1. He reigned seventeen years over Israel. Another wicked king, but in an extremity he “besought the Lord.” During this reign the royal power was greatly curtailed by the incursions of the Syrians. 2 Kings 13.

2. He reigned three months over Judah. This bad king’s reign was brought to an abrupt termination by the king of Egypt, who deposed him, sending him in chains to Egypt, and making Judea a tributary province. 2 Chron. 36.

Jehoash [whom] the Lord has given, or Joash, the Lord is gathering together.

1. He reigned forty years over Judah. This youthful monarch walked well when counselled by Jehoiada, the priest, but on his death, the princes of Judah aided the king in the affairs of the state, and both king and kingdom thereby suffered. Slain by his servants. 2 Chron. 24.

2. He reigned sixteen years over Israel. A brave king, but one of the many who trod in the steps of wicked Jeroboam, the founder of the kingdom. This monarch’s touching appeal to the dying Elisha, is really beautiful, and displays the feelings of a heart not wholly turned aside from God. 2 Kings 13.

Jehoiachin may the Lord establish [him]. He reigned three months and ten days over Judah. A wicked king, deposed and taken captive to Babylon for thirty-seven years; afterward released from his long imprisonment and raised to dignity. 2 Chron. 36.

Jehoiakim may the Lord establish [him]. He reigned eleven years over Judah. A wicked king, seated on the throne by the king of Egypt, and deposed by the king of Babylon. 2 Chron. 36.

Jehoram the Lord is exalted. (or Joram)

1. He reigned eight years over Judah. This was a wicked king, a murderer and an idolater, walked in the ways of wicked Israel, and died unlamented, besides being denied a grave in the sepulchre of the king. 2 Chron. 21.

2. He reigned twelve years over Israel. This was another bad king who walked in the idolatrous courses of Jeroboam, and followed his mother — Jezebel’s wicked ways. Baal worship, to which his father, Ahab, was so warmly addicted, was to some extent, at least, put down, although other forms of idolatry were practiced. 2 Kings 9.

Jehoshaphat [whom] the Lord judges. He reigned twenty-five years over Judah. Under the reign of this pious monarch, who walked in the godly ways of his father, the kingdom was greatly blessed. The commandments of the Lord, and not the ways of Judah, were the guide of his conduct and ways. 2 Chron. 20.

Jehu He [is] Jehovah. He reigned twenty-eight years over Israel. The stern destroyer of the house of Ahab, and zealous uprooter of Baal worship; he afterward, himself turned to idolatry, and worshipped the calves set up by Jeroboam. 2 Kings 10.

Jeremiah exalted of the Lord. Christ buying the earthly inheritance in presence of the world’s hostile power (Matt. 13:44⁴⁴Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field. (Matthew 13:44)), and Christ weeping and lamenting over Jerusalem (Luke 19:41-42⁴¹And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept over it, ⁴²Saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes. (Luke 19:41‑42)) is figured in the “Lamentations” of the same Prophet. Name occurs about 140 times, and only in the Old Testament. Jer. 32.

Jericho A city about fifteen miles N.E. of Jerusalem, and five miles from the Jordan. Matt. 20:29²⁹And as they departed from Jericho, a great multitude followed him. (Matthew 20:29); Mark 10:46⁴⁶And they came to Jericho: and as he went out of Jericho with his disciples and a great number of people, blind Bartimeus, the son of Timeus, sat by the highway side begging. (Mark 10:46); Luke 10:30; 18:35; 19:1³⁰And Jesus answering said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. (Luke 10:30)
³⁵And it came to pass, that as he was come nigh unto Jericho, a certain blind man sat by the way side begging: (Luke 18:35)
¹And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho. (Luke 19:1); Heb. 11:30³⁰By faith the walls of Jericho fell down, after they were compassed about seven days. (Hebrews 11:30). In N.T. times, after having been burnt down, it was restored with great splendor by Archelaus. The road from Jerusalem to Jericho is still at times unsafe. It is some 1,800 feet below Jerusalem, being a more or less steep descent all the way. The miserable village of Riha is sometimes called Jericho; but this is a mile and a half from where ancient Jericho is believed to have stood.

Jeroboam [whose] people is numerous.

1. He reigned forty-one years over Israel. This king followed in the steps of his namesake — the first king of Israel, but the Lord pitying the infliction of His people, used Jeroboam greatly in restoring the northern coasts of the kingdom according to the prophecy of Jonah. A brave and warlike monarch. 2 Kings 14.

2. He reigned twenty-two years over Israel. The kingdom established on idolatry, and a vile priesthood instituted. Jeroboam was a noted idolater, and gave character to the after history of the kingdom. 1 Kings 14.

Jerusalem, {See Jerusalem}

Jesus

1. The Greek form of “Joshua.” Acts 7:45⁴⁵Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David; (Acts 7:45); Heb. 4:8⁸For if Jesus had given them rest, then would he not afterward have spoken of another day. (Hebrews 4:8).

2. A disciple at Rome, also called Justus. Col. 4:11¹¹And Jesus, which is called Justus, who are of the circumcision. These only are my fellowworkers unto the kingdom of God, which have been a comfort unto me. (Colossians 4:11).

Jesus the Lord Jesus was the personal name of the Lord as a man. Matt. 1:21²¹And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21). It signifies Jehovah the Saviour. He was born of the Virgin Mary, conceived by the Holy Spirit (verse 20). Of His childhood we read that He waxed strong in spirit, filled with wisdom, and the grace of God was upon Him. At the age of twelve years He was found in the temple, sitting among the doctors, hearing them and asking them questions: doubtless He also taught without as yet seeming to teach, for they were astonished at His understanding and His answers. He was thus about His Father’s business; but He went to Nazareth, and was subject to His parents: the two things being beautifully combined. For the next eighteen years we know only that He increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man. When He began to be about thirty years of age, He came forth, was baptized by John, and sealed by the Holy Spirit. Then He was tempted of the devil. Being announced by John as the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world, He began His ministry. It consisted chiefly in preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing diseases of every kind, casting out the demons, and raising the dead. He fulfilled the O.T. Scriptures that spoke of what Messiah would do. The Lord was here also for another purpose, namely, to save souls; as many as received Him to them gave He power to become the sons of God. He revealed God to them as Father, gave them eternal life, and by the gift of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost they became as one body, united to the Lord in glory as the Head of the church. He was the second Man and the last Adam, being Head, as it were, of a new race in His saints, who were delivered from their old standing in Adam, and in new creation given a new standing in Christ. From the first He was refused by the leaders of Israel: “His own received Him not.” Still a few were gathered to Him, of whom He chose twelve apostles. After a ministry of about three years and a half, the time had arrived, according to the counsels of God, for Jesus to be offered up as a sacrifice for sin. In the garden of Gethsemane He was in the deepest anguish at the prospect of bearing sin, and asked if it were possible the cup might pass from Him, but bowed to His Father’s will. He was arrested, and crucified: His blood was shed, by which redemption was accomplished. On the third day He rose from the dead; breathed into the apostles the Spirit and power of life; and after appearing several times to many witnesses, He ascended to heaven. That the Lord Jesus was God as well as man is clearly proved in Scripture, both by direct statement and by His works: for He accomplished what no mere man could do, such as casting out demons, raising the dead, forgiving sins, reading the thoughts of men, and by raising Himself from the dead. The Lord Jesus being God as well as man, there is necessarily a mystery enshrouding His Person that is beyond man’s grasp: we are told that no man knoweth the Son but the Father, and no one knoweth who the Son is but the Father. This should be no stumbling block, but should call forth reverence, adoration, and worship.

Jewels.

1. A symbol of our preciousness to God.

2. A symbol of marks of Divine favour. Mal. 3:17¹⁷And they shall be mine, saith the Lord of hosts, in that day when I make up my jewels; and I will spare them, as a man spareth his own son that serveth him. (Malachi 3:17); Ezek. 16:17¹⁷Thou hast also taken thy fair jewels of my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images of men, and didst commit whoredom with them, (Ezekiel 16:17); Isa. 61:10¹⁰I will greatly rejoice in the Lord, my soul shall be joyful in my God; for he hath clothed me with the garments of salvation, he hath covered me with the robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decketh himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her jewels. (Isaiah 61:10).

Jewry, (Luke 23:5⁵And they were the more fierce, saying, He stirreth up the people, teaching throughout all Jewry, beginning from Galilee to this place. (Luke 23:5); John 7:1¹After these things Jesus walked in Galilee: for he would not walk in Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him. (John 7:1)) Merely another, and an incorrect name for Judaea.

Jews This term was not used until after the division of the ten tribes from the two, 2 Kings 16:6,⁶At that time Rezin king of Syria recovered Elath to Syria, and drave the Jews from Elath: and the Syrians came to Elath, and dwelt there unto this day. (2 Kings 16:6) and is supposed to be derived from “Judah,” the chief of the two tribes, in distinction from “Israel,” the name given to the ten tribes. Those who returned from the captivity were of the two tribes, and these, with any of the ten tribes who may have been left in the land or have returned and dwelt in Canaan are called “Jews.” The Lord is called “King of the Jews,” and He said, “Salvation is of the Jews.” But the name of “Israel” is also used: the elders are called “the elders of Israel” or the “elders of the Jews.” John showed himself to Israel; the Lord said He had not found such faith in Israel, etc. Thus it appears that the term “Israel” is often used as if there had been no division of the tribes. The Lord said He was sent to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. It is also used in the sense of those “privileged of God,” as all are not Israel that are of Israel. Nathanael was declared to be truly an Israelite in whom was no guile. In John’s Gospel “the Jews” refer to those in Judaea in distinction from “the people” who gathered to the feasts from other parts. In the Revelation (Rev. 2:9; 3:9⁹I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan. (Revelation 2:9)
⁹Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee. (Revelation 3:9)) some in the church falsely claim to be Jews (symbolical of privileged persons), who are really of the synagogue of Satan: such as they who seek to Judaize Christianity, and to assimilate Christian worship to forms and ceremonies.

Jezebel no habitation. See her character in the Old Testament, where she is called an “accursed woman.” Symbolical of a wicked and seductive spirit that led into idolatry. Rev. 2:20²⁰Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed unto idols. (Revelation 2:20). Idolatrous religious system leagued with the Apostate civil power in the closing days. Name occurs about 23 times in the Scriptures. 1 Kings 16.

Joab Jehovah-father. Craft; boldness. Type of a clever, cunning man of the world. Name occurs about 140 times, and only in the Old Testament. 2 Sam. 2.

Joanna Wife of Chuza, steward of Herod Agrippa; she had been cured of some infirmity, and ministered to the Lord of her property. She was honoured by being one who carried to the disciples the news of His resurrection. Luke 8:3; 24:10³And Joanna the wife of Chuza Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto him of their substance. (Luke 8:3)
¹⁰It was Mary Magdalene, and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James, and other women that were with them, which told these things unto the apostles. (Luke 24:10).

Job treated with hostility. Self and human righteousness withered up by the hand and in the presence of God. Name occurs about 60 times in the Scriptures. Job 1.

John the Apostle The son of Zebedee and brother of James. He was a fisherman before being called to be an apostle. He was one of the three who were with the Lord on the mount of transfiguration and on other occasions. He called himself the “one whom Jesus loved,” and at the last Passover he leaned on Jesus’ bosom. He and James were called “Sons of Thunder” {see Boanerges}; but except in uniting with his brother in asking if they should call down fire from heaven (Luke 9:54⁵⁴And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord, wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume them, even as Elias did? (Luke 9:54)), he appears to have been of a loving and lovable spirit. The Lord at His crucifixion committed His mother to John’s care. He was the writer of the Gospel and Epistles bearing his name and of the Revelation. As to his after life, tradition and legends add much. We know he was in the Isle of Patmos; it is said that he had to work in the mines there, but was liberated and went to Ephesus, where he had previously laboured. An interesting story is related of a convert having fallen away and become the head of a band of robbers, John went after him, and on being captured by the robbers demanded to see their captain, and was the means of melting his heart into contrition and restoring him to the Lord and to His saints.

John the Baptist The forerunner of Christ; he was the son of Zacharias and Elisabeth, born to them in their old age, both of whom were of the tribe of Levi. His name was fixed by Gabriel, and he was a Nazarite from his birth. Of his early life we know nothing; his ministry was carried on in the wilderness, and he was clothed in camel’s hair, and ate locusts and wild honey. His baptism was to repentance, and his mission was to prepare the way for the Messiah, though it extended to proclaiming Jesus as the true light that lighteth every man, and as the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world. In one sense he was the Elijah who was to usher in the coming of the Lord, and in another sense he was not, because Jesus was not accepted by Israel as the Messiah. He was declared to be the greatest born of women, and yet the least in the kingdom of heaven was greater than he, because of the new place such would be in. His faithfulness in rebuking Herod Antipas for his sin led to his imprisonment and ultimately to his death. While in prison his faith seems to have failed, for he sent to ask if Jesus was the coming one, or were they to look for another. The Lord in reply pointed to His works, which showed that He was the true Messiah.

John

1. One of the council in Acts 4:6⁶And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem. (Acts 4:6).

2. The nephew of Barnabas, whose surname was Mark. {See Mark.}

Jona The father of Peter, John 1:42⁴²And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone. (John 1:42); see Matthew 16:17¹⁷And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. (Matthew 16:17). In John 21:15¹⁵So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs. (John 21:15) he is called Jonas; the Greek is the same.

Jonah, Jonas dove. Referred to in the N.T. as a type of the Lord, being three days and three nights “in the heart of the earth.” No other sign was to be given to the nation that had rejected Him who was “greater than Jonah.” Matt. 12:39-41; 16:4³⁹But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas: ⁴⁰For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. ⁴¹The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. (Matthew 12:39‑41)
⁴A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given unto it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas. And he left them, and departed. (Matthew 16:4); Luke 11:29-32²⁹And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to say, This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet. ³⁰For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the Son of man be to this generation. ³¹The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. ³²The men of Nineve shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. (Luke 11:29‑32). A picture of Israel cast out amongst the Gentiles. Name occurs about 30 times in the Scriptures. Jonah 1.

Jonathan [whom] the Lord hath given. The future Jewish remnant cleaving to Christ during the reign of Antichrist. Name occurs about 100 times, and only in the Old Testament. 1 Sam. 14.

Joppa A sea-port town in the Mediterranean, N.W. of Jerusalem; it is the nearest port to that city, but has no safe landing place. This is where Peter had the vision of the sheet from heaven, to prepare him for visiting Cornelius. Acts 9:36; 11:13³⁶Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which by interpretation is called Dorcas: this woman was full of good works and almsdeeds which she did. (Acts 9:36)
¹³And he showed us how he had seen an angel in his house, which stood and said unto him, Send men to Joppa, and call for Simon, whose surname is Peter; (Acts 11:13). Its population is about 5,000, of which 1,000 are nominal Christians. Its modern name is Yaffa or Jaffa. A railway now runs from Jaffa to Jerusalem.

Jordan {See “Holy Land—Physical Features”}

Joseph

1. The Patriarch. John 4:5⁵Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. (John 4:5); Acts 7:9-18⁹And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him, ¹⁰And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house. ¹¹Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance. ¹²But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first. ¹³And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh. ¹⁴Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls. ¹⁵So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers, ¹⁶And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem. ¹⁷But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt, ¹⁸Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph. (Acts 7:9‑18); Heb. 11:21-22²¹By faith Jacob, when he was a dying, blessed both the sons of Joseph; and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff. ²²By faith Joseph, when he died, made mention of the departing of the children of Israel; and gave commandment concerning his bones. (Hebrews 11:21‑22); Rev. 7:8⁸Of the tribe of Zabulon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Joseph were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Benjamin were sealed twelve thousand. (Revelation 7:8).

2. The husband of Mary He was “of the house and lineage of David,” and a just man; he followed the instructions from heaven, and sought the safety of the Lord when a babe. He was a carpenter by trade, but all Jews learned a trade, so that this does not tell us his position in life. At the presentation at Jerusalem they offered two turtle doves, which was the offering of the poor. John 6:42⁴²And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came down from heaven? (John 6:42) is the latest mention we have of Joseph; it is supposed he died early, for Jesus when on the cross commended His mother to the apostle John. Matt. 1:18-24; 2:13,19¹⁸Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost. ¹⁹Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily. ²⁰But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. ²¹And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins. ²²Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, ²³Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us. ²⁴Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife: (Matthew 1:18‑24)
¹³And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him. (Matthew 2:13)
¹⁹But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, (Matthew 2:19); Luke 1:27; 2:4,16,33,43; 3:23²⁷To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. (Luke 1:27)
⁴And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem; (because he was of the house and lineage of David:) (Luke 2:4)
¹⁶And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. (Luke 2:16)
³³And Joseph and his mother marvelled at those things which were spoken of him. (Luke 2:33)
⁴³And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the child Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; and Joseph and his mother knew not of it. (Luke 2:43)
²³And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli, (Luke 3:23); John 1:45⁴⁵Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. (John 1:45).

3. Joseph of Arimathaea He was a counsellor in Israel, a good and a just man, who did not consent to the condemning of the Lord. Though he had been a secret disciple, he fearlessly went to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus, and interred Him in his own new tomb. Scripture says he was a rich man, and this agrees with Isaiah 53:9,⁹And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth. (Isaiah 53:9) “He ... [was] with the rich in His death.” Matt. 27:57-60⁵⁷When the even was come, there came a rich man of Arimathea, named Joseph, who also himself was Jesus' disciple: ⁵⁸He went to Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded the body to be delivered. ⁵⁹And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, ⁶⁰And laid it in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out in the rock: and he rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre, and departed. (Matthew 27:57‑60); Mark 15:43⁴³Joseph of Arimathea, an honorable counsellor, which also waited for the kingdom of God, came, and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus. (Mark 15:43); Luke 23:50⁵⁰And, behold, there was a man named Joseph, a counsellor; and he was a good man, and a just: (Luke 23:50); John 19:38³⁸And after this Joseph of Arimathea, being a disciple of Jesus, but secretly for fear of the Jews, besought Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave. He came therefore, and took the body of Jesus. (John 19:38).

4. Joseph called Barsabas, surnamed Justus (Acts 1:23²³And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias. (Acts 1:23)). He was one of the two selected as fit persons to fill the place of Judas Iscariot, having been with the Lord Jesus throughout His ministry.

Joses One of the brethren of the Lord. Matt. 13:55⁵⁵Is not this the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren, James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? (Matthew 13:55); Mark 6:3³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3). {For Matt. 27:56⁵⁶Among which was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children. (Matthew 27:56); Mark 15:40,47,⁴⁰There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and Salome; (Mark 15:40)
⁴⁷And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses beheld where he was laid. (Mark 15:47) see James.} {For Acts 4:36³⁶And Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas, (which is, being interpreted, The son of consolation,) a Levite, and of the country of Cyprus, (Acts 4:36) see Barnabas.}

Joshua the Lord’s salvation. Christ in victorious power by the Spirit leading His people through death into present blessing in the heavenly places. Eph. 1. Name occurs about 210 times in the Scriptures. Josh. 1.

Josiah may the Lord heal [him]. He reigned thirty-one years over Judah. In the eighth year of his reign, Josiah sought and found the Lord, and four years afterward began to extirpate idolatry out of the land — root and branch. This godly king’s reign was signalized by close attention to the written word of God. 2 Chron. 35.

Jot or tittle smallest Hebrew letter, or curl of a letter. Matt. 5:18¹⁸For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled. (Matthew 5:18).

Jotham the Lord is perfect. He reigned sixteen years over Judah. This good king “became mighty, because he prepared his ways before the Lord his God.” Beautiful testimony! 2 Chron. 27.

Juda

1. One of the brothers of the Lord. Mark 6:3³Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him. (Mark 6:3).

2. The part of Canaan allotted to Judah. Matt. 2:6⁶And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6); Luke 1:39³⁹And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Juda; (Luke 1:39).

Judaea The province containing all the country south of Galilee and west of the Jordan. John 4:3,47,54,³He left Judea, and departed again into Galilee. (John 4:3)
⁴⁷When he heard that Jesus was come out of Judea into Galilee, he went unto him, and besought him that he would come down, and heal his son: for he was at the point of death. (John 4:47)
⁵⁴This is again the second miracle that Jesus did, when he was come out of Judea into Galilee. (John 4:54) etc. In some passages the name has a wider meaning; in Matthew 19:1¹And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these sayings, he departed from Galilee, and came into the coasts of Judea beyond Jordan; (Matthew 19:1) it includes the east of the Jordan, and in Luke 1:5,⁵There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. (Luke 1:5) where Herod is called “king of Judaea,” it signifies the whole of Israel.

Judah The two tribes, in distinction from Israel, the ten tribes; with both of which the new covenant is to be made. Heb. 8:8⁸For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah: (Hebrews 8:8).

Judas

1. One of the apostles. In two places the Authorized Version has added the words “brother of”: reading “Judas, brother of James”; but it may be “son of,” and we know not which James is referred to; but if Jude who wrote the Epistle is the same person, then “brother” is correct. Luke 6:16¹⁶And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. (Luke 6:16); John 14:22²²Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world? (John 14:22); Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13). In the list of the apostles in Matthew 10:3³Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; (Matthew 10:3) and Mark 3:18¹⁸And Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James the son of Alpheus, and Thaddeus, and Simon the Canaanite, (Mark 3:18) it will be seen that Judas is not named, but instead occurs the name of Lebbaeus, whose surname is Thaddeus, which leads to the conclusion that these are other names of Judas. Very little is recorded of this apostle: he asked the Lord how He would manifest Himself to His disciples and not unto the world.

2. Judas of Galilee. He raised an insurrection “in the days of the taxing,” A.D. 6. He was slain by the Romans, and his followers dispersed. Acts 5:37³⁷After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished; and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed. (Acts 5:37).

3. Judas. Acts 15:22²²Then pleased it the apostles and elders, with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, chief men among the brethren: (Acts 15:22). {See Barsabas.}

4. Judas, with whom Paul lodged. Acts 9:11¹¹And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the street which is called Straight, and inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul, of Tarsus: for, behold, he prayeth, (Acts 9:11).

5. Judas Iscariot, son of Simon. One of the twelve apostles; he was entrusted with “the bag,” though he was alas! a thief. Judas being chosen one of the apostles was a trial of man under new circumstances. He was an associate, “friend,” of the Lord: saw Him in public and in private; heard His words, saw His actions, and witnessed His miracles. Could have asked Him anything, and have had all his doubts solved and his difficulties removed. But alas! he yielded to temptation, and then Satan entered into him, and he stayed not till he had with a kiss betrayed his Lord for thirty pieces of silver (about £3 15s.). His remorse speedily followed, and he confessed that he had betrayed innocent blood, and was impelled to return the money he had coveted: a complete dupe of Satan, who first leads into sin, and then mocks those led astray. He hanged himself, and then, either being cut down or his body falling, his bowels gushed out. Matt. 10:4⁴Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. (Matthew 10:4); Mark 3:19¹⁹And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into an house. (Mark 3:19); Luke 6:16¹⁶And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. (Luke 6:16); John 6:71; 13:2,26⁷¹He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve. (John 6:71)
²And supper being ended, the devil having now put into the heart of Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, to betray him; (John 13:2)
²⁶Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon. (John 13:26); etc.

Jude The writer of the epistle bearing his name. He says of himself that he was “the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James,” which has naturally led to the conclusion that he is the same as Judas the apostle, because of Luke 6:16¹⁶And Judas the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor. (Luke 6:16) and Acts 1:13¹³And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James. (Acts 1:13). In both passages the word “brother” is added, and is most probably correct.

Judgment κρίσις, κρίμα. “Judgment” is used in the N.T. in two senses—

1. as a sessional judgment, when men will be arraigned before the Judge. It is appointed that after death shall be judgment. Heb. 9:27²⁷And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment: (Hebrews 9:27). Scripture does not speak of a general judgment when all mankind will be judged. It describes two sessional judgments, Matt. 25:31-46³¹When the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: ³²And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats: ³³And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left. ³⁴Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: ³⁵For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: ³⁶Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me. ³⁷Then shall the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? ³⁸When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? ³⁹Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? ⁴⁰And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me. ⁴¹Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: ⁴²For I was an hungred, and ye gave me no meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink: ⁴³I was a stranger, and ye took me not in: naked, and ye clothed me not: sick, and in prison, and ye visited me not. ⁴⁴Then shall they also answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungred, or athirst, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not minister unto thee? ⁴⁵Then shall he answer them, saying, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me. ⁴⁶And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal. (Matthew 25:31‑46) and Rev. 20:11-15,¹¹And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them. ¹²And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works. ¹³And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works. ¹⁴And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. ¹⁵And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. (Revelation 20:11‑15) which will be found to differ materially. The Christian of the present dispensation does not appear at either of the above. Scripture declares that he shall not come into judgment (κρίσις), but is already passed from death unto life (John 5:24²⁴Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life. (John 5:24)). He will have to stand before the judgment seat of Christ, Rom. 14:10¹⁰But why dost thou judge thy brother? or why dost thou set at nought thy brother? for we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ. (Romans 14:10); 2 Cor. 5:10,¹⁰For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad. (2 Corinthians 5:10) not to be judged for his sins, for Christ was judged for them, but each must give account of himself, and be manifested before Christ.

2. The other form of judgment is the executing of judgments, which may be of a temporary character, as in the Revelation; or the final doom of Satan and the wicked, which is eternal. Heb. 6:2²Of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment. (Hebrews 6:2); Rev. 20:10,15¹⁰And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever. (Revelation 20:10)
¹⁵And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire. (Revelation 20:15). The same Greek words are sometimes translated in the A.V. “condemnation,” and often “damnation.”

Junia A relative and fellow-prisoner of Paul, “of note among the apostles,” and who was “in Christ” before Paul. Rom. 16:7⁷Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. (Romans 16:7).

Juniper Tree or rather desert shrub. This species of broom afforded shelter to the Prophet, 1 Kings 19, as it does the wandering Arabs and travellers of the nineteenth century. It is largely used in the manufacture of charcoal. Psa. 120:4⁴Sharp arrows of the mighty, with coals of juniper. (Psalm 120:4).

Jupiter The supreme deity of Greek and Roman mythology. Acts 14:12-13; 19:35¹²And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker. ¹³Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their city, brought oxen and garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with the people. (Acts 14:12‑13)
³⁵And when the townclerk had appeased the people, he said, Ye men of Ephesus, what man is there that knoweth not how that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the image which fell down from Jupiter? (Acts 19:35).