). He had his gospel and his mission direct from heaven, so that he had no need to seek a commission from Jerusalem, though he was not independent of the church already formed: he received his sight and the Holy Spirit by the laying on of hands of Ananias, a disciple of Damascus. A new phase began in the church by its heavenly character being taught by Paul, who was an apostle. To him was revealed the truth of the one body of Christ, and the doctrine of the church, that in Christ Jesus there is neither Jew nor Gentile, the middle wall being entirely broken down. Though the question of Gentile believers being exempt from keeping the law was settled at Jerusalem, yet Paul suffered much persecution from the Jews and Judaizing teachers, who could not fall in with the Gentiles having an equal place with them. Paul was emphatically the apostle to the Gentiles, and this caused him to take several missionary journeys into Asia, and to cross to Europe. It is clear from 2 Corinthians 11:24-27 that in the Acts we do not get by any means a full account of his labours. He was arrested at Jerusalem, and sent to Caesarea for his safety. To avoid being sent back to Jerusalem, where plots were made to murder him, he appealed to Rome, and was sent there. After two years of an easy imprisonment (Acts 28:30-31), he was doubtless liberated, for this is implied in these last two verses of the Acts; and when previously could he have left Trophimus sick at Miletus (2 Tim. 4:20)? We do not know all his movements, but apparently he visited Ephesus, 1 Tim. 1:3; Macedoni, 1 Tim. 1:3; Troas, 2 Tim. 4:13; Miletus, 2 Tim. 4:20; Crete, Titus 1:5; and Nicopolis, Titus 3:12. The early writers say he visited Spain, which we know he desired to do. Rom. 15:24,28. When 2 Timothy was written he was again a prisoner, expecting the near approach of death. Tradition says he was beheaded with the sword, and this form of execution is probable, because he was a Roman citizen.

Pavement The part of the Roman governor’s palace where judgment was announced, perhaps an open court, for a Roman judgment had to be proclaimed under the open heaven, and in the presence of the accusers. The Greek word signifies “strewn or inlaid with stones.” Gabbatha signifies “a hill,” it was probably a raised platform of tessellated pavement. John 19:13.

Peace The gospel is called “the gospel of peace.” Rom. 10:15; Eph. 6:15. On its reception the believer, being justified by faith, has peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ. Rom. 5:1. He made peace through the blood of the cross. Col. 1:20. Therefore to the saints God is called “the God of peace,” and the Lord Jesus is “the Lord of peace.” Rom. 15:33; 2 Thess. 3:16. The Lord Jesus, who is our peace, also made peace on the cross between Jew and Gentile, making in Himself “one new man.” Eph. 2:14-15. When the Lord left His disciples in the world, He gave them peace and added “My peace I give unto you.” John 14:27. “The mind of the Spirit life and peace.” Rom. 8:6 JND. All God’s saints, after spreading out their requests before God, should know what it is to have the peace of God that passeth understanding keeping their hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Phil. 4:6-7.

Peacock This beautiful bird was imported into Israel from India every three years by the ships of Solomon. On the same occasions apes were brought to the king for their playful antics, as the peacocks were for their rare beauty. 1 King 10:22; 2 Chron. 9:21.

Pearl Symbol of beauty and costliness. Matt. 7:6; 13:45; Rev. 21:21.

Pearl, One A symbol of the Church in unity, beauty, costliness. Matt. 13:46; Rev. 21:21.

Pear Used for that which is precious in Matt. 7:6, and in Matt. 13:45-46, for that which Christ sought. In 1 Tim. 2:9; Rev. 17:4; 18:12,16 it refers to the ornaments worn by women. The twelve gates of the heavenly Jerusalem are each a pearl. Rev. 21:21.

Peculiar People A people of God’s choice, peculiarly His. Titus 2:14. In 1 Peter 2:9 JND it is “a people for a possession” (see also Eph. 1:14; Mal. 3:17).

Peeled stripped. Isa. 18:2.

Peep chirp. Isa. 8:19; 10:14.

Pekah open-eyed. He reigned twenty years over Israel. Another wicked king, who, like his predecessor was conspired against and slain. 2 Kings 15.

Pekahiah the Lord has opened his eyes. He reigned two years over Israel. A wicked king, conspired against by his captain and slain. 2 Kings 15.

Pelican This well-known bird was unclean under the law and its flesh forbidden as food. It is generally associated with solitary birds who frequent ruins and desolate places far removed from the haunts of man. Lev. 11:18. Its love of solitude is referred to in Psalm 102:6. In two instances where cormorant is in the text, read pelican. Zeph. 2:14; Isa. 34:11.

Pentecost {See Feasts.}

Peradventure perhaps. Rom. 5:7.

Perdition “Irrecoverable doom” Phil. 1:28; 1 Tim. 6:9; Heb. 10:39; 2 Peter 3:7; Rev. 17:8,11. Judas and Antichrist are each called “son of perdition.” John 17:12; 2 Thess. 2:3.

Perfect Various Greek words are so translated, the principal one is τελειόω, τέλειος, “full, complete, perfect.” This is applied to the Lord in Hebrews 2:10: to do all required for the office: and in Luke 13:32, by completing His work in death (the same word in reference to the Lord is translated “consecrated” in Heb. 7:28). We are exhorted to be “perfect” as our Father in heaven is “perfect,” that is, complete in being like Him, good to all. Matt. 5:48. The Lord said to the rich young man, “If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast,” etc. Matt. 19:21. It is also applied to a “full grown” man in Ephesians 4:13; (and in 1 Cor. 14:20 is translated “men”: in understanding “be perfect”). The application of the term is various: its meaning must be arrived at by the context.

Perfection This word is used in the Scriptures in a way very different from that usually ascribed to it. Were the believer either perfect in himself or in his ways, there would be no room for the exhortation, “Be ye therefore perfect.” Paul would not venture to affirm that he was perfect, Phil. 3:12, save in Christ risen and glorified. Col. 2:10. We are, however, to be perfect as our Father in heaven is, in the principle of our walk amongst men. Grace should characterize our ways and actions towards all; in this sense only are the words used, “Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.” Matt. 5:48. This is perfection as to the principle of walk and action in the world. “Perfection” is employed in Heb. 6:1 to express Christian progress and growth, in contrast to the state under Judaism; and in Phil. 3:12-15, it refers to the object set before the Christian — Christ on high and glorified. There is a passage, and a blessed one it is, which declares that we are perfected and that for ever (Heb. 10:14), but that is perfection for God — what we are in His sight — the answer to the present place of Jesus on high as having finished the work which the Father gave Him to do. But our full and absolute perfection in fact will be accomplished only and when “we ... see Him as He is.” 1 John 3:2. If bodily and moral likeness to Christ (Phil. 3:21 and 1 John 3:2) await His coming, there cannot be perfection short of beholding Christ in glory.

Perga An ancient town of Pamphylia, situate on the river Cestrus. It was twice visited by Paul. Extensive ruins of the city remain. Acts 13:13-14; 14:25.

Pergamos An ancient city of Mysia, in the N.W. of Asia Minor. Also called Pergamon. It once had a population of about 150,000. Rev. 1:11; 2:12. {See Ephesus}

Perilous “dangerous, difficult times.” 2 Tim. 3:1. The same word is translated “fierce” in Matt. 8:28, in reference to the dangerous one possessed with demons. Such is the character of the present time, however smooth Satan may make it appear.

Persis A Christian woman of Rome, who is called by Paul “beloved,” and who laboured much in the Lord. Rom. 16:12.

Peter, Simon Peter, Cephas Simon appears to have been his name at first, and Cephas or Peter to have been given him by the Lord. Luke 5:10; 6:14; John 1:40. He was a fisherman in partnership with James and John. They forsook all and became apostles, of whom Peter had a sort of first place. When a few of the apostles were chosen for any particular service, Peter is always one, and is named first; but beyond this we do not read that he had any authority over the others. Many incidents concerning him are related in the Gospels. He was energetic and impulsive. When he opposed the thought of Christ having to suffer, he was denounced as Satan. Matt. 16:23. His self-confidence led him to deny his Lord, but he was truly repentant, and after the resurrection was personally sifted as to having more love to the Lord than the others had, and was then enjoined to feed and shepherd the sheep and lambs of Christ. The keys of the kingdom were committed to Peter, and we find him preaching the first sermon after the giving of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, when about three thousand souls were added to the assembly; these were Jews. He was also the means of bringing in Cornelius, a Gentile. Thus he opened the kingdom to both Jews and Gentiles. Peter was the apostle to the circumcision, and Paul to the Gentiles, and he seems never to have got quite clear of his Jewish prejudices. Paul had to withstand him to the face at Antioch, “for he was to be blamed,” when he separated himself from the Gentile converts. He confesses that there were some things in Paul’s epistles which were hard to be understood: they would be beyond one who could not break entirely away from Judaism. Peter wrote the two Epistles bearing his name. Tradition says he was crucified at Rome, and was, by his own request, impaled head downwards. It is also recorded that his wife suffered with him.

Pharaoh prince or king. Supreme authority in the world. Common designation of the Egyptian kings, of whom there are at least seven thus titled in the Scriptures. Ex. 1.

Pharisees This term has been supposed to be derived from the Hebrew word, Parash, which signifies “to separate.” The Pharisees separated themselves from the mass of the Jews. Josephus speaks of them as early as the reign of Jonathan (B.C. 161-144). They separated themselves on the plea of superior sanctity of life, devotion to God, and their study of the law. The Pharisee in his prayer, Luke 18, declared that he was not as other men.
Paul, in his defence before King Agrippa, styles the Pharisees, “the most straitest sect,” showing how strict they were to carry out their rules. Josephus says they declared that because of their exactness in religion they were the favourites of heaven. Our Lord lays bare their true state before their eyes: they made the outside of the cup and the platter clean, but their inward part was “full of ravening [plunder] and wickedness.” They paid tithes, it was true, but passed over righteousness and the love of God. They loved the chief places; but they were as covered graves, over which men walked unconsciously, Luke 11:39-44, and became defiled, Num. 19:16.
The Pharisees included all classes of men — rich and poor; they were very numerous, and at times had great influence. See an instance of this in the time of Alexandra. We see that they were well represented in the constitution of the council before whom Paul was arraigned (Acts 23:6).
The peculiar tenets of the Pharisees were these: they held that God was in some way bound to bless the Jews, and make them inherit the kingdom, because of the merits of Abraham, and because of their observance of the law.
They were the great advocates of tradition. It was the Pharisees and scribes who complained to the Lord of the disciples not observing the tradition of the elders; but the Lord showed that by their traditions they transgressed the commandments of God. Matt. 15:1-9; Mark 7:3-13.
They believed in the existence of angels and spirits, and in the resurrection of the dead, though, according to Josephus, they also held the transmigration of souls from one person to another. It has been thought that the disciples even had imbibed this notion by their asking whether the blind man was born blind because of his own sin or that of his parents (John 9:2).
They regarded the tie of marriage in the loosest way, and held that a man could divorce his wife for any cause. Luke 16:14-18.
They held that no person but a Jew could be called a neighbor, and treated all others as enemies. Maimonides has this passage: “A Jew sees a Gentile fall into the sea, let him by no means lift him out; for it is written, ‘Thou shalt not rise up against the blood of thy neighbor.’ But this is not thy neighbor.” This will give great force to the parable of the Good Samaritan, where a Samaritan was to be accounted neighbor to the Jew.
Their professed sanctity with fasting and long prayers is fully borne out by Scripture; but the Lord in a withering way laid bare their true state of wickedness, as well as their great hypocrisy. While they held the common people in contempt they were themselves far worse in God’s sight.
There may have been in the time of our Lord, and before that, great laxity in keeping the law, and obeying its righteousness, that led some to separate themselves, seeking greater holiness; to whom many attached themselves without any such desire, until the great mass of the Pharisees duly merited the severe rebukes of the Lord. Nicodemus, Gamaliel, and Saul we may fain hope were samples of men of a different stamp, though they all needed the regenerating power of grace to give them what they desired.

Phenice A town and harbor in Crete. The vessel in which Paul sailed was attempting to reach this harbor when it was caught by the wind and wrecked. The Authorized Version says the haven “lieth toward the south west and north west”; but the expression is now held to mean that it “looks towards the N.E. and S.E.” Acts 27:12. It has been identified with the modern Lutro. This harbor is described as being open to the east, but a small island lies almost in front of it; it has thus two entrances, one looking to the N.E. and the other to S.E. {See also under Phoenicia.}

Philadelphia A city in Lydia, in the west of Asia Minor. It was built by Attalus Philadelphus, king of Pergamos. Rev. 1:11; 3:7. It has several times been more or less destroyed by earthquakes. It is still a considerable town, named Ala-Shehr. {See Ephesus,}

Philippi A noted city of Macedonia, named after Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. It was a Roman military colony. Here Lydia was converted, and the jailor and his house. The word was so effectual that an assembly was gathered, the first in Europe, and an epistle was written to the saints there. It was called the chief (or rather first) city, not of Macedonia as a whole, but of that part of Macedonia. Acts 16:12; 20:6; Phil. 1:1; 1 Thess. 2:2. Extensive ruins are now all that are left of the city.

Philosophy An effort was made by Satan, acting on the mind of man, to corrupt the truth by mixing therewith worldly wisdom. Col. 2:8; see also 1 Tim. 6:20; 2 Tim. 2:16-18.

Phinehas mouth of brass. Zeal for the glory of God, and its consequent reward. Psa. 106:30-31. Name occurs about 16 times, and only in the Old Testament. Num. 25.

Phoenicia, Phenice, Phenicia Phoenice proper was a narrow strip of land on the Mediterranean extending S. of Tyre and N. of Sidon, but afterward extended far north, and was there much wider. Acts 11:19; 15:3; 21:2.

Phrygia A large district in the center of Asia Minor, having Bithynia on the north, and Pisidia on the south; but its extent varied at different times. Jews from this district were at Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost, and Paul twice traversed the plain in his missionary journeys. Acts 2:10; 16:6; 18:23.

Phygellus Named as one of Asia, who had turned away from Paul, though perhaps not an apostate. 2 Tim. 1:15.

Phylactery Short portions of the law written on strips of parchment were rolled up in a piece of calf-skin and worn upon the forehead and left arm, supposed to be in obedience to Deuteronomy 6:8; 11:18. The Pharisees and scribes made them large to attract attention: it was making them broad that was condemned by the Lord. Matt. 23:5. In later times they were worn as charms.

Piety εύσέβεια, ‒βέω, “To exercise piety, reverence.” “Piety” occurs only in the A.V. in 1 Tim. 5:4; it is “holiness” in Acts 3:12; and “worship” in Acts 17:23. In all other places it is “godliness”; but “piety” is a better translation. In 1 Tim. 2:10 “godliness” is θεοσέβεια, worship or fear of God.

Pigeon {See Dove.}

Pilate, Pontius Pilate He was appointed governor (procurator) of Judea, with full military and judicial authority, A.D. 25-6. Pilate had his headquarters at Jerusalem instead of Caesarea, which perhaps more easily brought him into conflict with the Jews. Josephus relates that he had outraged the prejudices of the Jews, (see Luke 13:1), before he had anything to do with the trial of the Lord. He could see that the rulers had delivered Jesus out of envy, and determined to scourge Him and let Him go; but the clamour of the Jews was so great that he perhaps tried to find some plausible ground for condemning Him, but had to confess, “I find no fault in Him.” The message from his wife also confirmed his desire to release Him; but the people, as well as the rulers, chose Barabbas instead of Christ; and the rulers declared that Pilate could not be Caesar’s friend if he let the King of the Jews live. This decided the unprincipled judge. He took water, and, washing his hands, declared that he was innocent of the death of that just One; whereupon the rulers uttered that awful expression, “His blood be on us, and on our children.” Matt. 27; Mark 15; Luke 3:1; 13:1; 23; John 18, 19. Complaints from the Samaritans caused Pilate to be sent to Rome to answer the charges, A.D. 36, and he closed his life by his own hand (Josephus, Ant. 18:4, 1, 2.).

Pill to peel. Gen. 30:37-38.

Pillar Symbol of ability to support, uphold, or maintain. Gal. 2:9; 1 Tim. 3:15; Rev. 3:12. Applied to Peter, James, and John, who “seemed to be pillars” in the church at Jerusalem (Gal. 2:9). The church is “the pillar and ground of the truth” (1 Tim. 3:15): God’s witness to the truth on earth; that which maintains the truth. The overcomer in Philadelphia will be made a pillar in the temple of God. Rev. 3:12. The mighty angel of Revelation 10:1 has feet as pillars of fire for judgment.

Pine Tree is twice referred to by Isaiah 41:19; 60:13. “It is quite unknown to what tree this term applied.” — Sir Joseph Hooker.

Pins, hooks, cords, etc. Used in the construction of the Tabernacle. A symbol of the believer upheld and maintained by Divine power, variously employed. “Kept by the power of God,” 1 Peter 1:5.

Pisidia A comparatively narrow district in Asia Minor, between Phrygia and Pamphylia. It is a mountainous country, and was inhabited by a wild and lawless people, who were never thoroughly subdued by either the Greeks or the Romans. It was twice visited by Paul, and it may have been here that he experienced the “perils of robbers,” of which he speaks. Acts 13:14; 14:24.

Pit, Bottomless {See Deep.}

Plain homely. Gen. 25:27.

Platter dish. Matt. 23:25.

Plow A symbol of spiritual labour. 1 Cor. 9:10; Luke 9:62.

Plumbline A symbol of exact measurement. Amos 7:7-8.

Poll the head. Num. 1:2.

Poll, to to cut. 2 Sam. 14:26.

Pomegranate grows both wild and cultivated; its bark is used in the tanning of the finest kind of leather, and its beautiful fruit and flower were largely used in the ornamentation of the Sanctuary and in the rich robe of the High Priest.

Pomegranate Tree is one of the most generally useful. The rind, seeds, and other parts form a most useful medicine for various complaints. It produces an exceedingly rich fruit, and the juice a cooling draft or light wine.

Pomegranates A symbol of fruit of a heavenly character. Ex. 28:33-34; Song of Sol. 6:11; 8:2.

Pommel knob. 2 Chron. 4:12.

Pontus The N.E. district of Asia Minor, forming part of the coast of the Euxine Sea. Jews from thence were at Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost, and some were addressed as believers by Peter in his first Epistle. It was made a Roman province under Nero Porcius. Acts 2:9; 18:2; 1 Peter 1:1. {See Festus.}

Poplar Tree was used by Jacob, Gen. 30:37, and under its pale and abundant foliage idolatrous rites were anciently practiced. Hos. 4:13.

Potentate {See God.}

Potsherd piece of pottery. Job 2:8.

Potter The apparatus employed by the potter in the East is very simple. It is turned by his feet, leaving his hands free to operate on the clay. To see him form a vessel, and if it does not please him, to witness it crushed in a moment, vividly brings before the mind the question, “Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another to dishonour?” Rom. 9:21; Rev. 2:27. What grace to be made “vessels of mercy”! A symbol of Divine sovereignty exercised in grace or judgment. Jer. 18:1-10; Psa. 2:9; Rom. 9:21.

Pound(s) A symbol of talents or gifts for public service. Luke 19.{See Money in Bible Subjects}

Power(s) Several Greek words are translated power: the principal are –

1. δύναμις, “power, energy, ability to act,” without the thought of “authority.” Matt. 22:29; 24:30; 26:64; Luke 4:14; 9:1; 24:49; Rom. 1:4; Eph. 1:19; etc. The disciples were to tarry at Jerusalem until they had received such power by the gift of the Holy Spirit.

2. έξουσία, “power, right, privilege,” with the thought of “authority,” which is sometimes the best word by which to translate it. Matt. 9:6; 10:1; Luke 4:6; 12:11; John 19:11; Acts 26:18; Rom 13:1-3; Eph. 1:21; Col. 1:13; Rev. 13:12, etc. Christ gave such power or right to become sons of God to those that received him (John 1:12). Pilate could have no such authority to judge Christ unless it had been given him from above. The “powers” that be are ordained of God.

Praetorium {See Palace.}

Prayer In a general way prayer may be said to be intercourse of a dependent one with God. Our Lord often went aside privately to pray, and we read of one occasion when He spent the whole night in prayer to God. Luke 6:12. In John 17 the Lord rehearsed various things that He had done, basing petitions thereon. We are exhorted to make known our petitions, or requests, to God, and the peace of God shall keep our hearts and minds, Phil. 4:6-7; and there are the groanings begotten by the Holy Spirit which we cannot put into words, Rom. 8:26; and also a holy intercourse with the Father and the Lord Jesus, respecting our own souls, and concerning all the joys and sorrows connected with the church and with service therein, and also respecting the glorious gospel in the world. We must ask in faith. Mark 11:24; James 1:5-7. We should ask in the name of the Lord Jesus, and on His behalf, John 14:13; 15:16; 16:23,26); and what is according to His will, 1 John 5:14-15. “Supplications” are at times joined with prayers. Acts 1:14; Eph. 6:18; Phil. 4:6; 1 Tim. 2:1; 5:5; Heb. 5:7. It is not easy to gather the difference between “supplications” and “prayers,” except that the former may imply asking for something, which the latter does not necessarily imply.

Preacher κήρυξ, “a herald.” Paul said he was appointed a preacher, a herald. 1 Tim. 2:7; 2 Tim. 1:11. Noah was a herald of righteousness. 2 Peter 2:5.

Preaching Often used in the N.T. for simply “making known,” without the idea of formal preaching as now understood. Matt. 11:1; Mark 1:4,7; Luke 4:18; Acts 8:4; 2 Peter 2:5.

Precious rare. 1 Sam. 3:1.

Predestinate προορίζω, “To mark out beforehand, predetermine.” In Rom. 8:29-30 those foreknown by God (not foreseen to be better than others) are declared to be predestinated to be conformed to the image of God’s Son. In Eph. 1:5 believers are predestinated to the adoption of sons, according to the purpose of God, who worketh all things after the counsel of His own will. Eph 1:11. Predestination is to a blessing; election is God’s choice of individuals, embracing Christ as the corner stone, 1 Peter 2:6; angels, 1 Tim. 5:21; saints in the present dispensation, Rom. 8:33; and the Jewish remnant, Matt. 24:22,24,31. Predestination and election are not the same, although closely and intimately connected; the former secures the blessing, the latter the person. Election refers to God’s sovereign choice of individuals, but predestination goes a step beyond, and applies to what I am set apart to in the Divine purpose. Hence we are predestinated “to be conformed to the image of His Son.” Rom. 8:29. We have the security of the believer founded on the eternal and sovereign choice of God in Ephesians 1:4; and the wondrous place of blessing to which he is set apart as securely founded on the truth of predestination. Eph. 1:5. Both “election” and “predestination” are founded solely on God’s own purpose and will, both according to His grace, and both the fruit of the Divine mind before the world began.

Presbytery {See Elders, in “Offices and Gifts in the Church,”}

Presently at once. Matt. 26:53.

Pressfat vat in which fruit is pressed. Hag. 2:16.

Prevent go before. 1 Thess. 4:15.

Pricks pads. A symbol of sharp troubles. Acts 9:5; Num. 33:55.

Priest One who presents gifts and offerings to God, Matt. 8:4; Heb. 8:4; 1 Peter 2:5, etc. We meet with chief priests (in the plural). It is supposed that any who had been high priests were termed “chief priests” afterward. The Lord Jesus was not a priest on earth, Heb. 8:4, nor of the order of Aaron, Heb. 7:14); though He offered Himself to God, Heb. 9:14, the antitype of the action of Aaron on the day of Atonement for the nation; He was really offerer, offering and priest in His own Person, and is now the Christian’s great High Priest above, Heb. 4:14-16; {See also Melchisedec}). The Christian also is a priest, Rev. 1:6; 1 Pet. 2:9; Heb. 10:19; Rom. 12:1; and has access to God at all times.

Priesthood Since the rending of the Temple vail from top to bottom, a special class of persons on earth, exercising priestly functions according to God, no longer exists. The whole system of which an earthly priesthood formed an integral part has passed away. Heb. 8:13. Hebrews 7 shows an earthly priesthood set aside, and a heavenly one established; Hebrews 8 puts the covenants before us, contrasting them. The old covenant is dismissed, and the new covenant introduced. Hebrews 9 contrasts the sacrifices; the one sacrifice of Christ being of Divine and permanent value, superseding the many sacrifices and offerings which could never take away sins. But the Levitical system, with a temple larger and far more glorious, and sacrifices commemorative in their character with a priesthood established in the house of Zadok, will be set up in the millennium, carefully adapted to the new state of things. Ezek. 40-46. But during the present interval of grace — after the entire abolition of Judaism, and before the inauguration of the new system — Christianity has come in, and the revelation of an order of priesthood, unlike what was or will be. Now all Christians are priests. All have an equal title to draw near, as saith the apostle, “Let us draw near.” Heb. 10:22. Paul’s preeminent place as an apostle did not confer upon him any special place as a priest or worshipper. There is but one High Priest, even Jesus, sitting at the right hand of God; and all saints have been constituted worshippers and priests. Thus the church can sing, “Unto Him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in His own blood, and hath made us kings and priests unto God and His Father.” Rev. 1:5-6. What are the sacrifices which as priests we offer? The priests’ guide-book under the law was the book of Leviticus: our guide-book and directory is the epistle to the Hebrews. Turning to it, therefore, we learn that our sacrifices are praise to God and practical benevolence to man. Heb. 13:15-16. Further, all Christians are regarded as a holy priesthood in offering up spiritual sacrifices to God, 1 Peter 2:5, and a royal priesthood in displaying the moral virtues of Jesus to man. 1 Peter 2:9.
The priesthood of Christ is exercised on high, is founded on His work and person, and is unchangeable. Its object is to sustain believers in their walk, service, and worship, to afford succour in temptation, and sympathy in suffering. Priesthood is to sustain; Advocacy is to restore. Christ is exercising His functions as a priest according to the pattern of Aaron, but according to the everlasting order of Melchisedek. Heb. 7.

Principality A description of high powers in the unseen world, described as being in the heavenlies. Eph. 3:10. They were created by the Lord Jesus, and He is head of them all. Col. 1:16; 2:10. Some fell from the position given them; they kept not their first estate or principality. Jude 6. Others contend against the saints in the heavenlies. Eph. 6:12. The Lord spoiled them on the cross, Col. 2:15, and at His resurrection was raised by God far above all created powers.(Eph. 1:21.

Prisca, Priscilla The wife of Aquila, both of whom Paul calls “my fellow-workmen in Christ Jesus.” Rom. 16:3 JnD. They were with Paul at Corinth, and travelled with him to Ephesus, where they were enabled to “expound unto Apollos the way of God more perfectly.” Priscilla is at times named before her husband. Acts 18:2,18,26; Rom. 16:3; 1 Cor. 16:19; 2 Tim. 4:19.

Prison Refers to a Roman prison. Matt. 14:3,10; 18:30. In Acts 12:4-10 Peter was bound by two chains, and lay asleep between two soldiers, with guards before the door to keep all safe. The angel led him through a first and second guard to the outer “iron gate” that led into the city. Acts 16:24 speaks of the “inner prison” which agrees with the above. There are spirits kept in prison. 1 Pet. 3:19. The abyss in which Satan is to be cast for the thousand years is also called a prison. Rev. 20:7.

Prize The Christian race is illustrated by the Grecian contests for prizes: “one receiveth the prize”: it was a corruptible crown (said to be a garland of olive, apple, pine, or parsley): the Christian’s is an incorruptible crown. 1 Cor. 9:24-27. The prize Paul was looking forward to, was to be with and like the Lord. Phil. 3:14.

Prochorus One of the seven chosen to look after the poor saints: nothing more is recorded of him. Acts 6:5.

Proper comely, fair. Heb. 11:23.

Prophet πρόφήτης. 1 Cor. 12:28. It is clear that in the early days of the church there were prophets who foretold events. Acts 11:27-28; 21:9-11. There was also another kind of prophesying, namely, speaking unto men “to edification, and exhortation, and comfort.” In prophesying they edified the church. 1 Cor. 14:3-4. The Word of God is brought home to heart and conscience by this gift, 1 Cor. 14:25, so that the soul of the hearer is brought into contact with God Himself through the Word spoken.

Propitiation ίλασμίς, from “to be propitious.” The aspect of Christ”s death that vindicates the holy and righteous character of God, and enables Him to be merciful to the whole world, while it extends to the sins of believers. 1 John 2:2; 4:10. A kindred word (the verb) occurs in Hebrews 2:17, which should be translated “to make propitiation for the sins of the people.” In Romans 3:25 is another kindred word, which should be translated ‘mercy-seat,’ as it is, and must be, in Hebrews 9:5. Atonement is the expression of the united aspect of the cross towards God and towards man. Thus in the yearly return of that solemn and deeply impressive atonement-day, Lev. 16, two goats were presented before the Lord, the one was Jehovah’s lot, while the other was for the people. One was killed and its blood carried within the veil and sprinkled once upon the mercy-seat, and seven times before it. The other was presented alive before the Lord, and the sins of the people confessed over it by the high priest. Now those two parts of Christ’s work — glorifying God by the shed and sprinkled blood, and bearing away the sins of the people — when regarded as a whole, constitute atonement. If considered separately, however, propitiation would answer to that blessed work done within the veil and before the eye of God; while substitution would refer to the transference of sins to the head of the scape-goat and its dismissal to a land not inhabited. Propitiation is for God, and for Him alone, although it vitally concerns us. It is the blessed answer of Jesus meeting, in death and before God, the holy and righteous claims of Jehovah’s throne. God has been infinitely glorified, and His moral government gloriously vindicated in the blood-shedding of Jesus. Christ is now God’s propitiatory or mercy-seat. Rom. 3:25; 1 John 2:2. In Hebrews 2:17 read “propitiation,” not “reconciliation.”

Proselyte The scribes and Pharisees showed great zeal in making proselytes. Matt. 23:15. The heathen who professed Judaism were called proselytes. Acts 2:10; 6:5; 13:43. The Rabbis hold that there were two classes, “proselytes of the gate,” from Exodus 20:10, who under certain promises were admitted as strangers; and “proselytes of righteousness,” who were also circumcised. But this distinction is not found in the law.

Proverb A sentence in which there is a hidden meaning, or a wider application than the simple words imply. Luke 4:23; John 16:25,29; 2 Peter 2:22.

Provoke to stimulate. Rom. 10:19.

Psalm Besides its application to the Psalms of David, the term is used for any hymn of praise. 1 Cor. 14:26; Eph. 5:19; Col. 3:16; James 5:13.

Ptolemais A maritime town in Israel 32° 55' N. Acts 21:7. Its name was Accho, but was changed by the Ptolemies. Napoleon called it the key of Palestine, and it has been the scene of several sieges. It is now called Acre or Akka.

Publicans Those who farmed the taxes by paying a fixed sum for a certain district, and kept what was collected over; they then either employed others as collectors, or re-farmed smaller districts. As the yoke of the Romans was very galling, the Jews who undertook to collect the taxes were looked upon as unworthy of the least respect, and were treated as extortioners, which perhaps some of them were (see Luke 3:13; 19:8).

Publius The chief man in the island of Melita, when Paul was shipwrecked, who received and lodged the company courteously for three days. Paul healed his sick father. Acts 28:7-8.

Pudens {See Claudia.}

Pulse pod-bearing plants, as peas, beans. Dan. 1:12,16 .

Purchase The church has been purchased by the blood of God’s Son, Acts 20:28; even false teachers spreading their damnable heresies have been bought by the Lord (2 Peter 2:1) and so their judgment will be all the more swift and sure. Christ has tasted death for everything (see Greek of Heb. 2:9). Christ has bought the world. God loved it, John 3:16, and Christ bought it, Matt. 13:44. Thus the world has been loved and bought. Redemption is a very different thing from “purchase”; the former refers to a change of state or condition, while the latter merely intimates a change of masters. You may purchase a slave, but that is not deliverance from the state of slavery. “Until the redemption (future) of the purchased (past) possession.” Eph. 1:14. The creation is purchased, but its redemption is yet future; that will be effected when it passes from bondage to liberty, from groans to praises, and from pain to rest. Rom. 8:19-22.

Purple A Symbol of royalty, among Gentiles especially. John 19:2; Ex. 25:4.They clothed the Lord in a robe of this colour in mockery. Mark 15:17,20. Rome is described as clothed in royalty as well as worldly grandeur. Symbol of imperialism. Rev. 17:4; 18:12,16. {See also Scarlet.}

Purtenance entrails. Ex. 12:9.

Puteoli A port in Italy on the N.E. of the Bay of Naples, and where Paul landed on his way to Rome. Acts 28:13. The city was sacked by Alaric and Genseric, and never recovered.

Pygarg This clean animal is of the antelope species. Some have identified the “pygarg” with the beautiful antelope known as the “addox,” an inhabitant of Northern Africa, and from the derivation of the Hebrew word it may be so. Deut. 14:5. The margin reads bison, which is incorrect.

Q

Quail This bird is several times mentioned in the Old Testament, but always in reference to the miraculous supply afforded to the Israelites on two separate occasions. The flesh of the “quail” is greatly prized in Syria and many thousands of them are annually sold in the Jewish markets. They always fly in the direction of the wind and in flocks so numerous as to darken the sky, and as their wings are short and not strong, they are easily exhausted, and in their yearly return across the Arabian desert thousands of them are captured and are prepared for food just as Israel did in the wilderness. Ex. 16:11-13; Num. 11:31-32.

Quaternion set of four. Acts 12:4.

Quick Simply “the living” in contrast to the dead. Acts 10:42; 2 Tim. 4:1; 1 Pet. 4:5. In Hebrews 4:12 JnD, the Word of God is “living” and powerful, and not merely a code of rules.

Quicken Applied to giving life, both natural and spiritual. It is God who quickens all things, 1 Tim. 6:13, and the dead, Rom. 4:17. The last Adam is a quickening spirit, 1 Cor. 15:45, and He quickens whom He will. John 5:21. The believer has been quickened together with Christ. Eph. 2:5; Col. 2:13.

R

Rabbi, {See Master.}

Raca Term of reproach and hatred. Matt. 5:22.

Race A symbol of energy in Christian life and service. as illustrated by the Grecian contests. 1 Cor.

Rachel an ewe or sheep. Wife of Jacob, and mother of Benjamin, represented as weeping for the loss of her children when Herod killed all the infants of Bethlehem. Matt. 2:18. Jacob’s love for his two wives is a picture of the Jew (Rachel) first loved and sought by Christ, but Leah (the Gentile) first possessed. Name occurs about 48 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 29.

Rahab enlargement. Heb. 11:31; James 2:25. Referred to in the N.T. (a,) as an example of faith: she believed Israel was going to be victorious; (b,) as being justified, in her acts, on the principle of faith being proved by works. Called Rachab in Matthew 1:5. She is picture of faith in the word and work of Jehovah, securing immunity from judgment, and a place with God, and with His people. Name occurs about 8 times in the Scriptures. (Josh. 2)

Raiment {See Garments.}

Rain A symbol of blessing from heaven. Refreshing and fruitful. Psa. 84:6; Heb. 6:7; Deut. 32:2; James 5:7.

Rainbow Named in Genesis, when God made a promise concerning the earth, and not again until Ezekiel 1:28. The appearance of the likeness of the glory of the Lord includes the rainbow, Rev. 4:3; and with the mighty angel, Rev. 10:1. If God has to smite the earth, it will not be in violation of His promise; He has been faithful. Symbol of God’s covenant as to the earth.

Ram This clean animal was largely used in sacrifice. Ex. 29:26; Gen. 15:9. It was the consecration animal. Ex. 29 and Lev. 8. Its horns were formed into trumpets, Josh. 6, and its skin dyed red served as a covering for the tabernacle. Ex. 25:5, etc. A symbol of consecration. A symbol of Median and Persian power. Lev. 8:22; Dan. 8.

Rama Rachel was the mother of Benjamin, and Ramah was a town in Benjamin; but the children to be killed were in Bethlehem of Judah: still the two tribes were so united that the passage represents Rachel weeping for her children. In Jeremiah the weeping appears to be for the children of Ephraim; Rachel being the grandmother of Ephraim, they can also be called her children. Matt. 2:18; called in Jer. 31:15 Ramah. Rama is identified with Er-Ram, about 5½ miles north of Jerusalem.

Rams’ Horns A symbol of man’s weakness consecrated to the service of God. Josh. 6.

Rams’ Skins dyed Red A symbol of absolute devotedness and consecration to God. Ex. 25:5; 26:14.

Ranges ranks. 2 Kings 11:8.

Ransom The Lord Jesus gave His life a ransom for “many,” Matt. 20:28; Mark 10:45; “for all,” 1 Tim. 2:6. God’s character has been fully glorified with regard to sin; the gospel goes out to all {see Redemption}.

Raven(s) This unclean bird is well known. The various characteristics ascribed to it and its general habits are true to the letter. Gen. 8:7; Job 38:41. God’s care in using this bird of prey to supply His servant and prophet Elijah with food, 1 Kings 17:6, and the Divine care in feeding even these most unclean of birds, Luke 12:24, are beautifully illustrative of God’s goodness towards and over all His creatures, for God feeds them, though they have no store-house.

Reason seemly. Acts 6:2.

Rebekah binding. The bride travelling through the wilderness to Christ on high, cheered and sustained by the comforts of the Holy Spirit. Name occurs about 31 Times in the Scriptures. Gen. 24.

Reconciliation καταλλαυή, from “to change, reconcile.” From being naturally enemies, believers are reconciled to God through the death of His Son. Rom. 5:10; 2 Cor. 5:18. God has by the cross removed the distance. God was, in Christ when on earth, reconciling the world unto Himself; but alas! the world refused to be reconciled. His servants still go forth beseeching men to be reconciled to God. 2 Cor. 5:19-20. The enmity is in man alone. Christ abolished the law, that Jew and Gentile might be reconciled, and one new man be formed. Eph. 2:15-16. Christ, having made peace by the blood of the cross, God will by Him reconcile unto Himself all things in heaven and on earth. Col. 1:20. In contrast see Philippians 2:10, where “under the earth” is added. Reconciliation is the effect of the work of the cross, applied to persons and things in bringing them back to God. Believers are already reconciled, 2 Cor. 5:18, and all things in heaven and on earth will be reconciled. This reconciliation of persons and things is presented as the fruit of atonement in Leviticus 16. Scripture gives no countenance to the thought common to many, either that God has to be reconciled or is reconciled. God did not depart from man, hence needed not to be reconciled. To say that the death of Jesus turned the heart of God to man, is to deny the truth of that magnificent declaration contained in John 3:16, “God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son.” He “loved,” therefore He “gave”; not “gave” in order to love. The reconciliation of man to God is the blessed character of God’s present ministry towards the world. 2 Cor. 5:18-20. It is important to distinguish between the reconciliation of persons and things; the former is a present blessing, the latter is millennial blessing. “All things” will be brought back to God, but not “all persons,” Col. 1:20-21. Universal subjection to Christ of all in heaven, earth, and hell (Phil. 2:10) is certainly more wide in its range and extent than all things in heaven and earth reconciled. The Colossian passage teaches the future reconciliation of things contained in heaven and earth; while the Philippian Scripture shows the future subjection of heaven, earth, and hell’s inhabitants to Christ.

Record to celebrate. 1 Chron. 16:4.

Red Sea The well-known sea on the east of northern Africa. Its southern extremity opens into the Indian Ocean, and from thence it runs N.N.W. for about 1,400 miles. Near its northern extremity it divides into the Gulf of Suez on the west, in length about 200 miles, and the Gulf of Akaba to the east, 140 miles long. It was, as far as is known, the Gulf of Suez that the Israelites crossed, near its northern extremity. Acts 7:36; Heb. 11:29.

Red A symbol of judgment; bloodshed. Isa. 63:2; Zech. 1:8; Rev. 6:4.

Redemption

1. λύτρωσις, άπολ, from to “loose from, redeem.” Redemption is by the precious blood of Christ, Eph. 1:7; Col. 1:14; 1 Peter 1:18-19; it is eternal, Heb. 9:12. Christ is made unto us redemption. 1 Cor. 1:30. It is also viewed as future, for we are not yet taken home. Rom. 8:23; Eph. 1:14; 4:30.

2. έξαγορἀζω, “to buy out of, redeem.” Christ redeemed those that were under the law, being made a curse for them. Gal. 3:13; 4:5. We are called to redeem the time, seize every good opportunity. Eph. 5:16; Col. 4:5; see also Dan. 2:8. In Revelation 5:9; 14: 3-4 the word is ἀγορἀζω, which signifies “to buy,” and is so translated in every other passage. The difference is important in some passages: for instance, the wicked deny the Lord that “bought” them, in 2 Peter 2:1, where we could not say “redeemed,” which implies that that which is “bought” is claimed and taken home. Those referred to in Revelation 5:9 are also redeemed. All were bought, but only believers are redeemed.

3. By purchase you change masters. We belonged to Satan — were his slaves, and doing his will, Eph. 2:2-3, now by purchase we belong to God, are His willing slaves, and gladly do His will. Rom. 6:22. Redemption gives freedom, an entire change of state. The believer is no longer “in the flesh,” Rom. 7:5), although the flesh may be in him, Rom. 7:23 — a totally different thing. The change of position and state — from Adam to Christ, from the flesh to the Spirit — is true in God’s sight, and is so presented, as doctrine and truth for the saint to make practically his own, and in this sense he is already redeemed. The soul is redeemed, but not the body, for that we wait, Rom. 8:23. Redemption in its fullest extent for Israel, creation, and the Church, is yet future. The right to redeem is founded on the blood of the Lamb, and the power to effect it on the glorious person of the Redeemer.

Reed A symbol of inconstancy; weakness. Isa. 36:6; Matt. 11:7; 2 Kings 18:21.

Regeneration παλιγγενεσία, the “renovation of things,” hence “restoration,” Matt. 19:28. In Titus 3:5 we are cleansed in connection with the new order of things into which we are brought. In Scripture regeneration has not the sense of new birth. Heb. 9:10. The ordinances of the Jewish ritual were to be observed until the time of “setting things right” by the coming and work of Christ. This word occurs but twice in the New Testament. In Matt. 19:28 it is applied to the new state of things, commonly termed the millennium. In Titus 3:5 it is used to describe the believer’s new place on earth, as patterned in baptism. It is almost universally regarded as equivalent to the new birth, but it is not so in Scripture. Regeneration is an objective state or condition, while the new birth is the expression of an inward and subjective state. “The washing of regeneration” can be discerned by the eye of man, as it is an outward change; “the renewing of the Holy Ghost” can alone be seen by God, as it is an internal condition.

Rehoboam enlargement of the people. He reigned seventeen years over Judah. For the first three years of this monarch’s reign, both prince and people walked in the ways of David and Solomon; afterward, however, the land became filled with Sodomite wickedness and idolatry. 2 Chron. 12.

Reins

Reins “the kidneys,” Christ searcheth the most secret thoughts and affections (see also Psa. 7:9). Symbol of inward thoughts and feelings. Rev. 2:23; Psa. 16:7. A symbol of inward thoughts and feelings. Psa. 26:2; Jer. 20:12.

Religion, Religious In Acts 26:5 it is “sect of our [the Jews’] religion.” In James 1:26-27, practical religion is defined. In Acts 13:43 JnD, it is “worshipping proselytes.”

Remission {See Forgiveness.}

Remnant Especially applied to the Jews. It was prophesied that a remnant should be saved, Rom. 9:27, and a remnant were being saved by the election of grace when the apostle wrote, Rom. 11:5. There will be a future remnant with whom Satan will make war. Rev. 12:17.

Remphan Acts 7:43. This is a quotation from Amos 5:26 in the LXX. In the Hebrew it reads “Chiun,” instead of Remphan. What god is alluded to is not known.

Repentance It is a change of mind Godward that leads to a judgment of self and one’s acts. Matt. 3:2; 9:13; 21:29,32; 27:3; Luke 15:7; Acts 20:21; Rom. 2:4; 2 Cor. 7:9-10; Heb. 6:1,6, etc. Repentance also refers to a change of thought and action, where there is no evil to repent of. Rom. 11:29; 2 Cor. 7:8; Heb. 7:21.

Repentance in the Old Testament, when spoken of God, signifies a change of action or dealing; but in the New Testament there are but two instances in which repentance is directly spoken of in regard to God, and in both cases the unchangeableness of His action is declared, Rom. 11:29; Heb. 7:21. What a stay to the heart! Repentance is a Divine gift, Acts 11:18; is preceded by godly sorrow, 2 Cor. 7:10, in view of the goodness of God, Rom. 2:4; is unto life, and without recall.

Repent and be converted. Acts 3:19.
Repent and believe the Gospel. Mark 1:15.
Repent and be baptized. Acts 2:38.
Repent and turn to God. Acts 26:20.
Repentance and remission of sins. Luke 24:47.
Repentance and faith. Acts 20:21.
Repentance is not godly sorrow. 2 Cor. 7:10.
These Scriptures show the importance which “repentance” occupied in the preaching of the apostles. Alas! that it should be to such an extent overlooked in modern preaching and in evangelistic work generally. Where repentance is not pressed upon the hearers, solid results cannot be expected.
If repentance is not conversion, nor baptism, nor faith, nor godly sorrow, as these and other Scriptures clearly show, what is it? Spite of its etymological signification, change of mind, it carries with it a deeper thought in the Scriptures of truth. It refers to the moral judgment of self, my state and ways, and that too in presence of the goodness of God. It is the thorough wakening up of the conscience to the reality of what sin is, and that in presence of infinite love and grace. Repentance is a deep soul-searching process, most needful to insist upon in these days, where the conscience is but feebly addressed.

Reprobate Disapproved, rejected, that which will not stand testing, Rom. 1:28; 2 Cor. 13:5-7; 2 Tim. 3:8; Titus 1:16; also translated “rejected,” Heb. 6:8; and “castaway,” 1 Cor. 9:27.

Rest Applied to those that labour and are heavy laden under a sense of their sins; if such go to Christ they will find rest — rest of conscience. Matt. 11:28. Also to the saint: if he takes Christ’s yoke, and learns from Him, he will find rest unto his soul, heart-rest. Matt. 11:29. Also to the body of the saint as a future thing, when he will cease from work. Heb. 4:9-10. In contrast, those who bow to the beast and his image will have “no rest” from their torment day nor night forever and ever! Rev. 14:11.

Restitution The restoration to Israel of all things spoken by the prophets, Acts 3:21. Matthew 17:11 speaks of Elias coming and “restoring” all things, which does not include the wicked, see Colossians 1:20, where the words “under the earth” are omitted.

Resurrection The fundamental importance of the resurrection is proved in 1 Cor 15, yet it was denied by some, 1 Cor. 15:12. Later on some held that the resurrection had already passed. 2 Tim. 2:18. We do not find the expression, “a general resurrection”; on the contrary, it is expressly said “the dead in Christ shall rise first.” 1 Thess. 4:16. John also speaks of the first resurrection; and adds “the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years were finished.” Rev. 20:5-6. When Lazarus lay dead, the Lord declared, “I am the resurrection, and the life,” and He raised the dead one to life. John 11:25.

Reward Rewards are spoken of from Matthew to Revelation, in various connections. Matt. 10:42; Luke 6:22-23,35. He who labours in the Lord’s vineyard, if his work abide, will receive his reward. 1 Cor. 3:8,14. John was anxious, when evil had come in, that nothing should be given up, and that he might have “a full reward.” 2 John 8. The Lord Jesus, in closing the Revelation, says, “Behold, I come quickly; and My reward is with Me, to give every man according as his work shall be.” Rev. 22:12.

Rhegium A city on the coast of Italy, near its S.W. extremity. Paul’s ship waited there one day for a favourable wind. The place is now called Reggio, and is the capital of Calabria. Acts 28:13.

Rhodes An island lying near the S.W. corner of Asia Minor: once a place of renown, but from wars and other causes is reduced to poverty, as other places under Turkish rule. Acts 21:1.

Righteousness The question of righteousness, and how man can be just with God is fully discussed in the Epistle to the Romans. The righteousness of God (God acting in consistency with Himself) stands in direct contrast to the unrighteousness of men. Rom. 1:17-18) The righteousness of God is, by faith of Jesus, upon all them that believe. Rom. 3:22. Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness: so that the faith of the believer is counted for righteousness, altogether apart from works. Rom. 4:3,5. Christ was made sin for us that we might be made the righteousness of God in Him. 2 Cor. 5:21. Christ Jesus is made unto us righteousness. 1 Cor. 1:30.

Righteousness of God The righteousness of God is a term peculiar to and characteristic of Paul’s epistles. It is not imputable, neither is it the law-keeping of Jesus. “The imputed righteousness of Christ” is unscriptural both in thought and language. It is granted that righteousness is imputed (Rom. 4), but that is not said of the righteousness of God. It is righteousness of which God is the source, altogether Divine in its quality and character. It is towards man from God, and on the ground of the work of the Lord Jesus. It is essential to the understanding of this expressive and beautiful term to note that it is altogether apart from the law, Rom. 3:21 — irrespective of it, although witnessed to by the law and the prophets. The righteousness of God and a legal righteousness by the perfect law-keeping or obedience of Christ, instead of being synonymous as in modern systems of theology, are expressly contrasted in the Roman and Galatian Epistles.

Ring

1. A symbol of honour.

2. A symbol of royal authority.

3. A symbol of love and relationship. Gen. 41:42; Esther 8:8; Luke 15:22.

Riot dissoluteness. Titus. 1:6.

River A symbol of streams of spiritual blessing. John 7:38; Psa. 65:9; Rev. 22:1-2.

Road raid. 1 Sam. 27:10.

Roast A symbol of thoroughness of the judgment of God. Ex. 12; 2 Chron. 35:13.

Robe, best A symbol of Christ risen, our righteousness in the Divine presence. Luke 15:22.

Rock He who heard the sayings of the Lord, and did them is compared to a man who built a house on the rock, which no storms or floods could shake. Matt. 7:24-25; Luke 6:48. The nature of man is compared to a rock, on which some of the seed of the gospel falls. Luke 8:6,13. The Lord said, “Thou art Peter [πέτρος], and upon this rock [πέτρα] I will build My church.” The rock was what Peter confessed, Christ Himself, the Son of the living God. Matt. 16:16-18: see 1 Cor. 3:11; 10:4. A symbol of firm, immovable foundation. Psa. 31:2; Matt. 7:24-25; 16:18.

Rod

1. A symbol of authority and power displayed in chastening or judgment. Psa. 2:9; Isa. 10:5; 1 Cor. 4:21; Rev. 2:27.

2. A symbol of grace bestowed. Psa. 23:4; Heb. 9:4.

3. A symbol of a tribe or people. Psa. 74:2.

Roe This clean animal, whose flesh was ever a delicacy, is one of the most beautiful of horned animals. The roebuck or gazelle, for they are identical, is still found in Israel, and the sacred writers frequently refer to the beauty, swiftness, elegance, and other traits of this species of deer. Song of Sol. 2:7; Deut. 12:15.

Rome The well-known chief city of Italy. It is only mentioned in the N.T. by name as the seat of the Roman Empire. Acts 2:10; 18:2; 23:11; 28:16; Rom. 1:7,15. But it is also referred to as the head of apostate Christendom, see Rev. 17.

Rose of Sharon is twice referred to in Scripture – Isa. 35 and Song of Sol. 2:1. What particular flower is indicated by the “Rose” and “Lily” cannot be determined. Beauty and fragrance are however characteristics of the Israel roses. It is a symbol of the Spouse in her fragrance and beauty.

Rue a medicinal plant is a plant mentioned only in the New Testament, and has long been used as a disinfectant in fevers.

Rufus

1. Son of Simon, a Cyrenian, who bore the cross of the Lord. Mark 15:21.

2. A Christian at Rome to whom Paul sent a salutation, to which he adds “and his mother and mine,” no doubt as the literal mother of Rufus, and as one who had been practically a mother to Paul. Rom. 16:13.

Ruler

1. ἄοχων, any “chief man,” Rom. 13:3.

2. ἡγεμών, PRETOR (as above), Mark 13:9; Luke 21:12.

3. πολιτάοχης, “head or ruler of the citizens,” a Politarch, Acts 17:6-8.

Ruth beauty. Israel taken up in the future, on the ground of sovereign grace alone, figured by Ruth, a Moabitess, in herself utterly destitute of right to blessing. Deut. 23:3. Name occurs about 13 times in the Scriptures. Ruth 1.

Rye was both an Egyptian and Palestinian cereal.

S

Sabachthani An Aramaic word signifying “forsaken.” Matt: 27:46; Mark 15:34.

Sabaoth

Sabbath A Hebrew word signifying “hosts.” This word always refers to the Jewish Sabbath, and had among Christians been so entirely superseded by the first day of the week, the Lord’s Day, that it is but once named in all the Epistles, Col. 2:16, where it is called “a shadow of things to come.” There remaineth a sabbatical rest for the people of God. Heb. 4:9. The modern Greek name for Sunday is κυριακή Lord’s day, as in Revelation 1:10. The Lord of Sabaoth corresponds with Jehovah of Hosts in the Old Testament. Rom. 9:29; James 5:4.

Sackcloth A rough cloth made of hair, of which sacks and coarse clothing were made. When worn as a symbol of repentance or sorrow it was worn next the skin. Matt. 11:21; Luke 10:13; Rev. 6:12; 11:3.

Sacrifice Often used with reference to the Jewish sacrifices; but Christ came “to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself.” After that one sacrifice, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins. Eph. 5:2; Heb. 9:26; 10:12,26. We are exhorted to present our bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is our intelligent service. Rom. 12:1. To do good and to communicate are sacrifices well pleasing to God. Phil. 4:18; Heb. 13:16. We are exhorted to offer by Christ the sacrifice of praise to God. Heb. 13:15; see also 1 Pet. 2:5.

Sadducees Much less is known of these. Scripture tells us that they did not believe in the resurrection, nor in angels nor spirits, Matt. 22:23; Acts 23:8; the soul perished with the body, Acts 4:1-2. They held to the strongest view of the power of man’s will to good or bad, consequently they were severe judges. They were strict in their regard to the written law; but denied everything not literally and plainly taught in the Scripture, such as the resurrection. They refused the traditions of the elders. Scripture at times classes the Sadducees with the Pharisees in the rebukes administered: “O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?” Matt. 3:7. “A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign. ... Take heed and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees.” Matt. 16:4,6. The Sadducees were not nearly as numerous as the Pharisees, and had not as much influence as they; though some of them held the office of high priest and sat in the Sanhedrim.

Saffron is much prized as a condiment; it flavours and enriches soups and food generally. As an aromatic plant it is one of the finest of the perfumes, and is obtained from the Crocus flower.

Saints “Holy ones,” see Heb. 3:1; not that it implies that Christians never sin, but they are set apart for God, and are saints by calling, Rom. 1:7; 1 Cor. 1:2. In Matthew 27:52 we read of “saints” being raised, no doubt O.T. saints. In the Revelation we read of “saints” on the earth after the church will have been taken from the earth. This proves that the term in the N.T. is not confined to believers of the present dispensation, and throws much light on some parts of prophecy.

Salamis A city on the S.E. of Cyprus. By synagogues (in the plural) being mentioned, there were doubtless many Jews living in the place when Paul and Barnabas visited it. Acts 13:5.

Salem Supposed by some to refer to Jerusalem, because of Psalm 76:2 (see Gen. 14:18). Heb. 7:1-2.

Salim John 3:23. {See Aenon.}

Salmone The east point of the island of Crete. Acts 27:7.

Salome One of the women who witnessed the crucifixion, and who brought spices to anoint the Lord’s body. Mark 15:40; 16:1.

Salt

1. A symbol of preservation. Matt. 5:13.

2. A symbol of sound words. Col. 4:6.

3. A symbol of savour, preservation, purification, of perpetuity and incorruption. Mark 9:49.

Salt, too much, (Deut. 29:23; Judg. 9:45) Symbol of judgments.

Salvation It is referred to safety from any danger, as Paul in the shipwreck. etc., Acts 27:31; Heb. 11:7, etc.; but especially has reference to the eternal salvation of the soul. The saints are spoken of as already saved. 2 Tim. 1:9: see also 2 Cor. 2:15; Eph. 2:5,8; Titus 3:5. They are not yet in the glory, and therefore salvation is also spoken of as in the future. Rom. 13:11. In the meantime they are to work out their own salvation from all the evils that are around. Phil. 2:12: see also Heb. 7:25. Salvation, past, present, and future, may be illustrated by Israel being saved out of Egypt, through the wilderness, and into Canaan.

Samaria Some passages refer to the district, situate in the center of Israel, through which travelers passed from Judaea to Galilee. Luke 17:11; John 4:4-5; Acts 1:8; 15:3, etc. In Acts 8:5,9,14 the city of Samaria is spoken of. It was in the O.T. the capital of Israel after the division, 1 Kings 16:24,29. It was razed to the ground by John Hyrcanus but was afterward rebuilt and enlarged by Herod, who called it Sebaste. This was the city visited by Philip. It is beautifully situated, about 6 miles north-west of Nablous, but is now only a miserable village, called Sebustiyeh, with many relics of its former grandeur.

Samos An island on the west coast of Asia Minor, near Ephesus. Acts 20:15.

Samothracia A mountainous island at the extreme N.E. corner of the Aegean Sea. Acts 16:11.

Sanctification ἀγιασμός, devoted to holiness. The same word is translated “holiness.” Rom. 6:19,22; 1 Thess. 4:7; 1 Tim. 2:15; Heb. 12:14. Sanctification is often spoken of as true of all saints, 1 Cor. 6:11; it is in Christ Jesus, 1 Cor. 1:2; and it is by the Holy Spirit, Rom. 15:16. Christ is made unto us sanctification, 1 Cor. 1:30. The saints are also addressed as “holy,” Col. 3:12; 1 Thess. 5:27; Heb. 3:1; “the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are,” 1 Cor. 3:17. Other passages speak of sanctification as a thing being accomplished in the saints. Our Lord prayed that we might be sanctified through the truth: He has set Himself apart in the glory that this might be true of us. John 17:17,19. Paul prayed that the very God of peace might sanctify the Thessalonians wholly, in spirit, soul, and body. 1 Thess. 5:23. The root idea in this word, wherever it occurs in the Scriptures, means setting apart towards an object, and its measure is Christ on high. John 17:19. We have absolute sanctification taught in 1 Corinthians 1:30; 6:11; Hebrews 10:14. We have positional sanctification unfolded in Hebrews 13:12; and progressive sanctification in John 17:17; 1 Thessalonians 5:23. Sanctifying and cleansing are both ascribed to the “Word,” Eph. 5:26; the former setting an object before the soul, the latter completely removing all blemish and defilement. We are sanctified, and are being sanctified. It is as we realize the former and live in its power, that the latter is produced. Both truths should be held with an even hand, both weighed and held in the seven-fold light of the sanctuary.

Sanctuary The holy part of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, Heb. 9:1-2; 13:11, and “the Holiest of all,” Heb. 9:3,8; 10:19. The sanctuary is here called “a worldly” one — it had become such, and stands in contrast to the true tabernacle which the Lord pitched and not man, of the holy things (it is plural) of which the Lord is minister. Heb. 8:2.

Sand A symbol of countless multitudes. Gen. 22:17; 32:12; Psa. 139:18.

Sandals A sole, of wood or leather, fastened to the foot by strings. Mark 6:9; Acts 12:8.

Sapphira The wife of Ananias, who had agreed with her husband to keep back part of the money for which they had sold their land. She fell down at the feet of Peter and expired. Acts 5:1.

Sapphire, σάπφειρος. An azure or sky-blue stone. Rev. 21:19. Occurs in the LXX in Ex. 24:10; Song of Sol. 5:14; Ezek. 28:13, etc. {See “Chalcedony.”}

Sapphire A symbol of glory of the throne of God. Ex. 24:10; Ezek. 1:26.

Sara, Sarah princess. Wife of Abraham: held up as an example of faith, because she judged Him faithful who had promised. An example of an obedient wife, whose daughters morally all Christian wives should be. Rom. 4:19; 9:9; Heb. 11:11; 1 Peter 3:6. A figure of the covenant of grace or promise, Gal. 4:22-31, offered to the Jews, Acts 3:25. Name occurs about 60 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 17.

Sardine, Sardius σάρδιος, -ον, -νος: Stones found in Sardis in Lydia of various colours, some a blood red, and others golden. Rev. 4:3; 21:20. Occurs in the LXX in Ex. 25:7; 28:17; 35:8; 36:17; 39:10; Prov. 25:11-12; Ezek. 28:13. {See “Chalcedony.”}

Sardis Once the rich and chief city of Lydia (where Croesus was king) in the west of Asia Minor. Rev. 1:11; 3:1,4. In the thirteenth century it was destroyed, and now there is only a village with a few inhabitants. {See Ephesus, footnote.}

Sardonyx σαρὀόνυξ. A variety of Chalcedony of various colours, with stripes of a different shade. Rev. 21:20. “Aquila” has the word in Genesis 2:12.

Sarepta It was on or near the seashore in Phoenice, between Tyre and Sidon. Its being a Gentile town gives point to the Lord’s reference to it. Luke 4:26; called in 1 Kings 17:9, Zarephath. A poor village on the hills is called Surafend, but the ruins are on the seashore.

Saron, Sharon, Plain of A maritime district lying north of Jaffa. Acts 9:35. Same as the Plain of Sharon, 1 Chron. 27:29.

Satan The personal name of the devil, the great enemy of God and man. He deceived Eve, and has been and is the great tempter of man to do evil, as he also tempted the Lord. He is called the “god of this world” and the “prince of the power of the air.” His power was annulled for the Christian by Christ on the cross, and believers are exhorted to resist him and he will flee from them; but his wiles are dangerous, for he is able to transform himself into an angel of light. He has access to the lower heavens, from which he and his angels will be cast out. He will be chief of the trinity of evil in conjunction with the head of the future Roman empire and Antichrist. He will be shut up in the bottomless pit for the thousand years of the millennium. After that he will be released for a short time, and will gather the nations together to war against the saints and the beloved city, Jerusalem. The fire of God will destroy the army, and Satan will be cast into the lake of fire and brimstone for eternity. He is called the father of lies and a murderer from the beginning, a great dragon, and the old serpent. See Ezek. 28:11-19.

Saul asked for. Israel’s first king, reigned forty years over all 12 tribes. The history is fully recorded in the first book of Samuel. Man’s choice. Type of the future anti-Christian king who will reign in Israel before the Lord will assume the sovereignty of the world. Dan. 11:36. {See Paul.}

Sau asked for. The future Antichrist, who will reign as king in Israel. Dan. 11:36. Name occurs about 400 times in the Scriptures. 1 Sam. 9.

Saviour The blessed Lord is often called our “Saviour,” and He is also called “the Saviour of the world.” John 4:42. We meet also with “God our Saviour,” or our Saviour-God, 1 Tim. 1:1, etc., which is borne out by many passages. See John 3:16; Rom. 8:33; 1 John 4:9. In 1 Timothy 4:10 God is declared to be the Saviour or preserver of all men.

Savourest mindest. Matt. 16:23.

Sayest i.e. truly Matt. 27:11.

Scall scab. Lev. 13:30.

Scarce, Scarcely with difficulty. Acts 14:18; 1 Peter 4:18.

Scarlet The well-known brilliant colour. Matt. 27: 28 [see “purple” in Mark 15:17]; Heb. 9:19; Rev. 17:3-4; 18:12,16; Lam. 4:5; Num. 4:8. A symbol of worldly grandeur and glory, and thus in the Revelation applied to Rome as a woman sitting on a scarlet beast: she was arrayed in purple and scarlet.

Sceptre

1. A sign of royal authority.

2. A symbol of tribal character of Israel. Esther; Amos 1:5,8; Gen. 49:10.

Schism Simply “division,” as the same word is often translated (John 7:43; 1 Cor. 1:10; 11:18; 1 Cor. 12: 25.

Schoolmaster Used symbolically of what the law was to the Jew (not to the Christian) up to Christ. Gal. 3:24-25.

Science Simply “knowledge,” as the Greek word is often translated. Luke 11:52; Rom. 11:33; 1 Cor. 8:1,7,10-11; Phil. 3:8; 2; 1 Tim. 6:20; Peter 1:5-6.

Scorpion(s) This reptile is very common in the East and wary travellers are careful where they sit as scorpions are found under loose stones, in ruins, etc. and when disturbed sting sharply and severely. Deut. 8:15; Luke 10:19; 11:12. They are lobster-like in appearance, and their poison is secreted in their tails, which they strike with excruciating pain is the result, and oftentimes death, hence the allusion in Revelation 9:3,5,10. A symbol of instruments of mental distress and torment. Rev. 9; Ezek. 2:6.

Scourge, Overflowing A symbol of the King of the north — great political enemy of the Jews and leader of the peoples attacking Israel in the last days. Isa. 28:15,18.

Scourging It was the custom of the Romans to scourge their prisoners, and it was allowed to the Jews to scourge those they judged to be guilty. The punishment was either by rods or whips, the latter being accounted the more painful. Paul was beaten three times with rods, 2 Cor. 11:25, and five times with whips, 2 Cor. 11:24. The Jews were forbidden to inflict more than forty stripes, so that with a whip of three thongs they could give only 39 (2 Cor. 11: 24). We learn from Matthew 27:26; Mark 15:15 that the Lord was scourged by whips, φραγελλόω. The Lord “scourgeth every son whom He receiveth,” Heb. 12:6.

Scrabble to scratch. 1 Sam. 21:13.

Scribes These are often spoken of in the New Testament. They probably took their name from being writers of the law, and from thence came to be teachers of the law. They, with the Pharisees, are described as sitting in Moses’ seat, Matt. 23:2, which would imply more than writing the law: what “they bid” was to be observed; and what they “taught,” Matt. 7:29. The Lord was obliged to add that their works were not to be followed. “Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in,” Matt. 23:13. Other woes follow, and then they were addressed: “Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?” Matt. 23:33.
How the scribes taught we do not know, but the people were astonished at the teaching of the Lord: for He taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes, for He had the welfare of their souls at heart, Matt. 7:29. The Scribes cannot be treated as a separate and distinct sect, but were rather a selection from the several sects, Acts 23:9, who taught the people, so that a person might be both scribe and Pharisee, or scribe and Sadducee. Thus the Pharisee, who was a lawyer in Matthew 22:34-35, is called a scribe in Mark 12:28.

Scrip bag, wallet. Matt. 10:10.

Scythian An inhabitant of the barbarous district north of the Caspian and Black Seas. The term was used to signify the most uncultivated people. Col. 3:11.

Sea

1. A symbol of mass of the peoples in a state of anarchy and confusion. Rev. 8:8; 13:1; Matt. 13:1.

2. A symbol of restlessness of mere nature. Isa. 57:20.

Seal

1. A symbol of confirmation. Security. 2 Tim. 2:19; 1 Cor. 9:2; Eph. 4:30.

2. A symbol of marked for blessing and preservation. Rev. 7; 9:4.

Sealing Sealing is the marking of one for God. It implies that those thus marked or sealed are appropriated and preserved for God. Rev. 7:1-8. Believers are sealed with the Holy Spirit, He being the seal. The consequence of thus possessing the Holy Spirit is to impart the blessed consciousness of relationship, for it is by the Spirit we cry “Abba, Father.” The Holy Spirit dwelling in us is also the power for walk. Rom. 8:14-15, and for worship, John 4:23, and for enjoyment, John 7:38-3). By this also we know that we are in Him — blessed position! — and also that He is in us — solemn responsibility! Sealed with the Spirit and born of the Spirit are distinct actions. “After that ye believed, ye were sealed.” Eph. 1:13. The interval between believing and sealing may be very brief or prolonged, but the point is that the one follows the other. Quickening and the new birth go together, while salvation and sealing are equally coupled. The indwelling Holy Spirit is the seal of salvation, and also the earnest of glory to come, Eph. 1:13-14. The Lord was sealed by God the Father, John 6:27, by the Holy Spirit coming upon Him at His baptism. Believers are sealed by the Holy Spirit unto the day of redemption when the Holy Spirit is given to them, 2 Cor. 1:22; Eph. 1:13; 4:30. The 144,000 of Israel are to be sealed on their foreheads, Rev. 7:3-8.

Seals These were of various forms, with devices engraved on stones. Some had a device on both sides, and were on pivots so that either side could be used. Such a double seal is implied in 2 Tim. 2:19: heaven’s side being, “The Lord knoweth them that are His”; and earth’s side, “Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.” When we believe the testimony of the Lord, we symbolically attest its truth by setting our seal to it (John 3:33). The roll of coming judgments in Revelation 5 has seven seals attached, which the Lord will open.

Sect {See Heresy.}

Secure void of care. Judg. 8:11.

Seethe to boil. Ex. 16:23.

Selah Pause; consider. Occurs about 70 times in the book of Psalms; also three times in the prophet Habakkuk chapter 3.

Seleucia A seaport of Syria, in the north, near to Antioch, and where Paul and Barnabas landed on their first missionary journey. It is now all deserted. Acts 13:4.

Sensual Led by the senses. In James 3:15 “sensual” is classed with “earthly, devilish,” and in Jude 19 it is in contrast to having the Spirit. It characterizes the flesh of fallen man.

Sepulchre {See “Sepulchres, Tombs and Burials”.}

Seraphim (plural) announce the holiness of Jehovah, the Divine glory being their great care and concern; they are only once named in Scripture (Isa. 6); God’s righteousness is the great care of the Cherubim.

Sergius Paulus Roman proconsul of Cyprus, an intelligent man, who called for Barnabas and Saul that he might hear the word of God; he believed, being astonished at the doctrine of the Lord. Acts 13:7.

Serjeant όαβδοῦχος, literally “one who has a rod,” an inferior Roman officer who attended the magistrates to execute their orders, a Lictor. They carried on their shoulders a bundle of rods, in the center of which was an axe, as may often be seen in Roman illustrations. Acts 16:35,38.

Serpent There are so many kinds of serpents that to enumerate them here would be apart from our object. Fully 600 species are known to naturalists. The serpent is the symbol of subtlety and guile, of Satanic and worldly wisdom. Prov. 30:19; Gen. 3; Matt. 10:16; 2 Cor. 11:3; Isa. 27:1; Gen. 49:17.Remarkable for its subtlety; the Lord exhorted His disciples to be as prudent as serpents, Matt. 10:16; but He also calls the Scribes and Pharisees “serpents” because of their cunning mixed with deceit, Matt. 23:33. The danger of serpents is alluded to in Matt. 7:10; Mark 16:18; Luke 10:19; 11:11; 1 Cor. 10:9; Rev. 9:19. Satan is called “that old serpent,” the serpent that “beguiled” Eve, 2 Cor. 11:3; Rev. 12:9,14-15. The crucifixion of our Lord is compared to the brazen serpent lifted up by Moses, John 3:14, as a type of the victory of the cross over sin and Satan.

Servant

1. δοὔλος, one in a servile state, a slave. It is the word most commonly used in the N.T. for servant or rather bondman. Rev. 6:15. In Philippians 2:7 the Lord is said to have taken the form of a bondman. Paul, Peter, James, and John all call themselves bondmen of Jesus Christ; and the saints are constantly addressed as such.

2. παῖς,”a child,” irrespective of age, a servant. Matt. 8:6,8,13; 14:2; Luke 15:26; Acts 4:25. It is applied to the Lord as servant, Matt. 12:18; Acts 4:27,30; and to Israel and to David. Luke 1:54,69.

3. διάκονος, deacon, or servant, in general. John 2:5,9. It is applied to the Lord, Rom. 15:8; Gal. 2:17; to magistrates, Rom. 13:4; and often to labourers in the church. It is translated “deacon,” Phil. 1:1; 1 Tim. 3:8,12; and is applied to Phebe as “a servant of the church,” Rom. 16:1.

4. οίκέτηο, “a household servant.” Luke 16:13; Acts 10:7; Rom. 14:4; 1 Peter 2:18.

5. ύπηρέτης, one under authority, an official servant. It is translated “servant.” Matt. 26:58; Mark 14:54,65; John 18:36.

6. θεράπων, retainer, servant. Occurs only in Hebrews 3:5 in reference to Moses.

7. μισθωτός, μίσθιος, “hired servant,” as labourers were hired in Matt. 20. Mark 1:20; Luke 15:17,19. Hireling, John 10:12-13, is the same as “hired servant.” Slaves once occurs in the A.V., Rev. 18:13, where it should read “bodies” and souls of men.

Seth appointed. Christ in resurrection (Abel in death), the appointed heir of all things, and head of the new creation. Name occurs about 9 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 4.

Seven) Symbol of perfection in mystery, (throughout Revelation).

Shadow Symbol of protection. Mark 4:32; Psa. 91:1.

Shallum retribution. He reigned one month over Israel. Ascended the throne by conspiracy and murder, and himself slain in turn. 2 Kings 15.

Shear-Jashub a remnant shall return. A prophetic sign and name, intimating that a remnant of Israel will be spared from judgment, and recommence the history of the nation in her land. Name occurs but once. Isa. 7:3.

Sheep The first occupation mentioned in Scripture is that of shepherd and the first animal the sheep. Isa. 53:7: John 10. There is no animal so frequently spoken of in the Bible, and none which is so full in illustrating God’s gracious care, and generally of moral character. For sacrifice, for food, and as wealth the sheep occupies the principal place amongst animals in Scripture, and this is not to be wondered at, for Israel is pre-eminently a pastoral country. The occupation of shepherd was anciently an honored and highly respected one; the King of Moab tended his own sheep, so does Jehovah, Psa. 23, and so does our blessed Lord, 1 Peter 5:4. A symbol of objects of God’s care. John 10; 1 Peter 2:25.

Shepherd, Sheep The beautiful symbolical language of Scripture as to Christ being the Shepherd and His followers the sheep, would be well understood in Israel, where many sheep may often be seen following the shepherd, and where they each have a name, and know the shepherd’s voice. The Lord is called the good Shepherd, who gave His life for the sheep, John 10:11,14-15; the great Shepherd, brought from among the dead in the power of the blood of the eternal covenant, Heb. 13:20; and the chief Shepherd, who in the manifestation will give to the faithful under-shepherds the unfading crown of glory, 1 Peter 5:4. Christ led His sheep out of the Jewish fold, and He had other sheep (Gentile Christians), which were not of that fold, these are united into one flock (as John 10:16 should read), there being no longer any sheepfold. A symbol of guide, guardian. Heb. 13:20; 1 Peter 2:25. A symbol of civil and ecclesiastical rulers and guides. Nah. 3:18; Ezek. 34.

Sherd shred, fragment. Isa. 30:14.

Shewbread “Bread of presentation” Matt. 12:4; Mark 2:26; Luke 6:4; Heb. 9:2. The twelve loaves were continually before the Lord in the holy place, even after the 10 tribes had separated.

Shield A symbol of protection and defence. Gen. 15:1; Psa. 3:3; Eph. 6:16.

Ships A symbol of commerce. Gen. 49:13; Rev. 8:9; 18:19.

Shittim Wood or stem of the Shittah Tree, was extensively employed in the construction of the Tabernacle. It abounded in the Arabian Deserts, and could be easily procured in the Sinaitic Peninsula. From its quantity and various properties, it was admirably adapted for the sacred purposes to which it was applied. A symbol of the holy humanity of our Lord Jesus. See book of Exodus.

Shoes off A symbol of reverence. Ex. 3:5.

Shoes The same as sandals, pieces of leather or wood worn under the foot, tied by strings. Matt. 3:11; 10:10, etc. A symbol of Christian walk and wilderness traveling. Ex. 12:11; Eph. 6:15.

Shoulder A symbol of ability; strength to bear or carry burdens. Isa. 22:22; Luke 15:5.

Shrines Models of the heathen temple. Acts 19:24.

Sicarii These are referred to in Acts 21:38, but are there called “murderers.” They were as assassins called Sicarii from the weapon which they carried — a dagger bent like the Roman sica. This they concealed under their garments until within reach of their victims. Josephus also mentions the Egyptian, their leader, who pretended to be a prophet. In his account he gives his followers as 30,000, which may have been the ultimate number gathered to him. Acts 21:38 names 4,000 as having been “led out into the wilderness.”

Sidon called Zidon in the O.T. A port and city in Phoenice. It was of great renown in O.T. times, but was prophesied against by Jehovah. Matt. 11:21; 15:21; Mark 3:8; 7:24; Luke 4:26; 6:17; 10:13; Acts 12:20; 27:3. The place is still a green spot, and its fruits of the best quality.

Sign {See Miracles.}

Silas A prophet and a “chief man” among the brethren, sent from Jerusalem with Paul and Barnabas, testifying to the decision as to the freedom of Gentiles from keeping the law. He accompanied Paul in his second missionary journey, was imprisoned at Philippi, where, with Paul, he sang praises to God, though he had been much beaten, and his feet were in the stocks. Acts 15:22-40; 16:19,25,29; 17:4,10,14-15;18:5.

Silk Supposed to be so named from the place called Seres, in the East, from which it first came. Rev. 18:12.

Siloam, Pool of John 9:7,11. {See Jerusalem.}

Siloam, Tower of This has not been identified. Luke 13:4.

Silvanus By comparing these passages (2 Cor. 1:19; 1 Thess. 1:1; 2 Thess. 1:1; 1 Pet. 5:12) with the Acts, it is generally supposed that Paul alludes to Silas. Whether Peter also refers to the same we have no means of knowing.

Silver The common white metal, next in value to gold. Rev. 9:20; 18:12. “Pieces of silver” are often referred to as money. Matt. 26:15; 27:3,5-6,9; Luke 15:8-9; Acts 19:19. {See Money in Bible Subjects}

Silver A symbol of the price of Redemption — the precious blood of Christ. Ex. 30:12-16.

Silverling silver coin. Isa. 7:23.

Simeon

1. A just and pious man at Jerusalem, to whom it was revealed that he should not see death before he had seen the Lord’s Christ. On the presentation of Jesus he took Him up in his arms, blessed God, and said, “Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace, according to Thy word; for mine eyes have seen Thy salvation.” Luke 2:25.

2. The Hebrew form of Simon, alluding to Peter Acts 15:14. In 2 Peter 1:1 it is also Simeon in the Greek.

3. A teacher at Antioch, surnamed Niger. Acts 13:1.

4. One in the genealogy in Luke 3:30.

Simon

1. Simon Peter {see Peter}.

2. Simon the Canaanite (or Canaanite, or Zealot, and therefore called Simon Zelotes), one of the twelve apostles, but of whom nothing further is recorded. Matt. 10:4; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13.

3. Simon, one of the brethren of the Lord. Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3.

4. Simon the leper, at whose house “a woman” anointed the head of the Lord. Matt. 26:6; Mark 14:3. By comparing these passages with John 12:1-3 it would appear that Martha and Mary lived in the same house with, and were perhaps related to, Simon, and that it was Mary who used the ointment.

5. Simon the Cyrenian who was made to carry the Lord’s cross. Matt. 27:32; Mark 15:21; Luke 23:26.

6. Simon the Pharisee, who invited Jesus to his house, where a woman who was a sinner anointed the feet of the Lord, which raised unworthy thoughts in Simon’s mind, and led to his being rebuked, while the woman was forgiven. Luke 7:36-50.

7. Simon, father of Judas Iscariot. John 6:71.

8. Simon the tanner, at whose house Peter was lodging when sent for by Cornelius. Acts 9:43.

9. Simon Magus, one who had deceived the people of Samaria by magic arts, but who professed to believe at the preaching of Philip. When he saw that the apostles were able to impart the Holy Spirit by the laying on of their hands, he offered money to purchase the like powers (from which has arisen the word “Simony”); but was denounced by Peter. Tradition records that he did much mischief among the saints, and died by his own hand. Acts 8:9-24.

Sin Various Greek words are translated “sin” and “iniquity.”

1. ἀδικία, “unjust, injustice.” It is translated “wrong,” 2 Cor. 12:13; “unjust,” Luke 16:8; 18:6; “unrighteousness,” Luke 16:9; 2 Thess. 2:10; 1 John 5:17, etc.

2. ἀμαρτία, “deviation, sin.” This is the word commonly translated “sin.” It is used in Romans to chapter 5:11 for man’s sins; then in verse 12 onward for the principle of sin, or sin as man’s nature, Rom. 3:9,20; 4:7-8; 5:12-13,20-21; 6:1-23; 7:5-25; 1 John 1:7-9, etc.; once translated “sinful,” Rom. 8.3; “offence,” 2 Cor. 11: 7.

3. ἀνομία, -μος, “lawless,” “lawlessness.” Translated “unrighteousness,” 2 Cor. 6:14; “iniquity,” Matt. 24:12; Rom. 4:7; 6:19; 2 Thess. 2:7, etc., and [incorrectly] “transgression of the law,” 1 John 3:4. The verse should read, “Every one that practices sin practices also lawlessness; and sin is lawlessness.” This is important, being a definition of sin. We read of some who sinned without law.

4. παρανομία, “beside the law”: “transgression.” Translated “iniquity,” 2 Peter 2:16; and the verb “contrary to the law,” Acts 23:3.

5. παράπτωμα, “a falling away, offence, fault.” Translated “fall,” Rom. 11:11-12: “fault,” Gal. 6:1; James 5:16; “offence,” Rom. 4:25; 5:15-18,20; “trespass,” Matt. 6:14-15; 18:35; Mark 11:25-26; 2 Cor. 5:19; Eph. 2:1; Col. 2:13; “sins,” Eph. 1:7; 2:5; Col. 2:13.

6. πονηρία, “wickedness, malignity.” Translated “wickedness,” Matt. 22:18; Mark 7:22; Luke 11:39; Rom. 1:29; 1 Cor. 5:8; Eph. 6:12; “iniquity,” Acts 3:26.

7. Transgression is παράβασις from “to go beyond” or avoid a boundary; it supposes a law which can be broken, Rom. 4:15; 5:14; Gal. 3:19; 1 Tim. 2:14; Heb. 2:2; 9:15; it is always translated “transgression,” except in Romans 2:23, where it is “breaking.” The verb is once “fall by transgression,” Acts 1:25.

8. παρέρχομαι, “to pass by,” is once translated “transgressed,” Luke 15:29.

9. Two Greek words are translated “error”

a. άγνόημα, “a sin of ignorance,” Heb. 9:7.

b. πλάνη, “a wandering, straying.” It is “error,” Matt. 27:64; Rom. 1:27; James 5:20; 2 Peter 2:18; 3:17; 1 John 4:6; Jude 11; “delusion,” 2 Thess. 2:11; “deceit,” 1 Thess. 2:3; and “to deceive,” Eph. 4:14.

Sin and Sins Sin and sins are often confounded, but their distinctness and the application of Christ’s work thereto are essentially important in the understanding of Christianity, and for the profound peace of our souls. Paul in his great foundation epistle, the Romans, separately treats those subjects. The first three chapters discuss the question of what man has done — sins, and presents God’s answer in the blood of Jesus, Rom. 3:25; but from Rom. 5:12 Till Rom. 7 the subject is a much deeper one than of actions merely, it is of man’s state or condition. What I have done, refers to sins; what I am, is sin. Remission of sins is by blood, Eph. 1:7; deliverance from sin is by death, Rom. 6. Christ died for my sins, but I die in Him unto sin. Sins are forgiven, but sin is condemned. We do not want forgiveness for the state we are in by nature; we need deliverance from it. The sin of the world, that is all defilement and impurity, will most certainly be removed, the ground on which it will be righteously accomplished having been already laid in the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ. Heb. 9:26. “Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world,” John 1:29; the sin of the world and the sins of believers are never confounded in Scripture, 1 John 2:2. Many do confound them, but the difficulty is at once removed, and the perfect application of sin to the world and sins to believers established by deleting the italicized words in the text of 1 John 2:2.

Sina, Sinai, Mount In the O.T. Mount Sinai and Mount Horeb are closely associated; so Acts 7 speaks of the angel of the Lord appearing to Moses in a flame of fire in a bush in the wilderness of Mount Sina; whereas Exodus 3:1 speaks of it as being on the mountain of God, even Horeb. Acts 7:30,38; Gal. 4:24-25. A range of hills lies between the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akabah, which bears the names of Horeb and Sinai, the former embracing a larger range than the latter. In the Galatians it is used symbolically to point out the bondage of the law in contrast to the liberty of the children of God.

Sincere pure. 1 Pet. 2:2.

Sion Same as Mount Zion of the O.T. It was evidently a part of Jerusalem, which was also called the city of David, and where he dwelt. 2 Sam. 5:7; 1 Chron. 11:7. The ark was afterward taken to the same place. From this connection it came to be typical of the place of blessing, and also of the Messiah’s royal power on earth. It is not certain which part of Jerusalem was Mount Zion: it was probably on the S.W. communicating with the temple area by a bridge. Matt. 21:5; John 12:15; Rom. 9:33; 11:26; Heb. 12:22; 1 Peter 2:6; Rev. 14:1.

Sith since. Ezek. 35:6.

Six Symbol of short of perfection. The ‘six’ wings in Rev. 4:8 are two threes. Rev. 13:18.

Skin A symbol of outward appearance revealing inward condition. Lev. 13.

Sleep A symbol of death as to the body; it is never used of the soul. 1 Cor. 11:30; John 11:11; 1 Thess. 4:14. A symbol of moral death. 1 Thess. 5:6-7.

Sleight Methodic craft, “as practiced by dice-players,” characterized the teachings to which the apostle refers. Eph. 4:14.

Slime bitumen. Gen. 11:3.

Smoke A symbol of blinding and darkening judgment. Isa. 14:31; Rev. 9:2-3,17-18.

Smyrna A renowned commercial city in the west of Asia Minor, about 40 miles north of Ephesus. Rev. 1:11; 2:8. Polycarp is called in history the first bishop of Smyrna: it is where he suffered martyrdom. Modern Smyrna is a large city of more than 180,000 inhabitants; many are attached to the Greek and Armenian churches. Steamers from Europe call there. {See Ephesus.}

Snail These are the only places where the word occurs. In the one passage it is classed amongst the unclean and in the other the nasty slimy trail of this slow-going creature is referred to. Lev. 11:30; Psa. 58:8.

Snare Trap set for animals, a hidden danger — see Proverbs 1:17, Luke 21:35; Rom. 11:9; 1 Tim. 3:7; 6:9; 2 Tim. 2:26; also a noose, that could be thrown over to ensnare, 1 Cor. 7:35.

Snow A symbol of whiteness, purity. Rev. 1:14; Matt. 28:3; Lam. 4:7; Psa. 51:7.

Sober Sober-minded, Sobriety

1. Clearness of mind, unaffected by false influences. 1 Thess. 5:6,8; 1 Tim. 3:11; Titus 2:2; 1 Pet. 1:13; 5:8.

2. “Sound mind,” opposed to that which is foolish or erratic. Acts 26:25; Rom. 12:3; 2 Cor. 5:13; 1 Tim. 2:9,15; 3:2; Tit. 1:8; 2:4,12; 1 Pet. 4:7.

Sockets of Silver and of Brass A symbol of founded, established, secured on the ground of the blood of Christ (silver), and the divine ability of Christ in meeting the judgment of God (brass). See book of Exodus.

Sod to boil. Gen. 25:29.

Sodom, Sodoma Mostly associated with Gomorrah, cities of the plain, the destruction of which by direct judgment from heaven is recorded in Genesis 19 and is ever afterward held up as a warning to the wicked; and as pointing out that the rejecters of Christ and His gospel must look for an even more severe condemnation. In Revelation 11:8, Jerusalem, because of its grievous sins, is “spiritually called Sodom.” Matt. 10:15; 11:23; Mark 6:11; Luke 10:12; 17:29; Rom. 9:29; 2 Peter 2:6; Jude 7. The situation of the cities has not been traced, but they are supposed to have some association with the Dead Sea.

Soldier Those named in the N.T. are Roman soldiers. By Acts 23:23 it will be seen that a large number were kept at Jerusalem. The Jews had some to guard the temple, referred to in Matthew 27:65-66. That the soldiers’ temptation was to oppress the inhabitants is plain from the counsel John gave them. Luke 3:14. Paul describes the characteristics of the Christian soldier in 2 Timothy 2:3-4.

Solomon peaceable. Israel’s third king, reigned forty years over all 12 tribles. He is spoken of as “the king and the king’s son,” Psa. 72. Type of the Lord in millennial peace and glory. The united reigns of David and Solomon are typical of the millennial reign of the Lord Jesus Christ, and sought to by the near and distant heathen, 1 Kings 11. He is referred to in the New Testament, (a,) to teach that man’s works of art in their utmost glory are not to be compared with the simplest wild flower made by God; (b,) that though he was the wisest man, his wisdom was far exceeded by the Lord; (c,) that though Solomon built a house for God, yet the most high dwelleth not in hand-made temples. Matt. 6:29; 12:42; Luke 11:31; 12:27; Acts 7:47

Sometimes once. Eph. 2:13; 5:8; Titus 3:3.

Sonship Christians are termed “sons” and “children,” the former expressing their dignity, being a public title; the latter their filial relationship. Angels, because of their place and greatness in the scale of creation, are termed “sons of God,” Job 38:7. Jesus is called “the Son of God” because of His pre-eminent and personal place and glory, but not once is He termed “child of God.” In Acts 4:27, “child Jesus” should be “servant Jesus.” The apostle John in his epistles and gospel does not once style us “sons,” but always “children,” as the family and not the dignity of its members is his main theme. In John 1:12 and 1 John 3:2 “sons of God” reads “children of God.” Paul frequently treats both of relationship and dignity; hence the abundant use of the terms “children” and “sons” in his writings.

Soothsaying Divining, making professed revelations; but in Acts 16:16 the young woman was possessed by a “spirit,” which Paul cast out. {See Divination.}

Sorcerer, Sorcery

1. μἀγος Magi or wise men of the East, who might turn their knowledge to a legitimate or to a bad use. It is connected with magical arts (Acts 8:9,11; 13:6,8).

2. φαρμακός influenced by “a drug,” and hence magical incantation (Rev. 9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15): translated “witchcraft” in Galatians 5:20.

Sosthenes The chief ruler of the synagogue at Corinth, who was beaten by the Greeks before the judgment seat. The words “the Greeks” are omitted by most editors, and a few manuscripts read “the Jews”; but most probably Gentiles are meant. The Sosthenes of 1 Corinthians 1:1 may not be the same person. Acts 18:17; 1 Cor. 1:1.

Soul ψυχή, life, soul. The word is often translated “life,” Matt. 10:39; John 10:11,15,17; 1 John 3:16; Rev. 8:9) It is translated “heart,” Eph. 6:6, and “mind,” Acts 14:2; Phil. 1:27; Heb. 12:3, in all of which it is better translated “soul.” A man is composed of spirit, soul, and body, 1 Thess. 5:23. It is not always easy to distinguish between the soul and the spirit, but Scripture makes a difference: ψυχή is the only word translated “soul” in the A.V. and πνεῦμα is the common word for “spirit.” In Genesis 2:7 we read that God breathed into Adam’s nostrils the breath of life; and he, not had a soul, but became a soul. (See 1 Cor. 15:45). So that the “soul” represents personality, the “I” of each person. This agrees with Acts 2:41, where instead of speaking of so many “persons,” it is 3000 “souls.” (See also Luke 12:19.) Again, salvation is for the individual: “thou shalt be saved,” Acts 16:31, which is the same as the soul being saved, Heb. 10:39. Further, as to the Spirit, we learn that the essence of the law was for man to love God with his whole being: “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength,” Mark 12:30. Now here the “soul” is named; but what about the “spirit,” which is also a part of man, and which we may be sure is included? The “spirit” has been described as “the seat of the intellectual and moral power” of the man. This agrees both with 1 Corinthians 2:11, and with the above passage, for the heart, mind, and strength are the powers controlled by the “spirit.” In accordance with this we get exhortations as to our spirit which would not at all apply to our soul, as “Let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit,” 2 Cor. 7:1. Let the adorning of the wives be a “meek and quiet spirit.” 1 Peter 3:4. “Blessed are the poor in spirit.” Matt. 5:3. The spirit and the soul are the immortal parts of man. The Lord Jesus at His death commended His spirit unto His Father, Luke 23:46, and in Hebrews 12:23 we are come to “the spirits of just men made perfect.” Of the soul Jesus said men cannot kill it, Matt. 10:28. John in the Revelation on two occasions saw the souls of the martyrs, Rev. 6:9; 20:4. The spirit is the higher part of man, the part in which he is in relationship with God, inasmuch as God had breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. When the Holy Spirit is given to a Christian it is that he should not do the things that he would do by the flesh, Gal. 5:17; he is to pray with the Spirit; sing with the Spirit; walk in the Spirit; be led by the Spirit; so that in some passages it is difficult to say whether it is the Holy Spirit or a man’s own spirit that is spoken of. Blessed privilege for all who know it, and are walking in the power of an ungrieved Spirit.

Spain The well-known country in Europe. Whether Paul visited Spain after his first imprisonment at Rome is not known. We have no detailed record of his latest movements. Rom. 15:24,28.

Sparrow This is the most common small bird of any known and as there are upwards of 100 different kinds in Israel alone it is believed that as a rule the word must be taken as meaning small birds in general. They are the commonest of God’s creatures, yet a symbol of Divine care and regard for even the most common things. Psa. 84:3; Matt. 10:29,31.

Sped succeeded. Judg. 5:30.

Spices A symbol of Divine graces. A symbol of moral graces. Ex. 30:23-38; Song of Sol. 4:14.

Spider The plans and devices of the wicked are compared to the spider’s web, Isa. 59:5. This ingenious little insect weaves its web with consummate skill, which is all the more remarkable considering its fragile character. Job 8:14; Pro. 30:28.

Spikenard υάρδος πιστικός, “Pure nard,” supposed to be called spikenard because of the “spikes” put forth from the stalk of the plant, an Indian product. It is described as having a taste bitter and acrid, but is a costly aromatic perfume of agreeable smell. Mark 14:3; John 12:3.

Spirit {See Soul.}

Spiritual Mostly used in the N.T. in reference to the Holy Spirit, and that which He begets in the Christian, and which a natural man cannot know. 1 Cor. 2:13-16. The saints are built up a spiritual house, 1 Pet. 2:5; they are blessed with all spiritual blessings in the heavenlies in Christ, Eph. 1:3. As to the state of the saints we read of some who were “spiritual,” Gal. 6:1, and some who were not spiritual, but carnal, 1 Cor. 3:1. The body of the saint will be raised a spiritual body, fit for the glory, 1 Cor. 15:44,46. There is also spiritual wickedness in the heavenlies against which the Christian has to wrestle, Eph. 6:12. This word denotes a healthy, vigorous, Christian condition as opposed to an unhealthy one as “carnal,” or the state of the unbeliever as “natural.” The true, normal condition of the Christian, as indwelt and energized by the Holy Spirit, is set forth by this word “spiritual.”

Sporting disporting. 2 Peter 2:13.

Spue A symbol of loathing and utter rejection. Rev. 3:16; Lev. 18:28.

Stacte or the Gum of the Storax Tree is extensively used in chest complaints. An aromatic plant was one of the ingredients in the holy incense.

Staff

1. Sign of wilderness journeying. Psa. 23:4; Mark 6:8; Heb. 11:21.

2. Emblem of power and of judgment. Isa. 14:5; Isa. 10:5.

Stagger hesitate. Rom. 4:20.

Star in the East This was doubtless a “star” that God caused to appear for the occasion: “It ... stood over where the young child was.” Traditions were abroad that a deliverer was soon to be born, and God led the Magi to associate this star with the birth of a king of the Jews. They called it “His star.” Matt. 2:2-10.

Stars A symbol of subordinate lights and rulers. Mark 13:25; Rev. 1:16; 6:13; Rev. 8:12; 12:1; Dan. 8:10.

Staves of Shittim Wood and Gold A symbol of Christ in the dignity of his person (wood as man and gold as God) sustaining us in our wilderness path. Ex. 25:28.

Steads place. 1 Chron. 5:22.

Stephanas A Corinthian whom, with his household, Paul had baptized: they were the first fruits of Achaia, and had devoted themselves to minister to the saints. Paul exhorted the Corinthian saints to submit to them. 1 Cor. 1:16; 16:15,17.

Stephen One of the seven chosen to attend to the poor saints: he is there described as a man “full of faith and of the Holy Ghost.” Certain disputed with him, but were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by which he spake. They caused him to be brought before the Sanhedrim, in whose sight his face appeared like an angel’s. In his defence he charged them with always resisting the Holy Spirit, and with being the betrayers and murderers of the Just One. They cast him out and stoned him. He was the first Christian martyr, and to him the heaven was opened, and he saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God. Acts 6:5,8-9; 7:59; 8:2; 22:20.

Stoning A capital punishment by stones being hurled at the person. It was practiced in Egypt, Ex. 8:26, and was enacted by Moses, Lev. 20:2,27, etc. Attempts were twice made to stone the Lord, John 8:59; 10:31. Stephen was stoned to death, Acts 7:58-59. Paul was once stoned, and left for dead, Acts 14:19.

Stork This large bird was forbidden to the Jews as food. Jer. 8:7; Zech. 5:9. There are two kinds, black and white, both abounding in Israel. The regularity of her return to her old haunts, and the etymological signification of the word — implying tenderness and filial affection — has caused this well-known bird to be warmly welcomed, and in some countries actually protected by the law. It is also a useful sanitary bird.

Strait narrow. Matt. 7:13.

Stricken advanced. Luke 1:7.

Strike wave. 2 Kings 5:11.

Stumbling-block

1. σκάνδαλον, “to halt,” used for the “catch” of a trap or snare, that gives way when trodden on. Rom. 11:9; Rev. 2:14. In 1 Cor. 1:23 preaching Christ crucified became a stumbling-block to the Jews who demanded a sign.

2. πρόςκομμα, anything laid in the way, over which one may stumble, Rom. 14:13; 1 Cor. 8:9. Translated “stumbling,” 1 Peter 2:8, and “offence,” Rom. 14:20; and with λίθος, “stumbling stone,” Rom. 9:32-33.

Substitution Scripture nowhere speaks of Christ bearing the sins of the world. Dying for sins and bearing sins are believers’ truths. 1 Cor. 15:3; 1 Peter 2:24. Universal bearing of sins by Christ necessarily involves the monstrous thought of universal salvation by Christ. Substitution is the actual bearing of the sins of all who believe, and is taught in such passages as Isaiah 53:6; 1 Peter 2:24, etc. The sins, iniquities, and transgressions of the people (Israel) confessed over the head of the scapegoat, and the animal thus burdened sent away to return no more, finely illustrates the truth of substitution, Lev. 16:21-22; this substitutionary work will be made good for Israel on the return of Christ from the most holy place where He is now for us; then will Israel take up the language of their favourite prophet, Isaiah, and say, “The Lord hath laid on Him the iniquity of us all.” We, as believers on the Lord Jesus Christ, can now say our sins were borne by Him on the tree and are remembered no more, and this on the sure testimony of the Holy Spirit. Heb. 10:17.

Sun A symbol of supreme glory, light, power, and authority. Rev. 1:16; 8:12; 12:1; 16:8; Mal. 4:2.

Supper Symbol of a closing feast. Luke 14:16; 1 Cor. 11:20; Rev. 19:9,17.

Supper δεῖπνον, “an evening meal.” Last meal before midnight.

1. It refers to an ordinary meal or a feast, Mark 6:21; Luke 14:12; John 12:2; Rev. 19:9.

2. Typical of the gospel feast, Luke 14:16-24.

3. The paschal feast, Luke 22:20; John 13:2,4.

4. The supper of the great God for the fowls of the air when He acts in judgment, Rev. 19:17.

5. The Lord’s supper, 1 Cor. 11:20.

6. A symbol of grace or judgment. Luke 14:16-24; Rev. 3:20; 19:9,17.

Supplication {See Prayer.}

Susanna One of the pious women who had the honour of ministering to the Lord of their substance. Luke 8:3.

Swallow It is difficult to particularly identify the smaller birds which are much more plentiful in Israel than with us. No doubt a group of small migratory birds is here intended, birds almost ever on the wing moreover. As the sparrow is the most common of birds, the swallow is the most restless. A symbol of restlessness. Psa. 84:3; Prov. 26:2.

Swan This beautiful aquatic bird was ranked among the unclean birds. It little matters whether the modern swan is the one meant in the passage as undoubtedly a water bird is referred to. Lev. 11:18; Deut. 14:16.

Sweet-Cane an aromatic plant is mentioned in Jeremiah 6:20, and Isaiah 43:24, but is in other passages translated “Calamus”. {See Calamus.}

Swelling haughty. 2 Peter 2:18.

Swine This most filthy and unclean of all animals was an abhorrence to the Jews. Christ upheld the majesty of the law by granting permission to the expelled demons to enter the herd of swine and destroy them, for these animals ought not to have been kept within the territory of Israel. Deut. 14:8; Isa. 65:4. A swine herd was a degrading employment, Luke 15:15, and the filthy habits of the sow are made to illustrate a deeply important truth in 2 Peter 2:22. A symbol of uncleanness in nature and practice. Matt. 7:6; 2 Peter 2:22; Isa. 66:3,17; Deut. 14:8.

Sword The Romans used short broad swords, which hung in sheaths to a belt. The common people also carried swords, as is seen by Peter having one when the Lord was arrested. When the Lord was about to leave them He told them to buy a sword (take care of themselves). The sword of the Spirit is the Word of God, Eph. 6:17, which is sharper than any two-edged sword, Heb. 4:12. Magistrates bearing a sword (not a rod), Rom. 13:4, shows that capital punishment is in no way rescinded by the gospel. The Lord, on account of His rejection, said He had not come to send peace on the earth but a sword, Matt. 10:34: see Luke 2:14.

1. A symbol of keen searching judgment of the Word of God. Heb. 4:12.

2. A symbol of war and bloodshed. Judgment. Rev. 6:4; Rev. 19:15.

3. A symbol of magisterial authority and power. Rom. 13:4.

Sycamine This is supposed to be the black mulberry, which in the East is still called the Sycamenia. Luke 17:6.

Sycamore Tree The Ficus Sycomorus of botanists, a species of mulberry tree, bearing sycamore-figs, which are small and are only eaten by the poor, but neither as fine nor large as the ordinary fig of Eastern lands. It has strong branches, low down, and is admirably adapted for the purpose for which Zacchaeus selected it. Luke 19:4. The tree is used in the construction of the Mummy boxes of Egypt and in Egyptian articles of furniture generally. It is the most lasting wood known.

Sychar A city of Samaria, “near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Now Jacob’s well was there.” John 4:5. Its site has not been identified very clearly, but is associated by some with Sychem; but the Bordeaux Pilgrim, A.D. 333; speaks of Sichem as 1,000 paces from Sychar. Others place it at Askar.

Sychem The Greek form of Shechem. Acts 7:16. This is now mostly identified with the modern Nablous, which contains a small Samaritan synagogue, and five mosques. About a mile and a half to the S.E. is what is said to be Jacob’s well, and about a quarter of a mile to the north of this is the reputed Joseph’s tomb. Near to Nablous are the mountains of Ebal and Gerizim, on the latter of which the Samaritans still kill and eat the Passover, and there are ruins on a spot where it is supposed their temple stood (see John 4:20).

Synagogue {See “Synagogue and the Sanhedrin”.}

Syntyche A Christian woman at Philippi, who strove together with Paul in the gospel: she was exhorted to be of the same mind in the Lord with Euodias: they had apparently differed on some point. Phil. 4:2.

SyracuseA renowned city on the east coast of Sicily. Paul spent three days there on his voyage to Rome. Acts 28:12.

Syria It is named with Cilicia, and associated with the mission to the Gentiles. Syria lies to the north of Israel, with Mesopotamia on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea and Cilicia on the west; but the word “Syria” is used by the Romans as including Israel as well as the parts to the north. Matt. 4:24; Acts 15:23,41, etc.

Syrophenician A woman who was a Greek, but a Syrophenician by race; that is, one who was a native of Phenicia in the province of Syria. Being a Gentile, when she took the place of a dog, the Lord granted her petition. Mark 7:26.

T

Tabering tapping. Nah. 2:7.

Tabernacle The tabernacle is often spoken of in the Epistle to the Hebrews (Heb. 8-9), the temporary character of which coincides with the character of the epistle, the saints being viewed as on earth; and this stands in greater contrast to the many “eternal” things treated of in the epistle. The Lord was the minister of the “true” tabernacle, and high priest of good things to come by a “greater and more perfect” tabernacle. Heb. 8:2; 9:11. The saints were further led away from the earthly tabernacle by the solemn warning: “We have an altar, whereof they have no right to eat which serve the tabernacle.” Heb. 13:10; Christ was to supersede it all. Paul and Peter both beautifully apply the term “tabernacle” to their bodies, as only a temporary residence here. It is a symbol of temporary habitation. 2 Cor. 5:1,4; 2 Peter 1:13.

Tabernacles, Feast of {See Feasts.}

Tabitha A disciple at Joppa, who was full of good works and almsdeeds, and made garments for the poor. She fell sick and died; but as Peter prayed over her, life returned. Dorcas is the Greek for Tabitha, which means “a gazelle.” Acts 9:36-42.

Table tablet. Luke 1:63.

Table A symbol of communion, fellowship. Luke 22:30; 1 Cor. 10:21; Psa. 23:5; Lev. 24:6.

Tail A symbol of false prophets and false teaching. Isa. 9:14-15; Rev. 12:4.

Talent {See Money in Bible Subjects}

Talents A symbol of gifts for public service. Matt. 25:14-30.

Talitha “a damsel,” This is said to be a corrupt form of a Hebrew or Syriac word. The Syriac Testament has the same word in Luke 8:54. Mark 5:41.

Tares ζιζάυιον “darnel.” A noxious weed, which grows up tall and resembles wheat until the ear begins to be filled. The Arabs still call it “Zawan.” It is plentiful in Israel, and a source of anxiety to the growers of wheat. The seeds of this wheat-like grass are poisonous to man and beast and hurtful to all cereals. The women and children often pull up the darnel before the wheat is cut, others separate it after the wheat is cut, but before it is threshed. It is symbolical of Satan’s counterfeits brought into the kingdom. A symbol of religious but unsaved professors. Matt. 13:24-30.

Tarsus The capital of Cilicia in Asia Minor. It was “no mean city” of a Roman province. It was where Paul was born, and was at that time celebrated as a seat of learning. Paul visited Tarsus after his conversion, but we do not know the result. It has still some thousands of inhabitants. Acts 9:11,30; 11:25; 21:39; 22:3.

Taxed, Taxing The Romans at times took a census simply of the people, and at other times they made a register of every one’s estate, dignity, age, employment, and office. The census in Luke is supposed to have been a census of persons only (carried out among the Jews in their own way as to house and lineage), and the one in Acts to have been a full census of property, etc. which led to rebellion. Luke 2:1-3,5; Acts 5:37.

Teacher διδάσκαλος. 1 Cor. 12:28; Eph. 4:11. These are not often named; there were some at Antioch, Acts 13:1. Paul was appointed “a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and verity,” 1 Tim. 2:7. The Hebrew saints were chided because when they ought to have been teachers, they needed to be taught again the first principles — the A B C — of the oracles of God, Heb. 5:12. James cautioned his brethren against being many teachers: they should receive the greater judgment, “for we all often offend,” James 3:2. {See “Offices and Gifts in the Church”.}

Teeth

1. A symbol of cruelty.

2. A symbol of mischievous power. Dan. 7:5,7,19; Psa. 58:6.

Temperance self-control. Acts 24:25; Gal. 5:23; 2 Peter 1:6.

Tempest

1. A symbol of afflictions.

2. A symbol of judgment. Job 9:17; Psa. 11:6.

Temple

1. ίερόυ, from “sacred,” used for the courts of the temple. It embraced the place where the people came to worship, and where the Lord taught, Mark 12:35; Luke 20:1; John 8:20, etc.; also where they bought and sold, Matt. 21:12.

2. ναός, from “to dwell, inhabit,” and hence the house itself. It was here that Zacharias was visited by the angel (Luke 1:9,21-22), and is referred to in Matthew 23:16-17, 21. Matthew 27:5 presents a difficulty, because Judas is represented as casting the pieces of silver in the house itself, to which none had admission but the priests. Apparently he was repulsed by the chief priests and elders, and in his remorse may have thrown the money inside the holy place. Our Lord used the same word when He spake of His body, John 2:19. It is also used when the church is declared to be “the temple of God,” 1 Cor. 3:16-17; 2 Cor. 6:16; Eph. 2:21; the individual saint also is a “temple of the Holy Ghost,” 1 Cor. 6:19. The same word is employed for the place wherein Antichrist will sit, 2 Thess. 2:4. In the Revelation this same word is used in every mention of the temple. In Luke 11:51 it is literally “between the altar and the house.”

Temptation Used in the sense of

a. To make trial, test, prove, as when God “tempted” Abraham, Gen. 22:1; translated “try” in Hebrews 11:17. See also Rev. 2:2,10; 3:10.

b. “To tempt to evil,” as when the Lord was tempted by the devil, Matt. 4:1, etc.; as also the saints and all mankind are tempted, 1 Cor. 7:5; 1 Thess. 3:5.

c. “To tempt with an evil purpose,” as when the scribes and Pharisees sought to catch our Lord in His replies, Matt. 16:1; 19:3, etc..

d. “Putting to the proof,” as when Peter said to Sapphira, “How is it that ye have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord?” Acts 5:9; see also Acts 15:10; 1 Cor. 10:9; Heb. 3:9.

e. Another form of temptation is when it comes from within, when one is driven away of his own lusts, James 1:13-14. The Lord was tempted in all points like as we are, except this, from within, Heb. 4:15. This form of temptation is from indwelling sin, temptations do not give a bad conscience if they are resisted, as they were by the Lord. He succours those that are tempted, Heb. 2:18. Satan is emphatically the Tempter, Matt. 4:3; 1 Thess. 3:5.

Ten Symbol of full responsibility. Matt. 25:1; Rev. 17:12,16.

Testament {See Covenant.}

Tetrarch τετράρχης, strictly a Roman who governed the fourth part of a divided province, but also used for the governor of a small state. Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee. Matt. 14:1; Luke 3:1,19; 9:7; Acts 13:1. Herod Philip was tetrarch of Ituaear and Trachonitis; Lysanius of Abilene.

Thaddaeus {See Judas.}

The Apple Tree figures the Bridegroom in the Canticles. The fruit was rich, juicy, and beautiful. The “apple” of Scripture must not be confounded with the well-known fruit of that name so familiar to us.

Theatre A place used for public games, etc. but which was available for any public assembly. Acts 19:29,31. They were of a circular form with tiers of seats, and were open to the heavens.

TheophilusThe Christian to whom Luke addressed his gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, of whom nothing more is known. Luke 1:3; Acts 1:1. The term “most excellent” is the same as applied to governors of provinces. See Acts 23:26; 26:25.

Thessalonica A city in the S.E. of Macedonia. It was so named by Cassander, in honour of Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander the Great. It was visited by Paul on his second and third missionary journeys, and to the Thessalonians two epistles are addressed. Acts 17:1,11,13; 27:2; Phil. 4:16; 2 Tim. 4:10. It is now called Salonika, and, next to Constantinople, is one of the most important cities in European Turkey.

Theudas One who set himself up to be somebody and drew people after him; he was slain and his followers scattered. Cited as a proof that what is not of God comes to naught. Acts 5:36.

Thighs A symbol of strength. Dan. 2:32; Gen. 32:25; Psa. 45:3.

Thomas One of the twelve apostles, also called Didymus, a twin. It was he who said to the Lord, “We know not whither Thou goest, and how can we know the way?” To which Jesus replied, “I am the way, the truth, and the life.” Thomas also declared that he would not believe that the Lord had risen until he had seen and felt the marks of His wounds; but when he saw the Lord he at once confessed Him as “My Lord and my God.” He was not with the other disciples when the Lord breathed on them and said, “Receive ye the Holy Ghost,” and seems to be type of the future remnant who will not believe till they see the Lord. Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; John 11:16; 14:5; 20:24-29; 21:2; Acts 1:13.

Thorn There are several varieties of thorns in Israel, some of which grow into trees. Matt. 7:16; 13:7,22; 27:29, etc. In reference to the “crown of thorns,” there is a species called by the Arabs nebk or nabka, which has soft and pliant branches, easily twisted, but with sharp spines that would give much pain. The word for the “thorn in the flesh” given to Paul is used for anything sharp, as a pointed stick, or spine of a thorn. Apparently its effect was something that made him appear contemptible to the gainsayers, 2 Cor. 10:10.

1. A symbol of what is generally unprofitable. Heb. 6:8; Matt. 13:7.

2. A symbol of God’s instruments in chastening His people, of painful discipline. 2 Cor. 12:7; Num. 33:55.

Thought literally anxious thought. Matt. 6:25-34.

Thousands of Thousands A symbol of countless myriads. Rev. 5:11; Dan. 7:10.

Three Symbol of adequate testimony. Luke 13:7; 1 John 5:7-8.

Threshing Corn is threshed in the East either by oxen treading over it (which is spoken of in 1 Cor. 9:9; 1 Tim. 5:18), or by a small flat cart, in the bottom of which spikes are placed. These tear the straw into pieces ready for the cattle as food, the corn falling beneath the straw. He that thresheth does it in hope of obtaining the corn, 1 Cor. 9:10; as the apostle hoped to reap the fruit of his labours. See Gal. 6:9.

Throne Heaven is God’s throne. Matt. 5:34; 23:22; Acts 7:49. The Lord Jesus is sitting upon the throne of God — upon His Father’s throne, Heb. 8:1; 12:2. The twelve apostles will sit upon thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel, Matt. 19:28; Luke 22:30. The Lord Jesus will have a throne, and the faithful are to sit with Him on His throne (marvellous grace!) Rev. 3:21. In the Revelation the throne of God is repeatedly spoken of, and around the throne the four and twenty elders sit upon thrones (not “seats,” as in the A.V.), Rev. 4:4; 11:16. Satan gives a throne (seat in the A.V.) to the Roman beast, Rev. 13:2. The Great White Throne of judgment will be set to declare the final doom of the wicked dead (Rev. 20:11). A symbol of a seat of established authority. Isa. 66:1; Matt. 25:31; Rev. 4.

Thunder Symbol of God’s voice in judgment. Rev. 10:3-4; Psa. 29:3.

Thyatira Situated in Lydia in the west of Asia Minor, a day’s journey S.E. of Pergamos. Acts 16:14; Rev. 1:11; 2:18,24. It is still a town called Ak-hissar, where are many ruins. {See Ephesus.}

Thyine Wood θύἴνος. It is only mentioned in Revelation 18:12, and was at one time the most valuable of woods. A close-grained wood giving a fragrant smell especially when burnt. It was also used for decorative purposes. It has been identified as the “citron,” a native of Africa, and a wood greatly prized by the Romans.

Tiberias A city on the west shore of the Lake of Gennesaret, a little south of the center. It was founded by Herod Antipas, and named after the emperor Tiberius (the lake sometimes being called by the same name). It became the capital of the province of Galilee. It was classed by the Jews, along with Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed, as one of their four holy cities, renowned as seats of learned men. John 6:1,23. It is now called Tubariyeh, and has a population of about 3,000.

Timon One of the seven chosen to attend to the needs of the poor saints at Jerusalem. Acts 6:5.

Timothy, Timotheus A young disciple whom Paul met at Lystra or Derbe, though apparently he had been converted previously through Paul’s ministry, for he calls him his child. Though his mother and grandmother were devout Jewesses, his father was a Greek, and Paul, wishing to take Timothy with him, circumcised him, that the Jews should have no valid ground of objection against him. He was frequently with Paul in his journeys, as recorded in the Acts, and fulfilled commissions for the apostle. Paul associates Timothy with himself in several of his epistles, and writes two epistles directly to him. He declared that he had no one like-minded but Timothy, and his love for him was great. We gather from the instructions Paul gives him, as to bishops (overseers) and deacons, that he was a sort of delegate to lay his hands on such. Timothy had his share of suffering and imprisonment, for we read in Hebrews 13:23 that he was set at liberty. Tradition records that he died a martyr. Acts 16:1; 1 Cor. 4:17; 16:10; Phil. 2:19; etc.

Tire head-dress. Ezek. 24:17.

Tire, to to adorn. 2 Kings 9:30.

Tithe Under the law the tenth part of the increase of the flock and of the fruits of the ground was devoted to the service of the sanctuary, Lev. 27:30; but giving tithes was practiced earlier than the law. Gen. 14:20; 28:20-22; Matt. 23:23; Luke 18:12; Heb. 7:5-6,8-9.

Titus A Gentile convert who, though he accompanied Paul to Jerusalem, was not circumcised. He was associated with Paul in his dealing with the Corinthians, and he styles him partner, or companion, and fellow helper. He was Paul’s “own son after the common faith,” and was left by the apostle in Crete with authority to establish elders in every city. Paul wrote an epistle to him on the subject of maintenance of order in the church. 2 Cor. 2:13; 7:6,13-14; 8:6,16,23; 12:18; Gal. 2:1,3; 2 Tim. 4:10; Titus 1:4.

Tomb {See “Sepulchres, Tombs and Burials”.}

Tongue(s) The gift of speaking “in other tongues” was given to the apostles at Pentecost, somewhat over-riding in grace the confusion of tongues in Genesis 11:7. It was a sign to the gathered multitude, Acts 2:4-11. At the conversion of Cornelius the Gentiles also spake with tongues, and magnified God, Acts 10:45-46. There was also the gift of tongues at Ephesus, and in the assembly at Corinth, 1 Cor. 14. These tongues were to cease, 1 Cor. 13: 8, while all the gifts needful for the spread of the gospel, and the perfecting of the saints remain, Eph. 4:11-13.

1. A symbol of speech.

2. A symbol of remorse and torment.

3. A symbol of mere profession. Prov. 12:18; Luke 16:24; 1 John 3:18.

Topaz τοπάζιον Supposed to be a transparent stone of greenish-yellow colour. Rev. 21:20. Occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:17; 36:17; Job 28:19; Psalm 118:127(119:127); Ezekiel 28:13. {See “Chalcedony.”}

Tortoise The amphibious animal known as the tortoise is common in Israel, and its flesh and eggs are equally sought after for food. It is generally understood that some species of “lizard” is meant in the passage in Leviticus. Lev. 11:29.

Tower A symbol of safety. Psa. 61:3; Prov. 18:10; 2 Sam. 22:51.

Town clerk γοαμματεύς, from γοάμμα, “a scribe,” secretary, recorder. Acts 19:35.

Trachonitis The N.E. portion of the province of Philip, about 33° N. and 36° 30' E. Luke 3:1. It is now called El-Lejeh.

Trance State of being beyond one’s self, “ecstasy.” Acts 10:10; 11:5; 22:17.

Transfigured, Transformed

1. μετασχηματίζω, “to change in fashion or form,” spoken of Satan and his ministers who transform themselves so as to deceive, 2 Cor. 11:13-15.

2. μεταμορφόω, used for the Lord being “transfigured,” Matt. 17:2; Mark 9:2; and for the Christian being “transformed” by the renewing of his mind (Rom. 12:2), and “changed” by beholding the glory of the Lord, 2 Cor. 3:18.

Transgression {See Sin.}

Travail A symbol of anguish of spirit and great anxiety. Jer. 4:31; Rom. 8:22; Gal. 4:19.

Travel travail. Lam. 3:5.

Trees Symbol of eminent men or systems. Matt. 13:32; Ezek. 31:5,9; Rev. 8:7; Dan. 4.

Tribulation, Great In Matthew 24:21 a great tribulation is spoken of, such as had not been, nor ever shall be, which by the context refers to the Jews. See Jer. 30:7; Dan. 12:1; yet Gentiles will be affected by it, for in Revelation 7:14, a great multitude of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues have come out of the great tribulation that will then have come upon the world. There is a threat of “great tribulation” in the address to the church in Thyatira, Rev. 2:22, doubtless general, not the same as “the great tribulation,” which is specific, and immediately precedes the Lord’s appearing.

Tribute

1. The tax payable to Rome by the Jews. Matt. 17:24; 22:17,19; Luke 20:22; 23:2; Rom. 13:6-7.

2. Two drachma, valued about 1S. 3½d. the tribute for the temple, Matt. 17:24, to pay which the Lord wrought a miracle.

Troas On the coast of Mysia, a little south of 40° N. called on the map Alexandria Troas. It was the port from which Paul sailed when he first visited Europe. It is now called Eski-Stamboul, where are many ruins. Acts 16:8,11; 20:5-6; 2 Cor. 2:12; 2 Tim. 4:13.

Trogyllium A town on the western coast of Asia Minor between Ephesus and Miletus in the Aegean Sea. Acts 20:15.

Trophimus A Gentile convert who at times accompanied Paul. On the occasion of the great tumult at Jerusalem, when Paul was arrested, the Jews falsely charged him with having taken Trophimus into the temple. When Paul wrote his second Epistle to Timothy, he had left Trophimus sick at Miletus. Acts 20:4; 21:29; 2 Tim. 4:20.

Trow judge. Luke 17:9.

Trumpet A symbol of loud and public summons. Zech. 9:14; Rev. 8:2; Jer. 51:27; Joel 2:1,15; Isa. 27:13. The trump of 1 Thess. 4:16; 1 Cor. 15:52, will sound for Christians only.

Tryphena and Tryphosa Paul sends salutations to these women with the honourable description, “who labour in the Lord.” Rom. 16:12.

Turtle turtle dove. Jer. 8:7.

Turtledoves A species of pigeon. They were so common in Israel that the poor could offer a pair of them for a sacrifice, and such were offered when the Lord was presented in the temple. Luke 2:24.

Tutor guardian. Gal. 4:2.

Twelve Symbol of administrative perfection. Matt. 19:28; Rev. 12:1.

Two Symbol of testimony. Mark 6:7; Rev. 11:4.

Tychicus A companion of Paul, whom he styles “a beloved brother, and a faithful minister and fellowservant in the Lord,” and who was sent on various commissions by the apostle. Acts 20:4; Eph. 6:21; Col. 4:7; 2 Tim. 4:12; Titus 3:12.

Tyre often associated with Sidon. Luke 6:17; 10:13-14; Acts 21:3,7. In O.T. times an ancient and renowned seaport in Phoenice, about 33° 15' N. It was fearfully denounced by the prophets, and has suffered many sieges. A prophecy said, “I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock. ... thou shalt be no more: though thou be sought for, yet shalt thou never be found again, saith the Lord God,” Ezek. 26:4,21. All travellers tell of the complete destruction of old Tyre. New Tyre is represented by a miserable village; an earthquake has shattered the larger houses, and they are now deserted. Its name is now Sur or Soor.

U

Undergirding A system anciently used of binding ropes or chains round a ship in bad weather. Acts 27:17.

Undersetter support. 1 Kings 7:30.

Unicorn There are at least seven distinct passages where this animal is named, and it seems to us throwing contempt upon the sacred pages to assert that, because the unicorn cannot now be identified with any existing species, therefore it was a fabulous creature. Not so; it was an animal well-known in early times, at least to Israel. This horned creature is noted for its size, strength, ferocity, and untamableness, for which see the several passages. Psa. 22:21; Isa. 34:7.

1. A symbol of great strength.

2. A symbol of the agonies of death. Num. 23:22; Psa. 22:21.

Unsavoury adverse. 2 Sam. 22:27.

Untoward perverse. Acts 2:40.

Usury “Interest” on money. The Greek word conveys no idea of undue interest. Matt. 25:27; Luke 19:23.

Uzzah strength. The daring presumption of man instantly checked by Divine judgment. Name occurs about 8 times, and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 6.

V

Vagabond wandering. Acts 19:13.

Vail of the Tabernacle, with its Colours, Cherubim, and Material A symbol of Christ in absolute purity, in His varied glories and character heavenly and earthly as a man. Ex. 26:31; Heb. 10:20.

Vail Symbol of that which hides the glory. 2 Cor. 3:13-16; Heb. 9:3; 10:20.

Vashti beauty. Gentile bride refuses to show her beauty in the world and before her Lord, but this the Jewish bride (Esther) will do in the coming day. Name occurs about 10 times, and only in the book of Esther. Esther 1.

Veil

1. The veil Moses put on when his face shone; it still remains on the hearts of Israel, though it is really done away in Christ for those who believe. 2 Cor. 3:13-16.

2. The veil of the tabernacle and the temple which shut in the holy of holies typical of Christ’s flesh. It was torn from the top to the bottom at His death, thus giving to the believer access to God Himself by a new and living way. Matt. 27:51; Heb. 6:19; 9:3; 10:20.

Very, the the true. John 7:26.

Vial bowl. Rev. 5:8; 15:7.

Vile despicable. Deut. 25:3.

Vine It is probably the most valuable in a commercial point of view of any plant cultivated by man; its fruit and wine, and the ease with which it is cultivated in warm countries make it a valuable product. The well-known bearer of grapes. Matt. 26:29; Mark 14:25; Luke 22:18; James 3:12. Christ was “the true Vine” when on earth in contrast to Israel who was not “true,” John 15:1-5; see also Psa. 80. The “vine of the earth” is gathered for judgment, Rev. 14:18-19.

1. A symbol of fruit-bearers on earth. Rev. 14:19.

2. A symbol of Israel as the responsible fruit-bearing system on earth. Psa. 80; Jer. 2:21.

3. A symbol of Christ on earth morally replacing Israel. John 15.

Vinegar The thin, sour wine drunk by the soldiers. Matt. 27:34,48; John 19:29-30, etc.

Vineyard Israel is the vineyard mostly alluded to in the Gospels. A portion of the produce was paid as rent. Matt. 20:1-15; 21:28-41; Mark 12:1-9; Luke 13:6; 20:13-16; 1 Cor. 9:7.

Viper(s) A small venomous snake. Acts 28:3. It is applied both by John the Baptist and by the Lord to the rulers of Israel, Matt. 3:7; 12:34; 23:33; Luke 3:7. They showed a moral likeness to the devil, the old serpent. A symbol of concealed poisonous doctrines and enemies. Matt. 3:7; 12:34; Luke 3:7; Job 20:16

Virgins A symbol of undelifed, separation from the world, its idolatry and ways. Rev. 14:4; 2 Cor. 11:2.

Virtue power. Mark 5:30.

Visitation Israel knew not when God visited them in the Person of Christ, Luke 19:44. The converted Jews ought so to walk that their enemies should confess to their integrity when God again visits Israel in blessing, 1 Peter 2:12)

Vow The vow of Paul and of the four men appears to have been the vow of Nazariteship, by the head being shaven. Acts 18:18; 21:23. The final shaving must be at the temple, Num. 6:18.

Vulture There are several species comprehended under the common name “vulture,” all unclean under the Levitical law. This bird of prey feeds upon the carcass of man or beast, and frequently follows a victorious army in its march, pouncing upon the unburied slain. Lev. 11:14; Deut. 14:13. “There is a path ... which the vulture’s eye hath not seen.” The sharp, keen vision of this rapacious bird is several times alluded to in the Scriptures. A symbol of quickness of sight; keen vision. Job 28:7.

W

Wall(s) A symbol of Divine and also human security, exclusion. Isa. 26:1; Eph. 2:14; Rev. 21:14,18; Deut. 1:28.

Ware aware. Acts 14:6.

Wash, to

1. υίπτω, ἀπον, “to wash,” face, hands, feet, etc. Matt. 6:17; 15:2; 27:24; Mark 7:3; John 9:7,11,15; 13:5-6,8,10,12,14; 1 Tim. 5:10.

2. λούω, ἀπολ, from “to loosen,” cleanse the body. Acts 9:37; 16:33; 22:16; 1 Cor. 6:11; Eph. 5:26; Tit. 3:5; Heb. 10:22; 2 Peter 2:22; Rev. 1:5. In John 13:10 the person being cleansed stands in contrast to the feet being washed, nipto, because of the defilements of the way.

3. βαπτίζω, “dip,” etc. Mark 7:4, 8; Luke 11:38; Heb. 9:10

4. βρέχω, “to wet,” rain. Luke 7:38,44.

5. πλύνω, ἀποπ-, “to wash,” as clothes. Luke 5:2; Rev. 7:14.

Washing “One of the soldiers with a spear pierced His side, and forthwith came there out blood and water,” John 19:34. We are washed once from our sins in His blood, and the efficacy of that one act is permanent and eternal. There is no such thought in Scripture as a return to the blood of Jesus. There were repeated, daily and yearly, returns to the blood of bulls and of goats, but not so to the blood of Jesus; to say so is to lower and degrade that incomparably precious work to the low level of Jewish sacrifice. “By one offering He hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified,” Heb. 10:14. Again, “The blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin,” 1 John 1:7; cleanses not is cleansing. I would say of soap, it “cleanseth”; that is, I declare its virtue, its character — so the blood of Jesus ever before God has this virtue eternally attached to it, it “cleanseth.” We are bathed or washed once in water, and that, too, is an act never repeated. Its efficacy is of as much permanent virtue as the blood washing from sins, Lev. 8:6; John 13:10; 15:3. The water is the figure of the Word of God. By it and the Spirit we are born again (John 3); a new nature is given to the believer. Washed from our sins by blood, Rev. 1:5, and cleansed from our old state in nature by the Word and Spirit, are acts accomplished once and for ever. But besides this blood and water washing there is a daily cleansing most important to observe. In the court of the tabernacle stood the laver filled with water, in which the priests were to wash their hands and feet (typical of their service and walk), for God must have clean hands held up in His holy presence, and clean feet to tread His sacred courts. This washing of hands and feet by God’s priests were as constant as the offering of sacrifice. But observe that the basin of John 13, as also the laver in the Tabernacle court, were filled with water, symbolizing the Word of God applied to daily walk and service. The priests of old were washed all over once, but repeatedly cleansed their hands and feet in the laver for fitness to serve and worship. This constant reference to the Word of God — its application to our daily life — is a truth much and strongly to be insisted upon in these days of loose and worldly walk. Symbol of cleansing morally. John 13:5-14; Eph. 5:26

Water

1. A symbol of the weakness of man. Psa. 22:14; 2 Sam. 14:14.

2. A symbol of the sanctifying and cleansing character of the Word of God. Eph. 5:26; John 15:3; John 19:34.

3. A symbol of the Holy Spirit. John 7:38-29.

Waters A symbol of nations acting under certain influences. Rev. 8:11; 16:4-5; 17:15.

Waves A symbol of judgments divinely inflicted. Psa. 42:7; Jonah 2:3; Psa. 88:7.

Wealth weal, welfare. Psa. 112:3.

Weasel Only once named in Scripture, and then as amongst the prohibited animals. The common weasel is abundant in Israel. Lev. 11:29.

Well (Fountain)

1. πηγή signifies “fountain” or “spring.” John 4:6,14; 2 Peter 2:17.

2. φρέαρ, “well or pit,” John 4:11-12.

A symbol of the source of blessing and refreshment. Psa. 84:6; Isa. 12:3; John 4:14; Gen. 49:22.

Whale κητος, Any sea-monster or huge fish. Job 7:12; Matt. 12:40. The O.T. says “a great fish,” without specifying what fish. The Hebrew word does not necessarily mean only the sea monster known as the whale, but the largest size of marine animals. It may have been a large shark, which has a much larger gullet than a whale, and in the stomach of which bodies of men have been sometimes found entire.

Wheat is the most useful of all cereals, forming the staple article of food in all lands. The Scripture references to the “Vine” and “Wheat” are numerous, and, in many instances, really interesting. A symbol of genuine profession. Jer. 23:28; Matt. 13:24-30. {See Corn.}

Wheels A symbol of the course of providential government on earth. Ezek. 1:15; Dan. 7:9.

Whirlwind A symbol of manifestation of Divine power. Zech. 9:14; Isa. 66:15.

White A symbol of purity. Rev. 1:14; 3:4-5,18; 7:9,13; 14:14; Mark 16:5.

Whoredoms A symbol of religious corruptions. Spiritual idolatry. Ezekiel 16; Rev. 17.

Widow Symbol of desolateness. 1 Tim. 5:5; Rev. 18:7; Lam. 1:1; Isa. 1:23; 47:8.

Wilderness A symbol of an afflicted and desolate condition. Rev. 12:6; 17:3; Isa. 14:17.

Willow is a beautiful tree, flourishing on the banks of the rivers and brooks of Israel. It has been identified as the “oleander, now the exclusive material with which the summer booths in Galilee are constructed.”

Will-worship (Col. 2:23) Voluntary or self-chosen worship according to man’s will. Col. 2:18,23.

Wimple neckerchief. Isa. 3:22.

Wind (John 3:8; Acts 2:2; Rev. 7:1) Symbol of unseen influence, good or evil.

Wind

1. A symbol of unseen, yet powerful operations of the Spirit of God. John 3:8; Acts 2:2.

2. A symbol of instability. Eph. 4:14; James 1:6.

3. A symbol of false and vain expectations. Hos. 12:1; Isa. 26:18.

4. A symbol of Divine manifestation in judgment or in grace. Isa. 57:13; Dan. 2:35; Ezek. 37:9.

Windows Really doors, with lattice-work to admit the air and give shade from the sun. Acts 20:9; 2 Cor. 11:33.

Wine οἶνος, Fermented juice of the grape. It was used in the Paschal supper, and in the Lord’s supper. Paul recommended Timothy to drink wine for his frequent infirmities. It was intoxicating, Eph. 5:18; 1 Tim. 3:8. New wine is used typically of the new order of things introduced by Christ as needing new vessels to contain it, Matt. 9:17. The “new wine” of Acts 2:13 is “sweet wine,” the sweetness being preserved made it more intoxicating.

1. A symbol of the mere excitement of nature.

2. A symbol of Joy.

3. A symbol of judgment. Eph. 5:18; Judg. 9:13; Jer. 25:15; Lev. 10:9.

Winefat The cavity under a winepress into which the juice could run. Mark 12:1.

Winepress A place where grapes were pressed or trodden with the feet, Matt. 21:33; used as a symbol for the wicked being crushed in God’s judgments on the earth Rev. 14:19-20; 19:15.

Wings

1. A symbol of protection. Psa. 91:4; Luke 13:34;

2. A symbol of shelter. Psa. 36:7; Rev. 12:14.

3. A symbol of rapidity of action.; Ezek. 1; Rev. 9:9;

Wink at, winked overlook. God “overlooked” the former times of ignorance, but now enjoins all men everywhere to repent. Acts 17:30.

Winter {See “Seasons and Divisions of Time”.}

Wist knew. Mark 9:6.

Wit, do you to cause you to know. 2 Cor. 8:1.

Witchcraft {See Sorcery.}

Witness As in Israel, so in the church, any accusation should be confirmed by two or three witnesses (Matt. 18:16; 2 Cor. 13:1; 1 Tim. 5:19; Heb. 10:28). {See Martyr.}

Woe worth evil be to. Ezek. 30:2.

Wolf This well-known wild beast is still met with in Israel. The dangerous and bloodthirsty character of the wolf, ravening during the night in packs is several times alluded to in Scripture. The wolf is also the terror of the shepherd keeping lonely watch over his flock. Men who molest, oppress, worry, scatter and devour God’s people, whether of Israel or the Church, are compared to wolves. Gen. 49:27; Matt. 7:15; 10:16; Luke 10:3; John 10:12; Acts 20:29; Matt. 7:15.

Woman

1. A symbol of weakness and imperfection. Isa. 3:12; 19:16.

2. A symbol of the false church as well as the true bride.

3. A symbol of Israel or any religious system. Matt. 13:33; Gal. 4:22-24; Rev. 2:20.

Wont accustomed. Acts 16:13.

Word, the The expression of what Christ is personally and essentially. John 1:1-2; 8:25.

World to come In Hebrews 2:5 JND it is “habitable world which is to come”; in Hebrews 6:5; Mark 10:30; Luke 18:30; Ephesians 1:21 it is “age” to come; both stand in contrast to the present age. See Titus 2:12.

World

1. κὀσμος, “order, regularity,” and “the world,” because of its natural order; “the world” in all its varied characters, its inhabitants, its riches, its spirit, its wisdom, its sin, its sorrows, its judgment, etc. Matt. 4:8; John 1:29; 12:31; 1 Cor. 3:19; 2 Cor. 7:10; James 4:4; 1 John 2:17; 5:19.

2. αἰών, “being, age, duration of time”; (a,) “age,” in connection with the world, the course of existing things, Matt. 12:32; 13:22,39-40; Luke 1:70; 16:8; John 9:32; Rom. 12:2; 2 Cor. 4:4; Eph. 3:21; 6:12; 2 Tim. 1:9; Heb. 9:26, etc. (b,) The material world, Heb. 1:2; 11:3.

3. οἰκουμένη from “to inhabit,” the habitable world. Matt. 24:14; Acts 11:28; 19:27; 24:5; Rom. 10:18; Heb. 1:6; Rev. 3:10; 12:9; 16:14.

4. γῆ, “the earth, land.” Rev. 13:3.

Worm (Isa. 66:24; Acts 12:23) There are many kinds of worms, some bred by putrid matter, as exampled in the awful end of Herod. The “worm” is the figure of endless anguish (Mark 9); it is also the figure of abject contempt and utter humiliation, as in the Psalms and book of Job.

1. A symbol of abject and contemptible creature.

2. A symbol of eternal misery. Job 25:6; Psa. 22:6; Mark 9:44, 46, 48.

Wormwood ἄψινθος, from “not to be drunk,” because of its unfitness and bitterness. Rev. 8:11. The allusion appears to be to the class of plants called Artemisia rather than to any particular variety.

Worship, Worshipper The principal word used for worship is προσκυνέω, “to adore,” to prostrate in homage. It is used for the homage given to man, Rev. 3:9; for the worship that will be given to the dragon and the beast, Rev. 13:4,8,12,15; and to the worship of God and of Christ, Matt. 2:2,11; Heb. 1:6; Rev. 4:10; 14:7, etc. It is the word in John 4:20-24, where the Lord said that worship to God must be in spirit and in truth, and that the Father seeketh such worshippers. The worship of the heart must answer to the nature of God and to the grace of the Father. Another Greek word, λατρεύω, Acts 24:14; Phil. 3:3, is often translated “serve,” and has been called “worship-service.” Anna “served” God with fasting and prayers night and day, Luke 2:37. It is to be rendered to God only, Matt. 4:10: see also 2 Tim. 1:3; Heb. 9:14; 12:28; 13:10; Rev. 7:15; 22:3.

Wot know. Acts 3:17.

Wreathen twisted. Ex. 28:14.

Wrestling This is doubtless an allusion to the contests with which the inhabitants of Ephesus were familiar. The Christian wrestles not against flesh and blood; but against the various powers of the enemy in the heavenlies. Eph. 6:12.

Wrinkle A symbol of care and old age. Eph. 5:27; Job 16:8.

Y

Yoke That which unites the oxen in plowing, Luke 14:19. Used symbolically of the laborious servitude of the law, Acts 15:10; Gal. 5:1; in contrast to which is the yoke of the Lord, which is easy, and the burden light, Matt. 11:29-30. We are not to be unequally yoked to unbelievers, 2 Cor. 6:14. Paul calls someone his true yokefellow (probably Epaphroditus), Phil. 4:3. A symbol of restraint. Deut. 28.

Z

Zabulon The portion of the land given to the tribe of Zebulon. It extended from the shore of the Lake of Gennesaret nearly to the Mediterranean. It is associated with Nephthalim, Matt. 4:13 is taken to mean that the light would shine beyond Jordan, which it did when the Lord crossed the Lake, and not that Nephthalim was situated beyond the Jordan: (see Isa. 9:1-2).) which joined it on the north (both being in Galilee), as seeing a great light, fulfilled by the Lord dwelling in the neighborhood, visiting their synagogues, working miracles, and teaching the people. Matt. 4:13,15.

Zacchaeus A chief among the tax-gatherers, who, greatly desiring to see the Lord, climbed into a tree. When called from the tree he was surprised and delighted by the visit of Jesus. The people called him “a sinner,” but he began to justify himself by relating his good deeds; the Lord, however, declared that salvation had come that day to his house, for the Son of Man had come to seek and to save the lost. Luke 19:2,5,8.

Zachariah [whom] (the Lord remembered), reigned six months over Israel. This king sinned liked his fathers. He was conspired against by Shallum, and publicly slain in the presence of the people, and in his death, the house of Jehu became extinct. 2 Kings 15.

Zacharias

1. Father of John the Baptist, a priest of the course of Abia, 1 Chron. 24:10. When told that he should have a son, he was unbelieving, though he had prayed for one, and was dumb till John was circumcised, when his tongue was loosed and he was filled with the Holy Spirit, and praised God and prophesied. Luke 1:5-67.

2. Son of Barachias, who was slain between the temple and the altar. Matt. 23:35; Luke 11:51. Most probably the same as Zechariah, son of Jehoiada (for the Jews often had two names), 2 Chron. 24:20-2), who was the last, as Abel was the first, righteous man recorded as murdered in the Old Testament.

Zealots We read of Simon Zelotes in Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13. Josephus often mentions Zealots in his history of the Jewish wars, who became very much like the Sicarii, and were leaders in the defence of Jerusalem at its destruction. Whether Simon the apostle had formerly any connection with these is unknown. He is called “the Canaanite” in Matthew 10:4; but this is said to be Hebrew for Zealot.

Zebedee The father of the apostles James and John, and perhaps the husband of Salome, Matt. 4:21. See Matt. 27:56 and Mark 15:40.

Zedekiah righteousness of the Lord. He reigned eleven years over Judah. The third son of the godly Josiah, and last king of Judah, who perfidiously broke his oath to Nebuchadnezzar, and hardened himself against the faithful ministry of Jeremiah the prophet; he was carried captive to Babylon where he died. 2 Chron. 36.

Zelotes {See Simon.}

Zerubbabel sown, i.e. begotten in Babylon. Christ building up the glory in millennial times; completing it amidst shoutings of “grace.” Name occurs about 22 Times, and only in the Old Testament. Zech. 4:6-10.

Zimri my song. He reigned seven days over Israel. A kingdom founded on treason and murder, cannot possibly stand. This wicked king employed the one week of his brief reign in utterly destroying the wicked house of Baasha, and then in despair, burned the king’s house and himself along with it. 1 Kings 16.

Zipporah bird. Gentile wife of the Lord during His absence from Israel. Name occurs three times, and only in the book of Exodus. Ex. 2.

Bible Dictionary

Table of Contents

Symbols in the Dictionary

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z