Cabin cell, vault. Jer. 37:16 .
Caesar Not a name in the N.T. but a title given to any of the Roman emperors. There were during the N.T. history the emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. The question, “Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar?” meant exactly the same as “Is it lawful to give tribute to the emperor,” or “to Rome?”
Caesarea Philippi In the north of Israel, on the east of the Jordan, a little south of mount Hermon, perhaps as far north on the east of Jordan as the Lord visited. It was thus named by Philip the Tetrarch, but was originally called Paneas. Matt. 16:13; Mark 8:27. Its modern name is Banias.
Caesarea The celebrated seaport of Israel, about 70 miles north-west of Jerusalem. Paul repeatedly visited the port in his travels. Herod built the harbor and city. It was the seat of the Roman governors, and where Paul spent two years as a prisoner. Acts 8:40; 9:30, etc. It is now called Kaisarieh, and is described as a mass of prostrate columns and ruined masonry, without an inhabitant.
Caiaphas He was high priest under Tiberias, during the Lord’s ministry; but was deposed by Vitellius, A.D. 37. He was son-in-law of Annas. Matt. 26:3,57; Luke 3:2; Acts 4:6.
Cain acquired. The firstborn of Eve. Held up as an example of wickedness. 1 John 3:12; Jude 11. Typically, the Jews who slew Christ (as Cain did Abel) and then sent to wander on the earth as fugitives, but marked off and preserved by God. Name occurs about 18 times in the Scriptures. Gen. 4.
Calamus An aromatic plant. An Eastern perfume, and formed one of the ingredients composing the holy anointing oil. Ex. 30:23.
Caleb barker, hence a dog. Faithfulness to God commanded and rewarded. Name occurs about 30 times, and only in the Old Testament. Num. 13.
Calf The bull calf was the favourite animal for food, and many were stalled and carefully looked after for this purpose, while others were kept ready for agricultural purposes only. Gen. 18:7; Amos 6:4. The bull calf was a national form of worship in Egypt, and we may add of Israel too (Ex. 32).
Calkers ship carpenters. Ezek. 27:9,27.
Calling καλέω, κλῆσις. “Calling” is used in various connections. It is our social position in 1 Cor. 7:20. In a Christian connection, “many are called,” as in invitations, but few chosen (Matt. 22:14). In an absolute sense, the gifts and calling of God are without repentance (Rom. 11:29). “Whom He called, them He also justified” (Rom. 8:30). The saints are saints by calling; the apostles were apostles by calling (Rom. 1:1,7). We read of the “high calling,” (Phil. 3:14); the “holy calling,” (2 Tim. 1:9); and the “heavenly calling,” (Heb. 3:1). We are to give diligence to make our calling and election sure (2 Peter 1:10).
Calvary Luke 23:33. {See Jerusalem in Bible Subjects}
Calves of the lips Should be praises of the lips. Hos. 14:2.
Camel κύμηλος. This valuable animal and beast of burden — “the ship of the desert” — is probably the most useful animal in the East. It is indispensable in treading the Arabian Desert, and constituted an important part of wealth in Bible lands, as the numerous Scripture references show. Judg. 7:12; 2 Kings 8:9. The stronger ones are used for carrying burdens, and can carry 560 to 784 lbs. The smaller ones are for riding, and can on a necessity travel 100 miles in 24 hours. They can live upon very little, the hump gradually decreasing in size when they have but little food. The hair is used for clothing. Matt. 3:4; Mark 1:6.
Camp A symbol of a religion which would attach man to earth; or, the union of human and Divine principles. Ex. 33:7. Rev. 20:9 is an allusion to the gathering together of the saints, when Satan stirs up the final attack upon them. In Hebrews 13:11,13 refers to Judaism and its religious system, extending however to any religious system connected with the world in distinction from the heavenly character of the church of God. The bodies of the sin-offering were burned without the camp of Israel (Lev. 4:12,21). Jesus also suffered “without the gate” of Jerusalem and its then earthly system. “Let us go forth therefore unto Him without the camp, bearing His reproach.”
Camphire An aromatic plant that yields a delightful fragrance, and from its leaves a dye is produced, which is held in great favour amongst Eastern females in staining their hands and feet. Song of Sol. 1:14.
Cana of Galilee The place of the Lord’s first miracle, turning the water into wine, and the city to which Nathanael belonged. It was in the neighborhood of Capernaum, and on higher ground. The Lord went down to Capernaum. John 2:1,11; 4:46; 21:2. It has been identified by some with Kefr-Kenna, about four and a half miles north-east of Nazareth, but others prefer Kana-el-Jelil (or Khurbet Kana), about eight miles north-east of Nazareth.
Canaan, Chanaan A name corresponding to Israel. Matt. 15:22.
Canaanite Matt. 10:4; Mark 3:18. {See Simon}
Candle, Candlestick λύχνος, λυχνία. Matt. 5:15; Rev. 1:12-13,20, etc. The word λύχνος is translated “light” in Matthew 6:22; Luke 12:35; John 5:35; 2 Peter 1:19; Rev. 21:23. The words are better translated “lamp” and “lampstand,” though there is another Greek word for “lamp,” which see. The modern candles were not known in N. T. times. A symbol of artificial light. A symbol of Divine light and favour. Rev. 22:5; Job 29:3.
Candlestick of Pure Gold 1. A symbol of the fullness of the Spirit’s light resting upon believers. Ex. 26:35. 2. A symbol of the perfect display of the moral glories of Christ as seen in His adorable person. Num. 8:2-4.
Canker gangrene. 2 Tim. 2:17.
Cankered corroded. James 5:3.
Canker-worm In the few passages where this insect is named its destructive power is referred to. It is an apt and striking illustration of the utter desolation and wasting caused by countless and irresistible enemies; and its ravages in the East are dreaded as the plague. Joel 1:4; 2:25. The “canker-worm” is the Eastern “locust” in its larva state.
Capernaum Remarkable as being designated the Lord’s “own city.” Matt. 9:1; Mark 2:1. It was perhaps the place where He dwelt more than any other. There He did many miracles, and spoke many “gracious words,” but He was rejected there, and this called forth this solemn “woe” against it: it should be brought down to hades (Matt. 11:23). It was on the west side of the lake, “upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim.” Matt. 4:13; 8:5; 11:23, etc. Many identify it with Tell Hum; others prefer Khan Minyeh.
Caphtor The original location of the Philistines, who were descended from Mizraim (Egypt). Gen. 10:14; Jer. 47:4.
Cappadocia A Roman province in the most eastern part of Asia Minor, but extending eastward to the Euphrates. Jews from thence were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost; and Peter includes them in his first epistle. Acts 2:9; 1 Peter 1:1.
Captain of the Guard στρατοπεδάοχης. The Roman commander of a camp, but applied to the commander of the emperor’s guards, to whom Paul was delivered as a prisoner at Rome. Acts 28:16.
Captain, Chief Captain, High Captain χιλίαρχος. “The Roman commander of a thousand men,” a Chiliarch. Mark 6:21; John 18:12; Acts 21:31-37; 22:24-29; 23:10-22; 24:7,22; 25:23; Rev. 6:15; 19:18.
Carnal To be “carnal” or fleshly, denotes an unhealthy Christian condition, as “spiritual” signifies a healthy Christian state. To be “carnal” is equivalent to a condition marked in Scripture as babyhood, requiring “milk,” and not “solid food.” Both the Corinthians (1 Cor. 3) and the Hebrews (Heb. 5) were in that state. Where nature in its workings are not held in due subjection, its philosophical tendencies, as with the Corinthians, and its religious ways, as with the Hebrews, not thoroughly judged, a “carnal” or fleshly state is the sure result. Our safety is in walking in the power of the Holy Spirit (Rom. 8:13-14).
Carpenters A symbol of God’s instruments of judgment upon the Gentile oppressors of His people, Israel. Zech. 1:20-21.
Carriage The goods or baggage, i.e. not what carried, but what was carried. 1 Sam. 17:22; Judg. 18:21. See also Acts 21:15.
Cassia An aromatic plant, an Indian perfume, and which formed one of the ingredients of the holy ointment. Ex. 30:24.
Cast 1. turned. Jer. 41:14. 2. considered. Luke 1:29.
Castor and Pollux The Greek word is simply Dioscuri, “sons of Jupiter,” supposed to refer to Castor and Pollux of Mythology, who were said to preserve from shipwreck. Acts 28:11.
Caterpillar(s) The Hebrew word for “canker-worm” signifies licker up, and for “caterpillar,” consumer. No doubt the locust is meant, but in the state before it assumes its wings. It is an emblem of utter wasting and destruction. Isa. 33:4; Psa. 78:46. A symbol of devouring enemies. Jer. 51:14;
Caul(s) net for the hair. Isa. 3:18. Female head covering of net work, and of an ornamental character.
Cedar
1. This grand old tree once covered the sides of Mount Lebanon, and was largely used by David, Solomon, and Nebuchadnezzar in the erection of their palaces, also in the construction of the Temple.
2. A symbol of earthly greatness. Ezek. 17:1; Amos 2:9.
3. A symbol of man displayed in his best and fairest forms. Lev. 14:4-6; Num. 19:6.
Cedron Another form of Kidron or Kedron. A ravine in which flowed the brook, at the east of Jerusalem, separating it from the mount of Olives, but which is now nearly always dry. John 18:1.
Cenchrea The eastern port of Corinth, from which it was distant about nine miles. There was an assembly there. Acts 18:18; Rom. 16:1.
Censer The vessel in which coals from the altar were carried, on which incense was sprinkled. Heb. 9:4. Used metaphorically for the vessel in which the prayers of the saints are offered on the altar with much incense, followed by judgments on the earth. Rev. 8:3,5.
Centurion ἑκατουτάοχης,—χος, κεντυοίων. The Roman commander of a hundred men. Matt. 8:5,8,13; Mark 15:39-45; Acts 10:1.
Chaff Symbol of worthless persons. Matt. 3:12; Luke 3:17; Psa. 1:4.
Chains This word signifies ear-drops. Isa. 3:19.
Chalcedony χαλκηδών. There are several varieties of chalcedony, differing in colour and bearing different names; the general shade is a pale, yellowish grey. Rev. 21:19. The word does not occur in the LXX. Because of the uncertainty of identifying the precious stones in the N.T., references are given to the Septuagint if the same Greek word is used therein.
Chaldaeans, Land of the The district between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Acts 7:4.
Challenge to claim. Ex. 22:9.
Chambers of imagery Egyptian idolatry occupying the rooms, and generally the interior of the temple. Ezek. 8:12.
Chameleon As the original word denotes strength, it is believed that the reference is to one of the large and powerful lizard species abounding in Israel. It was an unclean animal under the Law. Lev. 11:30.
Chamois As the animal known to us as the “chamois” never inhabited Israel or adjacent countries, it is generally regarded, in this the only passage where the name occurs, as the wild sheep now almost extinct in Bible lands. It was a clean animal under the Law. Deut. 14:5.
Champaign open field or plain. That part of a country not intersected by hills, but open and easily traversed. Deut. 11:30.
Chanaan Same as Canaan.
Chancellor A Persian officer of high rank, and connected with the granting of the decrees of the realm. Ezra 4:8-9,17.
Chapiter(s) The upper and ornamental parts of the columns or pillars of public buildings. Ex. 36:38, etc.
Chapman dealer. In England we would say a “hawker”; only in the East the employment was a respectable one. 2 Chron. 9:14.
Charger A salver, or large dish. Num 7:13; Matt. 14:8.
Chariot of Israel The Divine defence and safeguard of Israel. 2 Kings 2:12.
Chariots
1. A symbol of imperial powers. Zech. 6:1.
2. A symbol of the governmental power and authority of Jehovah. Psa. 68:17; Isa. 66:15.
Charity love. 1 Cor. 13.
Charran The same as Haran, (Gen. 11:31, etc.) where the LXX has Χαρράν: the plain of Mesopotamia, between the rivers Khabour and the Euphrates. Acts 7:2,4. There is an Arab village in the district called Harran.
Check reproof. Job 20:3.
Chemarim The priests of Baal and of other idols. Zeph. 1:4. Translated idolatrous priests in 2 Kings 23:5; Hosea 10:5; in these Scriptures the margin reads chemarim.
Cherubim χερουβίμ (plural). Symbolical executors of God’s judicial and governmental power and authority, either in blessing or in punishing. Heb. 9:5; Ezek. 10:15-20. They are named as in guarding the tree of life. Gen. 3:24. In the tabernacle and temple, they formed the moral supports of Jehovah’s throne, as “justice and judgment.” Psa. 89:14. In Ezekiel 1; 10:15-20, they clearly set forth God acting judicially towards His people, in bringing against them that “bitter nation,” the Chaldeans. Ex. 37:7; 1 Kings 6:28, Psa. 99:1.
Chestnut or, according to the Septuagint, the Plane Tree. Its ample foliage secures a delightful shade and retreat from the burning rays of an Eastern sky, while its enormous trunk supplies timber for a variety of purposes.
Chief of Asia Ασιάοχης. Asiarch, honorary Roman magistrates in Asia. Ten of the principal persons of the province were elected annually of which one was chief. They were specially charged with the public festivals. Acts 19:31.
Chief prince The Septuagint or Greek version of the Old Testament, reads correctly “Prince of Rosh,” i.e. of Russia. Ezek. 38:2-3; 39:1. It was only toward the close of the ninth century that Russia, as such, became known, or rather, that her history as a kingdom commenced, hence our translators took the word “rosh” as signifying the “chief,” or great prince.
Child an hundred years old Refers to the great prolongation of life in the millennium. Isa. 65:20.
Children of the East Dwellers in the desert lying between Canaan and the river Euphrates. Judg. 6:3,33.
Chilion pining away. Israel out of her land and wasting away because of her iniquities Isa. 38:12; Ruth 1.
Chimney Denotes any aperture covered over with interlaced lattice-work for the escape of smoke Hos. 13:3. It is the same word translated windows. Gen. 7:11; 8:2.
Chios An island in the Aegean Sea, near the west coast of Asia Minor. Acts 20:15. Now called Scios.
Chittim The historical fulfilment of the first part of this chapter (Dan. 11:1-35) proves that Rome is the power here meant.
Choler great rage and anger Dan. 8:7; 11:11.
Chorazin One of the cities on which a “woe” was pronounced by the Lord because of rejecting Him, His words, and His works. Matt. 11:21; Luke 10:13. It was doubtless near the lake of Gennesaret on the west side, and its site is supposed by some to be identified with Kerazeh, where are extensive ruins; but others identify it with Tell Hum.
Christ, The χριστός. The Anointed. It is the same as Messiah, which is a Hebrew word, and also signifies “the Anointed.” Messias occurs in John 1:41; 4:25, and is interpreted “the Christ.” He was foretold in Psalm 2:2 as “his anointed,” which is “his Messiah.” In Daniel 9:25-26, the Messiah the Prince shall be cut off and have nothing (margin). This was the one looked for by the Jews and the Samaritans, but who came as the humble Jesus of Nazareth. In many places in the A.V. where it is simply “Christ,” as if that were His name, it should be “the Christ,” the anointed one. In 1 Cor. 12:12 The Head and the body form one whole, “the Christ.”
Christian Antioch prided itself upon “giving names,” and was the first to call the disciples “Christians,” as those who followed Christ. King Agrippa used the same term. The giving of the name may have been overruled by God: it is certainly very appropriate, and is adopted by Peter, as led by the Holy Spirit. Acts 11:26; 26:28; 1 Peter 4:16.
Chrysolite χρυσόλιθος. Probably the ancient topaz of a golden or yellow colour. Rev. 21:20. The word occurs in the LXX in Exodus 28:20; 36:20 (39:13); Ezekiel 28:13. {See Chalcedony}
Chrysoprasus χρυσόπρασος. Supposed to be a variety of chalcedony of a green shade. Rev. 21:20. The word does not occur in the LXX.
Church In Acts 19:37 occurs “robbers of churches,” but it should be “robbers of temples”: no building was called a church. The word for church is έκκλησία, and simply means “assembly.” This is evident from Acts 19:32,39,41, where the same word is applied to those gathered in the theatre. It is also used of the assembly or congregation of Israel in the wilderness in Acts 7:38. Everywhere else it refers to God’s assembly. The church is said to be “the body” of Christ (Eph. 1:22-23; Col. 1:18,24). It is also the “house of God” (1 Tim. 3:15), in which there may be those who are professors only. It is compared to a great house in which are vessels both to honour and to dishonour (2 Tim. 2:20), so that judgment will have to begin at the house of God (1 Peter 4:17). Collectively there is but one church — one body, embracing every Christian on earth indwelt by the Holy Spirit, and containing none but Christians; but distributively we read of “churches.” In any one city we read of only “a” church, as at Jerusalem, (Acts 8:1); but there were churches in districts, as in Judaea, in Galatia (Gal. 1:2,22), and in Asia (Rev. 1:4). Each local assembly was called “a church,” though it really formed a part of the one church, and was in no sense a separate church. The church was formed by the baptism of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 1:5; 2:4; 1 Cor. 12:13; Eph. 2:22), so that the church did not commence until then, which agrees with our Lord speaking of it as a future thing in Matthew 16:18; and its doctrine was still a hidden mystery, until Paul afterward declared it (Eph. 3:3-7). This shows the heavenly character of the church as the body of Christ, of which He is the Head in heaven, and that it is distinct from the Old Testament saints, and also from the saints who will be called after the church has left the earth.
Churl A niggardly person (Isa. 32:5,7); also, surly and ill-tempered, as Nabal (1 Sam. 25).
Ciel to wainscot. 2 Chron. 3:5.
Cilicia A district in Asia Minor at the extreme N.E. corner of the Mediterranean. Tarsus was its capital, to which Paul belonged. Acts 6:9; 15:41; 21:39; Gal. 1:21.
Cinnamon an aromatic plant is a favourite spice, and formed another of the ingredients of the holy ointment. Ex. 30:23.
Circumcision This was a rite peculiarly Jewish, so that the terms circumcised and uncircumcised are constantly used to denote Jews and Gentiles. It was concluded in the council at Jerusalem that circumcision was not binding on Gentile believers, and the Galatians are severely blamed for putting themselves under the law; if they trusted in circumcision Christ would profit them nothing. What it typified is explained in Colossians 2:11: “Ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ.” In Philippians 3:2, it stands in contrast to “concision,” which is a “cutting,” an improving of the flesh: circumcision teaches cutting off: “Ye are dead. ... Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth” Col. 3:3,5.
Cisterns A symbol of resources. Jer. 2:12; Isa. 36:16.
Citizen, In Luke 15:15; 19:14; Acts 21:39 the term applies to those simply dwelling in the same city, and having civil rights. The chief captain did not suppose Paul was a Roman citizen, or he would not have ordered him to be scourged. Acts 22:29. The saints’ “citizenship” is in heaven, as Phil. 3:20 may well be translated. The word is πολίτευμα.
City
1. Symbol of center of administration. Heb. 11:10,16; Rev. 21:10.
2. A symbol of protection. Prov. 18:11.
3. A symbol of seat of the Roman Empire. Rev. 16:19.
4. A symbol of the Church, both in its glorified and apostate states. Rev. 18; 21.
Claudia A Christian woman named by Paul in his salutations from Rome, together with Pudens and Linus. 2 Tim. 4:21. All of these are supposed to have been British subjects at Rome. About the same time that Paul wrote the second Epistle to Timothy, the Latin poet Martial wrote some epigrams, in which he mentions three friends: Pudens, his wife Claudia, and Linus. It is remarkable that the three names agree, and it may be as supposed.
Claudius Lysias The Commandant of Jerusalem, who, when Paul was dragged out of the temple and attacked, protected him, and sent him to Caesarea for safety. Acts 23:26.
Claudius Fourth Roman emperor, who attained to the empire partially through the influence of Herod Agrippa I, A.D. 41. In return for this he added Judaea, Samaria, and some districts of Lebanon to Agrippa’s jurisdiction, and appointed Agrippa’s brother, Herod, to Chalcis. Acts 11:28; 18:2.
Clay
1. A symbol of man as dead material the subject of the sovereign power of God. Rom. 9:21.
2. A symbol of no foot-hold in suffering. Psa. 40:2.
Cleave Used in exactly opposite meanings, as to cut or divide in Psalm 141:7, and to a close and inseparable union, as in Genesis 2:24.
Clement Paul’s fellow-labourer at Philippi. He is accounted one of the Apostolic Fathers. Phil. 4:3.
Cleopas or Clopas One of the two disciples who travelled to Emmaus, with whom the Lord conversed and to whom He made himself known in the breaking of bread. Luke 24:18. Supposed by some to be the same person as the Cleophas, or Clopas, named in John 19:25.
Clouds 1. A symbol of Divine majesty. Dan. 7:13; Psa. 104:3; Rev. 1:7. 2. A symbol of the presence of Jehovah, but His glory veiled. Ex. 33:9-10; 34:15-18; Luke 9:35; Lev. 16:2.
Clouted patched. Josh. 9:5.
Cnidus A city and sea-port passed by Paul on his way to Rome. Acts 27:7. It is in the extreme S.W. of Asia Minor.
Coal quench my Ruin me in my circumstances and prosperity. 2 Sam. 14:7.
Coals of Fire The allusion seems to be melting and conquering an enemy by returning good for evil. Proverbs 25:21-22; Rom. 12:20. A “fire of coals,” John 18:18; 21:9. Mineral coals are not known in Israel; charcoal is still commonly used.
Coast(s) border, region of territory, whether of sea or land. Judg. 18:2; Matt. 2:16.
Cock This domestic fowl is only mentioned in the Gospels, and was certainly unknown to the Jews previous to the captivity, being imported from India. The certainty and regularity of its midnight crowing is connected with some solemn warnings and teachings in the Gospels. Matt. 26:34; Mark 14:30.
Cockatrice The particular reptile referred to cannot with certainty be determined, but the various Scripture passages in which the name occurs show that a deadly, poisonous snake is meant. Isa. 11:8; Jer. 8:17.
Cockle A destructive weed and exceedingly offensive to the smell. It must have been a well-known exceedingly poisonous Arabian plant (Job 31:40); it is translated “wild grapes” in Isaiah 5:2,4.
Collops lumps. Job 15:27.
Colony A Roman colony was a place inhabited by persons transplanted from Rome, and governed by Roman laws. Acts 16:12.
Colosse A city in Phrygia in Asia Minor, twelve miles nearly east of Laodicea. Col. 1:2. It does not appear that Paul had visited the place before he wrote the epistle to the church there (see Col. 2:1). Its ruins are supposed to be 3 miles north of the town of Khonas.
Colour pretext. Acts 27:30.
Colours A symbol of varied glories. Gen. 37:3; 1 Chron. 29:2; Isa. 54:11.
Colt Young camel or ass. The colts were frequently used for riding by persons of distinction, and represent an ungovernable will, as in the book of Job and elsewhere. Gen. 49:11; 32:15.
Commendation, Letters of, An evident intimation that such letters are needful when a Christian goes to a place where he is unknown. 2 Cor. 3:1.
Compass, fetch a make a circuit. 2 Sam. 5:23; Acts 28:13.
Concision A symbol of those who would saddle the law upon Christians. Phil. 3:2. {See Circumcision.}
Conclude to include. Rom. 11:32.
Concupiscence lust. Rom. 7:8.
Coney An unclean animal. This small animal inhabits the rocks, and is exceedingly watchful and wary on the approach of danger. The wisdom of this diminutive little creature — about the size of the rabbit — in selecting high rocks for its dwelling is a lesson to us worth pondering. Psa. 104:18; Pro. 30:26.
Confirming 1. ἐπιστηρίξω. “to fix firmly, establish.” A mission fulfilled by Paul and others, among the converts, by bringing the word home to their souls, by which they were established in the faith. Acts 14:22; 15:32,41. 2. βεβαιόω “to confirm, establish, verify.” Mark 16:20; Rom. 15:8; 1 Cor. 1:6,8; Heb. 2:3.
Conscience συνείδησις. Literally, “joint knowledge.” It is the faculty God has given to every man since the fall by which he knows good and evil (see Gen. 3:22): and for the disobeying of which, if he has no other light, he will be judged. Rom. 2:15. The Christian has a “purged” conscience, the effect once for all of the work of Christ in respect of his sins; so that he has no more conscience of sins. Heb. 9:14; 10:2. God will never impute sins to him. As a practical thing, Paul said, “I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence toward God, and toward men.” Acts 24:16. A “good” conscience and a “pure” conscience are named as what should characterize a Christian; whereas those who depart from the faith have a “seared” conscience, and lose the fine sensibilities which the faith imparts. Others may have a “weak” conscience through not apprehending Christian liberty. Conscience takes knowledge of acts, not of nature. When the sin in us is allowed to produce sins, then only is the conscience defiled.
Consist subsist. Col. 1:17.
Constantly strongly Titus 3:8.
Convenient becoming. Eph. 5:4.
Conversation manner of life. Gal. 1:13. citizenship. Phil. 3:20.
Converts The remnants of Israel and Judah returned to their city and God. The root idea in this word and in that of “conversion” is “turned,” or a radical change in life and character. Isa. 1:27.
Convocation This Latin word signifies a religious gathering duly called and constituted. Ex. 12:16.
Coos An island on the south-west of Asia Minor; same as Cos. Acts 21:1.
Coral The finest coral was procured from the Red Sea or Persian Gulf, and was greatly prized for its beauty and value. Coral is the interesting workmanship of millions of sea creatures who lived and died at the bottom of the waters. Ezek. 27:16; Job 28:18.
Corban A Hebrew word, and here (Mark 7:11) is translated “a gift,” a consecrated gift. The Jews had allowed a son to say to his parent, “It is a consecrated gift, I cannot give it to you,” thus setting aside, by their traditions, his duty to his parents.
Cords A symbol of Divine restraint. A symbol of the compellings of love. Psa. 2:3; Hos. 11:4.
Coriander is plentiful in the East, and is used in seasoning fruit and confectionery. Ex. 16:31.
Corinth The learned and wealthy but dissolute capital of Achaia. There had been an earlier city, but the one referred to in the Acts was founded by Julius Caesar. Paul continued there eighteen months, and thence he wrote the first and second Epistles to the Thessalonians, and afterward the Epistle to the Romans. He had been the means of the conversion of the Corinthians, to whom he wrote the two Epistles bearing their name. Acts 18:1; 19:1; 1 Cor. 1:2; 2 Cor. 1:1,23; 2 Tim. 4:20. Corinth is now only a mean village, with a few fragments of its former greatness.
Cormorant Another of the unclean birds abounding about the rivers and sea coasts of Israel. The word literally means plunger; it is one of those birds who plunge into the water in pursuit of its prey. Lev. 11:17; Deut. 14:17.
Corn, Corn of Wheat A cereal as familiar to the inhabitants of the Eastern world as elsewhere. Various words are used, signifying the breadstuffs of Israel. Mark 4:28; John 12:24, etc. The reference to the Lord is rather “grain of wheat,” “the grain of wheat” must die or He could not produce the fruit He wished. There could be no living association of man with Him except on the resurrection side of the cross. The grain dies and brings forth “much fruit.”
Corn, Old A symbol of Christ in glory as the food of a heavenly people. Josh. 5:11.
Cornelius A devout Roman centurion, who saw in a vision an angel of God telling him to send for Peter. Acts 10. While Peter preached to the gathered company the Holy Spirit fell on them, and they were baptized. These were the first Gentile converts.
Corner-stone, head of the corner, chief corner-stone Matt. 21:42; Mark 12:10; Luke 20:17; Acts 4:11; 1 Peter 2:7. Christ, though He had been rejected by the Jewish builders, is proclaimed as “head of the corner,” being a quotation from Psalm 118:22. Ephesians 2:20 and 1 Peter 2:6 speak of Him as the “chief corner stone.” In Ephesians this is in connection with the foundation, and in Peter it is said to be “laid,” so that the “chief corner stone” may refer to a part of the foundation, and the “head of the corner” to a top stone; agreeing with Christ being the “first and the last,” the “beginning and the ending” of God’s plan of building up an edifice to His glory in the salvation of poor sinners.
Cote stall, shed. 2 Chron. 32:28.
Cotes chambers or other enclosures for the protection of sheep. 2 Chron. 32:28. See also 1 Samuel 24:3.
Coulter An implement of husbandry, generally regarded as a ploughshare. 1 Sam. 13:20-21.
Council, Counsellor {See Sanhedrim in “The Synagogue and the Sanhedrim” in Bible Subjects}
Countervail compensate. Could not avail against the king, or damage him in any way. Esther 7:4.
Covenant of Salt An agreement or league of a perpetual and enduring character; yet practiced to a large extent in eastern countries, where, if a visitor eats salt in your house, he has thereby secured your help and protection, and for the time under your special safeguard. Num. 18:19, etc.
Covenant, New Covenant Except in Romans 1:31, “covenant breakers,” the word is διαθήκη. In the A.V. it is nearly as often translated “testament” as “covenant,” with the same meaning. It is better always translated “covenant,” except in Hebrews 9:16-17. As an English word, “covenant” implies an agreement between two or more; but in Scripture it is the will and purpose of one — God. It was so with Israel: God stated His covenant, as His will concerning them, the blessing was conditional on their keeping it. The new covenant is future, when God will take up Israel again for blessing. Heb. 8:8. God is not said to make a covenant with the church. Christ is the mediator of the new covenant. Heb. 8:6; 9:15; 12:24. Paul speaks of himself and others as being “able ministers of the new covenant.” 2 Cor. 3:6. In Galatians 4 two covenants are spoken of; one made at mount Sinai, the other the “Jerusalem above is free, which is our mother.” Gal. 4:26 JND. From the above it will be seen that the “new covenant” is yet to be made with Israel, though some of its blessings are anticipated in the new order of things brought in by Christ, in contrast to the old order under the law: it brings blessings to us who are in the church, and will bring many and varied blessings to Israel by-and-by. Two things will characterize it: a knowledge of God as Jehovah, and the forgiveness of sins.
Covereth his Feet Judg. 3:24 or “doeth his easement.” Also 1 Samuel 24:3.
Cow The cow formed an integral part of wealth in such an agricultural country as Israel, and generally denotes abundance. Lev. 22:28; Isa. 7:21. The “bullock” on the other hand is the chosen symbol of service and patient labour, and was the most valuable animal offered in sacrifice on Jewish altars.
Crane This gregarious bird is of large size and is remarkable for two characteristics, both noted in the references — first, its peculiar trumpet-like cry, and second, its regular migratory habits. Jer. 8:7; Isa. 38:14.
Creation, New Creature κτίσις. In Mark 10:6; 13:19; Romans 1:20; 2 Peter 3:4 reference is made to the creation of Genesis 1. In Colossians 1:15 our Lord is spoken of as “the firstborn of every creature,” and in Revelation 3:14 as the “beginning of the creation of God.” In Romans 8:19-21,39 every created thing is referred to as suffering from the effects of the sin of man, and as groaning for relief. In 2 Corinthians 5:17 and Galatians 6:15 the Christian is said to be a “new creation”; he is a new creation in Christ in contrast to the first creation in Adam, although until his body is redeemed he has not quite done with the first creation in its life, duties, and relationships. In all the above passages, “creation” is the better word. In 1 Timothy 4:4; James 1:18; Rev. 5:13; 8:9 it is κτίσμα, “creature.”
Creator One of the titles of God, but which also belongs to Christ, for all things were created by Him and for Him. Rom. 1:25; 1 Peter 4:19; Col. 1:16.
Crete A large island in the Mediterranean, not far from Greece, also called Candia. Some Jews from Crete were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost. These may have received and carried to Crete the gospel. Paul at a late date, apparently visited Crete, and left Titus there to set things in order and to ordain elders in every city. The Cretans had gained an unenviable notoriety for untruthfulness. Acts 27:7,12-13,21; Titus 1:5,12.
Crisping pin(s) small bags or purses. Isa. 3:22. Translated bags in 2 Kings 5:23.
Crispus The chief ruler of the synagogue at Corinth; he believed at the preaching of Paul, who baptized him and his household. Acts 18:8; 1 Cor. 1:14.
Cross, The, The well-known instrument used in crucifixion. It is used as a symbol of the sacrifice of the Lord: “the death of the cross,” (Phil. 2:8); “the blood of his cross,” (Col. 1:20); “preaching of the cross,” (1 Cor. 1:17-18). It was that on which atonement for sins was made. Jews and Gentiles were united into one body by the cross. Eph. 2:16. The cross makes nothing of man, and was the symbol of shame to the Lord (Heb. 12:2); and of the shame and self-denial that lie in the Christian’s path. Matt. 10:38; 16:24; Mark 8:34; Luke 9:23; 1 Cor. 1:17;Gal. 5:11; 6:12.
Crown A symbol of victory or royalty or kingly dignity. Ezek. 16:12; Rev. 9:7. Yet, in derision they put a crown of thorns upon the Lord. Matt. 27:29. The twenty-four elders, typical of the redeemed, have on their heads “crowns of gold” (Rev. 4:4,10). The woman in Revelation 12:1 had on her head a crown of twelve stars, pointing to Israel and the twelve tribes. The Christian is said to receive “a crown of righteousness,” (2 Tim. 4:8); “the crown of life,” (James 1:12; Rev. 2:10); and “a crown of glory,” (1 Peter 5:4). It may be but one crown, looked at from different aspects: the warning to the saint is, “hold that fast which thou hast, that no man take thy crown” (Rev. 3:11). The apostle Paul declared that the saints at Philippi and at Thessalonica were his “crown” (Phil. 4:1; 1 Thess. 2:19). The crown, better translated “Diadem,” is only worn by the Lord, (Rev. 19:12); by Satan as the “great red dragon,” (Rev. 12:3); and by the beast, the head of the future Roman power (Rev. 13:1). There are four crowns set before the saints — First, the crown of gold common to the redeemed. Rev. 4:10. Second, the crown of life for the martyr. Rev. 2:10. Third, the crown of righteousness for the servant and witness. 2 Tim. 4:8. Fourth, the crown of glory for the shepherds of God’s flock. 1 Peter 5:4.
Crucifixion The most painful and degrading death. Scripture says, “Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree” (Gal. 3:13). The Romans nailed the hands to the cross piece of wood, and the feet to the upright beam. The crucified sometimes lived for two days. Breaking the legs was requested by the Jews that the bodies might be the sooner buried.
Crystal Glass “like unto crystal,” and “clear as crystal.” The word is κρύσταλλος, and means “ice,” and then “crystal” from its resemblance to ice. Rev. 4:6; 21:11; 22:1. The same word is used in the LXX to mean both “ice” and “crystal,” Job 6:16 and Ezekiel 1:22. {See Chalcedony}
Cubit {See Long Measure in “Measures of Capacity” in Bible Subjects}
Cuckow A species of sea-fowl, but the particular bird referred to is uncertain. It is ranked amongst the unclean birds under the Law. Deut. 14:15; Lev. 11:16.
Cucumber is a well-known Egyptian and Palestinian vegetable; a favourite dish amongst the labouring class.
Cumbered distracted. Luke 10:40.
Cummin An aromatic, medicinal plant, yielding seeds, which, when crushed, gives a pleasing aromatic flavour highly prized in the East. Most useful in stomach complaints. The Pharisees were careful to pay tithe of it. Matt. 23:23.
Cunning clever or skilful; not to be understood in a bad sense, as with us. Ex 31:4; Ex. 36:8.
Cup
1. A symbol of the sinners’ portion, Divine wrath. Psa. 75:8. It is used by the Lord in reference to what He had to endure in putting away sin. Matt. 20:22; 26:39.
2. A symbol of the believers’ portion, Divine favour. Psa. 23:5. 3. Often taken as a symbol of what was in the cup (see 1 Cor. 10:16).
Curious skilfully wrought. Ex. 28:8.
Curtains. 1. The curtains of the Tabernacle that were inside set forth Christ and His glories for us. Ex. 26:1,14. 2. The curtains of the court that were outside set forth Christ and His glories to be displayed by us. Ex. 27:9-16.
Cush That part of Africa known as Ethiopia. Isa. 11:11.
Custom, receipt of custom Kings of the earth took “custom” of tributary people, strangers (Matt. 17:25), and which Christians are exhorted to pay (Rom. 13:7). A tribute was paid by the Jews to the Romans, and the “receipt of custom” was the office where such payments were received. {See Tribute}
Cymbal A piece of metal formed somewhat like a plate, two of which were struck together. The sounds are disagreeable and inharmonious when heard without other instruments. The word for “tinkling” is translated “wailed” in Mark 5:38. The allusion is to the words a professed Christian may utter without the love of God in his heart. 1 Cor. 13:1.
Cypress has been used from time immemorial as a memento over the tombs of the rich. It is a tall and upright tree, and its dark mournful-looking waving plumes make it a fitting emblem for funeral purposes.
Cyprus An extensive island at the east end of the Mediterranean. The “Chittim” of the Old Testament. When the church was scattered abroad at the persecution respecting Stephen, some went to Cyprus. Paul himself laboured there. It is remarkable as having belonged to the nations of Greece, Persia, Rome, Egypt, and England. Acts 4:36; 11:19; 15:39; 21:3,16; 27:4.
Cyrene A Greek city on the north coast of Africa, nearly opposite to Crete. Many Jews resided there, and some from thence were in Jerusalem at Pentecost; and the Cyrenians had a synagogue also in the city. Matt. 27:32; Acts 2:10; 11:20; 13:1.
Cyrenius Called in Roman history “Quirinus,” twice governor of Syria, once at the time of the birth of Christ, and again in A.D. 6. On both occasions a “census” was made. Luke 2:2.
Cyrus sun. Cyrus, the destroyer of Babylon and deliverer of the Jews, points to the future day when the Gentiles in the hands of Jehovah will be used for the blessing and help of His earthly people. Name occurs about 24 times, and only in the Old Testament. Isa. 44:28; 45:1.