NOTE 1.
(Leviticus 10:1, 2; 16:1, 21And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon, and offered strange fire before the Lord, which he commanded them not. 2And there went out fire from the Lord, and devoured them, and they died before the Lord. (Leviticus 10:1‑2)
1And the Lord spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they offered before the Lord, and died; 2And the Lord said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy place within the vail before the mercy seat, which is upon the ark; that he die not: for I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat. (Leviticus 16:1‑2))
THE failure of the Aaronical priesthood, fully developed in the person of Caiaphas, when he, together with the Jewish nation, rejected their king, led to the appointment of the unchangeable priesthood of CHRIST. For this cause the sin of Nadab and Abihu appears to be noticed at the opening of the sixteenth of Leviticus. This net of the priests, in offering strange fire, was in embryo, the failure of Aaron's house at the outset. And this it was which led the Lord to appoint a new ordinance (namely the great act of atonement made on this day) wherein, in the services of Aaron once every year, both for HIMSELF AND HIS HOUSE, and at the same time for the PEOPLE, we discern in type the actings of Christ once and for ever, both for His holy priesthood, the CHURCH now upon earth, and hereafter for ISRAEL.
Observe, the action of Caiaphas in rending his garments, a thing strictly forbidden for the high priest to do, (see Lev. 21:10,10And he that is the high priest among his brethren, upon whose head the anointing oil was poured, and that is consecrated to put on the garments, shall not uncover his head, nor rend his clothes; (Leviticus 21:10)) is very significant. He did so at the moment when he accused the Holy One of blasphemy; when he, together with the Jewish elders, pronounced him guilty of death. Hence, in thus rending his garments, he unconsciously showed that the Levitical priesthood was wholly defiled, that his office was ended, to be superseded by the priesthood of Him who never will fail, through whom we draw nigh in the full assurance of faith.
The more closely this chapter (Lev. 16.) is studied, the more clearly the divine order thereof will be seen. Here Aaron is shown acting alternately for his own house and the people, the distinction between them being so accurately defined, that there is no confusion whatever. All here is in order, with regard to the priests and the people, together with the victims offered for each. Here, observe, the sacrifices are of two kinds, namely, the sin, and the burnt-offerings; the former being expressive of Christ “made sin” for His people, and therefore forsaken by God on the tree; the latter, of the delight which the Father, notwithstanding, took in his Son, at the very moment when He was bearing the curse for His people.
The above is the more enlarged dispensational view of this chapter. In another and more limited sense, regarding it as exclusively Jewish, it doubtless applies to the redemption of Aaron's house and the people hereafter. In this light it is presented in Lev. 23:26-32,26And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, 27Also on the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the Lord. 28And ye shall do no work in that same day: for it is a day of atonement, to make an atonement for you before the Lord your God. 29For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from among his people. 30And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any work in that same day, the same soul will I destroy from among his people. 31Ye shall do no manner of work: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. 32It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath. (Leviticus 23:26‑32) namely, as merely foreshowing the repentance and forgiveness of Israel. (See Note 9.)
Note 2.
(Verses 3-17.)
In the choice, the presentation and the death of the victims, together with the entrance of Aaron into the holiest, alternately, as we here see, for the priests and the people, we trace Christ, the true offering for sin, chosen by God in the first place, (verses 3-5,) next coming forth as the obedient servant on earth, (verses 6-10,) and, lastly, laying down His life on the cross; and then, having ascended to heaven, there making intercession, both for His Church and for Israel. (Verses 11-15.)
Observe, before Aaron is clothed, in verse 4, with the holy linen garments, which show him as the type of Christ coming forth to do the will of His Father, the victims for himself and his house are selected. (Verse 3.) Afterwards, when he has put on his garments, the offerings for the congregation are chosen. (Verse 5.) Thus, from everlasting, before the course of ages began, Christ was set apart to die for His Church. Within the limits of time, on the other hand, after He had appeared upon earth, He was fully revealed as the one who was to suffer for Israel. This surely is characteristic of the calling of Israel and of the Church, the history of the one being connected with time, that of the other being linked with eternity. (See Deut. 32. Rev. 13:8; 17:88And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. (Revelation 13:8)
8The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Revelation 17:8).)
This, it is true, can be shown more in a negative than in a positive way. In Ephes. 1:4, 5,4According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love: 5Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, (Ephesians 1:4‑5) we read of the Church of God being chosen in Christ before the foundation of the world, while nothing of the kind is stated of Israel, or of Christ in connection with Israel. True it is, God's counsels are from everlasting to everlasting; but still there is, in this way, a marked difference in the aspect in which the calling of the Church and of Israel, with regard to time and eternity, are presented in Scripture.
Note 3.
(Verses 11-17.)
The high priest, having slain the sin-offering for himself and his house, takes the blood of the victim, with sweet incense, into the holiest. (Verses 11-14.) So Christ having died, having risen and ascended to heaven, there intercedes for His Church (not Israel as yet) at the right hand of God.
Then, having finished his action within the veil for himself and his house, Aaron conies forth, and, entering the second time into the holiest, there atones for the people. (Verse 15.) So the intercession of Christ for His Church having closed, (she having been caught up to the Lord, 1 Thess. 4:15-18,15For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep. 16For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: 17Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. 18Wherefore comfort one another with these words. (1 Thessalonians 4:15‑18)) His intercession for Israel will begin. This gives us a glimpse of the last week of Daniel, the time of Anti-Christ's power, when Christ will intercede for, and also, in spirit, walk and act in the midst of His suffering remnant, the nucleus of the holy nation for whom the kingdom is destined.
In connection with this, we may notice Rev. 8:1-4,1And when he had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour. 2And I saw the seven angels which stood before God; and to them were given seven trumpets. 3And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. 4And the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand. (Revelation 8:1‑4) where we read as follows: "And when he (the Lamb) had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven for about the space of half an hour. And I saw the seven angels stand before God; and to them were given seven trumpets, and another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne, and the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand." Now, what does this mean? Perhaps it symbolically describes the beginning of intercession for Israel, after the Church has disappeared from the earth; the cry also of the remnant, answered by judgment on the wicked world, shown by the angel casting fire into the earth. Then, again, this "silence in heaven" may express an interruption, a pause in the intercession of Christ, between the ascension of the Church and the calling out of the remnant; and if so, we may imagine this silence, this pause, yea, the rapture of the saints, to occur in Lev. 16., in the interval between the services of Aaron for himself and his house, in verses 11-14, and his actings in verse 15, for the congregation of Israel.
In the intercession of Aaron for the congregation, it is interesting to observe, that there is no mention of incense, as in the case of himself and his house. This expresses the deep delight which Christ takes in His CHURCH, His own elect body, the bride, the Lamb's wife; deeper by far than that which His Jewish people will ever awaken. True it is, the above quotation (Rev. 8:1-41And when he had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour. 2And I saw the seven angels which stood before God; and to them were given seven trumpets. 3And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne. 4And the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand. (Revelation 8:1‑4)) does speak of incense, which, whether Israel or the Church is in question, must always accompany the intercession of Christ. Seeing, however, that Lev. 16. presents a contrast between Israel and the Church, its being noticed in verses 11-14, and not in verse 15, has surely a significant meaning.
Observe, what is said in verses 16, 17 does not describe an advance in the action of Aaron, their object being simply to show that the blood of the bullock and that of the goat both avail for the purification not only of the priests and the people, but also for that of the sanctuary, and that thereby the holy places, as well as the persons, of Aaron's house and the congregation, are cleansed.
Note 4. (Verses 18, 19.)
The golden altar of incense, the symbol of worship, thus cleansed with the blood of the bullock for the priests, and that of the goat for the people, foreshadows the communion of the CHURCH and of ISRAEL, hereafter, the former in heaven, the latter on earth, in giving glory to Christ, the Savior of both. The Church now in spirit has free access to God through His blood; hereafter the way will be opened through the same blood for Israel.
It is not the brazen altar of burnt-offering, observe, but the golden altar of incense that is here meant. This is evident from Exodus 30:1-101And thou shalt make an altar to burn incense upon: of shittim wood shalt thou make it. 2A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof; foursquare shall it be: and two cubits shall be the height thereof: the horns thereof shall be of the same. 3And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, the top thereof, and the sides thereof round about, and the horns thereof; and thou shalt make unto it a crown of gold round about. 4And two golden rings shalt thou make to it under the crown of it, by the two corners thereof, upon the two sides of it shalt thou make it; and they shall be for places for the staves to bear it withal. 5And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them with gold. 6And thou shalt put it before the vail that is by the ark of the testimony, before the mercy seat that is over the testimony, where I will meet with thee. 7And Aaron shall burn thereon sweet incense every morning: when he dresseth the lamps, he shall burn incense upon it. 8And when Aaron lighteth the lamps at even, he shall burn incense upon it, a perpetual incense before the Lord throughout your generations. 9Ye shall offer no strange incense thereon, nor burnt sacrifice, nor meat offering; neither shall ye pour drink offering thereon. 10And Aaron shall make an atonement upon the horns of it once in a year with the blood of the sin offering of atonements: once in the year shall he make atonement upon it throughout your generations: it is most holy unto the Lord. (Exodus 30:1‑10). And this being hallowed before either the scapegoat goes forth, or Aaron changes his garments, shows that the Jewish remnant will learn the song of redemption, that they will unite with the Church, above in heaven at the time, in praising the Lamb, before Israel, as a nation, is accepted—before Christ appears in His glory. As an instance of this, in Rev. 14:1-5,1And I looked, and, lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion, and with him an hundred forty and four thousand, having his Father's name written in their foreheads. 2And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps: 3And they sung as it were a new song before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no man could learn that song but the hundred and forty and four thousand, which were redeemed from the earth. 4These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and to the Lamb. 5And in their mouth was found no guile: for they are without fault before the throne of God. (Revelation 14:1‑5) the hundred and forty and four thousand with the Lamb on Mount Sion, who had been previously sealed for blessing on earth, (chap. 7:1-8,) learn their song from others in heaven; not that these others, who are heard "harping with their harps," can be said to be THE CHURCH, but, at all events, it is clear that their place is above, and there with the Church unite in praising the Lamb.
Note 5. (Verses 20, 21.)
The Azazel or scapegoat let go into the wilderness, charged with the sins of the people, expresses the full public declaration of Christ in the sight of heaven and earth, that the sins of the whole house of Israel are forgiven, that they are owned once again as God's people. The goat that was slain, whose blood was taken by Aaron into the holiest, shows the Lord simply dying for Israel, while the scapegoat, on the other hand, presents Him who had died, as alive again from the dead; and now, after the lapse of ages of dispersion and sorrow, making an end of the sins of His people. (See Dan. 9:2424Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. (Daniel 9:24).) Thus the great leading doctrines of death and resurrection, of Christ shedding His blood, and the Spirit hereafter applying that blood, are declared through the medium of these two mystical goats.
Note 6. (Verses 23, 24.)
These garments of Aaron, emphatically termed "his garments," were those, it would seem, which were made "for glory and for beauty," (Exod. 28:2,2And thou shalt make holy garments for Aaron thy brother for glory and for beauty. (Exodus 28:2)) and which especially belonged to him as the high priest. Here they are contrasted with the holy linen garments above-named, which he exclusively wore while dealing with sin; namely, while offering the sin-offerings, and which, when this part of his work is concluded, he changes, and comes forth arrayed in those garments which mark him as the type of CHRIST IN HIS GLORY. Thus clothed, as we read, he offers the burnt-offering, the expression, not of God visiting sin on the blessed person of Jesus, but of the delight of the Father in the work of the Son in redemption.
It is blessed to see that the garments of the priests, Aaron's sons, though simpler and less costly than Aaron's by far, like his, were made "for glory and far beauty," (Exod. 28:40,40And for Aaron's sons thou shalt make coats, and thou shalt make for them girdles, and bonnets shalt thou make for them, for glory and for beauty. (Exodus 28:40)) showing thereby the oneness of Christ and His Church in that hope which is laid up for both in the kingdom.
Note 7.
(Verses 24, 25.)
Up to this point all the sacrifices were for sin, the expression of Christ bearing the wrath of God on the cross. Here the burnt-offerings, (namely, the two rams, together with the fat of the bullock and of the goat,) the expression of God's infinite delight in His Son, sums up the sacrifices of this mystical day. Observe, " the fat," though part of the animals offered for sin, was in itself, nevertheless, a burnt-offering, a most full and blessed expression of the intrinsic perfection and excellence of Christ, showing that He who was bearing God's wrath was, at the same moment, "a sweet savor unto the Lord." (Lev. 1:99But his inwards and his legs shall he wash in water: and the priest shall burn all on the altar, to be a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savor unto the Lord. (Leviticus 1:9).)
Note 8.
(Verses 26-28.)
Christ having fully completed the work of atonement, having been made sin for His people, will appear the second time without sin, (without the imputation thereof,) unto salvation. (Heb. 9:2828So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation. (Hebrews 9:28).) Typical, therefore, of this, in verse 24, we have already seen the high priest washing himself in the holy place, putting on his glorious garments, and then coming forth. So now also (in verses 26, 28) expressive of the same blessed truth, we see him who had let go the Azazel, or scapegoat, into the wilderness; and him also who burns the sin-offering outside, washing their clothes, bathing their flesh in water, and then re-entering the camp.
Note 9.
(Verses 29-31.)
In Lev. 23, where the day of atonement occurs at the close of the chapter, only this last part of the ordinance, which speaks of the affliction of the souls of the people, and of their ceasing from work, is alluded to; no notice whatever being taken of the Levitical services which are here so minutely detailed. The reason for which difference appears to be this, the object of Lev. 23., like the chapter before us, being designed to exhibit the dispensational ways of the Lord from beginning to end, and the day of atonement being there viewed in one aspect, and used for one purpose alone, namely, to point to the time, in the history of the world, when Israel will repent; more than this especial part of the ordinance, where such repentance is foreshown, where the people are told to afflict their souls on this day of redemption, was not needed, in order to fill out the picture which that dispensational chapter presents. This is an instance of the harmony which Scripture ever presents, of the order and beauty which may be traced in the ways of God with His people.
Note 10.
(Verses 32-34.)
“Once every year" atonement was thus made for the children of Israel;” so Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many, and" (as we see foreshown in this most beautiful chapter) "unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation." (Heb. 9:2828So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation. (Hebrews 9:28).) Here we have a summary of all that was cleansed on this day of atonement, namely, the holy sanctuary—the tabernacle of the congregation—the golden altar—the priests—and the people, (both places and persons,) so Christ, having made peace through the blood of his cross, will not finish his work till He has reconciled all things which are on earth or in heaven to God. (See Eph. 1:10,10That in the dispensation of the fulness of times he might gather together in one all things in Christ, both which are in heaven, and which are on earth; even in him: (Ephesians 1:10) Col. 1:2020And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven. (Colossians 1:20).)
How sweet and emphatic are the closing words of this chapter, “HE DID AS THE LORD COMMANDED MOSES." Thus, at the bidding of Moses, Aaron obeyed, so Christ, the obedient servant, having finished the work given Him to do upon earth, will never cease till He has fulfilled the whole purpose of God in redemption.
The following analysis will be found an assistance in reviewing this subject, in tracing the order and harmony which this portion of Scripture presents.
Leviticus 10.
THE FAILURE OF THE PRIESTHOOD. (Verses 1, 2.)
Leviticus 16.
THE RESULT OF TILE ABOVE FAILURE. (Verses 1,2.)
[A]Aaron and his House.
The sin and burnt-offerings chosen. (Verse 3.)
AARON CLOTHED. (Verse 4. )
[B] The Congregation.
The sin and burnt-offerings chosen. (Verse 5.)
[A] Aaron and his House.
The sin-offering presented. (Verse 6.)
[B] The Congregation.
The sin-offering presented—lots cast. (Verses 7-10.)
[A] Aaron and his House.
The sin-offering killed—the blood, with incense, taken within the veil, fore-showing the intercession of Christ for the church now. (Verse 11-14.)
[B] The Congregation.
The sin-offering killed—the blood taken within the veil, foreshowing the intercession of Christ for Israel hereafter. (Verses 15-17.)
THE GOLDEN ALTAR OF INCENSE HALLOWED. (Verses 18, 19.)
SIN CONFESSED, THE SCAPEGOAT SENT FORTH. (Verses 20-22.)
AARON CHANGES HIS GARMENTS. (Ver. 23, 24.)
[A] [B] Aaron, his House, and the Congregation.
The burnt-offerings killed. (Verse 24.)
[A] [B] Aaron, his House, and the Congregation.
The fat of the sin-offering burnt. (Verse 25.)
HE WHO LETS GO THE SCAPEGOAT WASHED. (Verse 20.)
[A] [B] Aaron, his House, and the Congregation.
The sin-offering burnt outside the camp. (Verses 27, 28.)
THE DAY OF ATONEMENT A STATUTE FOR EVER.
A day of affliction and of rest. (Verses 29.31.)
AARON'S SUCCESSORS.
The day of atonement to be "once a year." (Verses 32-34.)