1.—ON FAITH.
1.—The moment a saint acts upon any object seen he ceases to act as a Christian.
2. To faith that which is unseen becomes as present and as real as though present to sight (Heb. 11:11Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. (Hebrews 11:1)), yea, much more so because there is deception in seen things; but there is no deception in things communicated by the Spirit to the heart.
3. There are two things which faith recognizes; First, the blood of atonement, by which sin was put away; and secondly, a power of life by which we walk (not merely as His people but), with God. The result will be that the power of death is entirely gone. We are identified with a living Christ, as we are saved by the death of Christ.
4. Faith condemns the world (Heb. 11:77By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness which is by faith. (Hebrews 11:7)). It is not merely belief in a sacrifice that saves, like Abel's, and power for walk with God, like Enoch's, but it was what God has said about the judgment of the world. The thing that is coming upon this world is judgment.
5. As sure as Christ rose from the dead, He is the ' Man God has ordained to judge the world; ' and so surely is there no condemnation for us who believe in Him. That by which I know there will be a judgment is that by which I know there will be none for me. How do I know there will be a judgment? Because God has raised Christ from the dead. What more has God told me of his resurrection? That my sins are all put away by the sacrifice of Himself.
6. There is the active manifestation of the power of faith. Abraham, when called of God to leave all and go out of his country, obeyed and went forth, not knowing whither he went because of his trusting the God that was leading him.
7. It is characteristic of faith to reckon on God, not simply spite of difficulty, but spite of impossibility. Faith concerns not itself about means; it counts upon the promise of God. To the natural man the believer may seem to lack prudence; nevertheless, from the moment it becomes a question of means which render the things easy to man, it is no longer God acting. It is no longer His work where means are looked to. When with man there is impossibility God must come in; and it is so much the more evidenced to be the right way, since God only does that which He wills. Faith has refence to His will, and that only, thus it consults neither about the means nor the circumstances; in other words, it consults not with flesh and blood. Where faith is weak, external means are, beforehand, reckoned on in the work of God. Let us remember that when things are feasible to man, there is no longer need of faith because there is no longer need of the energy of the Spirit. Christians do much and effect little—why?
8. The energy of faith is seen in not only being saints but confessing it; and that, as a consequence of being Christ's, they are “strangers and pilgrims " here. And it will be manifested in the whole life; for the heart already go ie, it remains but to set out. The concealed Christian is a very poor Christian. The faith that does not profess Christ it is to be feared does not possess Him.
9. Perseverance of heart marks the Christian's affections to be onward, his desires heavenly; and God is not ashamed to be called his God. He is never called the God of Lot, but of Abraham—for he sought for a heavenly city. Faith sets the saint's heart on heavenly things. The desires, appetites, necessities and affections of the new man are heavenly. Christianity may be used for bettering the world, but this is not God's design. The seeking to link ourselves with the world, and using Christianity for world-mending, are minding " earthly things." Faith links us with Christ and heaven. You must have heaven without the world, or the world without heaven. He who has prepared the heavenly city cannot wish anything for us between the two. The " desire " of a better country is the desire of a nature entirely from above.
10. Faith counts on God. God stops Abraham when he had offered up Isaac, and confirms His promise to the seed. In yielding the obedience of faith we get an acquaintance with the ways of God, of which, otherwise we should have had no conception. Unbelief causes us to lose joy, strength, spiritual life; we know not where we are.
11. The carnal heart uses the providence of God against the life of faith. Providence brings down Pharaoh's daughter to the child Moses. In the midst of the world's wisdom at the court of Pharaoh providence has placed him (as it might seem), to use his influence in Israel's favor. The first thing faith makes him do is to leave it all. He might have been able to succor the, Hebrews by his influence but they must have remained in bondage to Egypt. Faith makes him forsake Egypt, and faith makes him return and lead his people out of the house of bondage. Called to glory faith, of necessity, quits Egypt; God has not placed the glory there. To be well-off in the world is not to be well-off in heaven. "All that is in the world! is not of the Father." Faith sees Him that is invisible, and is decided to forsake the world. When God is there, Pharaoh is nothing.
12. Faith ever leads into difficulty; but I have th) consolation of saying ' God is there, and victory is certain.' Otherwise, in my apprehension, there is some thing stronger than God. This demands a perfect, practical submission of the will. God may allow evil to have its course and test us, in order that we may understand that the aim of faith is not here at all, and see that in circumstances the most difficult God can intervene, as in the sacrifice of Abraham and the raising of Lazarus. To tarry in circumstances is unbelief, Satan is behind the circumstances to set us on; but, behind all that, God is there to break our wills.
LEVITICUS. 23
AGAIN the Lord speaks, and to the mediator, commanding him to communicate the revelations, concerning the festivals which follow, to the children of Israel. Times and seasons have to do with earth, and with them the earthly people are concerned. Days and months, and times, and years it behooved them to observe, but with such days and times Christians, as we learn from Gal. 4:9 110, have nothing to do. Paul was afraid of the Galatian saints because they kept them. The Israelites would have been disobedient to God, lawbreakers, if they had not observed them. For the word of Jehovah was, " Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, The feasts of Jehovah, which ye shall call holy convocations, these are my feasts. Six days shall work be done, but the seventh day is the sabbath of rest, an holy convocation, ye shall do no work therein, a sabbath it is to Jehovah in all your dwellings."
This revelation then begins with the sabbath, which is here classed with the set feasts moadim (lit. appointed times) though generally it is viewed as distinct from them (1 Chron. 23:31; 231And to offer all burnt sacrifices unto the Lord in the sabbaths, in the new moons, and on the set feasts, by number, according to the order commanded unto them, continually before the Lord: (1 Chronicles 23:31)
31And the sons of Appaim; Ishi. And the sons of Ishi; Sheshan. And the children of Sheshan; Ahlai. (1 Chronicles 2:31) Chron. 2:4;31. 3; Nehem. 10:33; Lament. 2:6; Hosh. 2:11). But in common with the set feasts it is called a holy convocation (v. 2), and in common withthe day of atonement it is called a sabbath of rest, shabbath shabbathon, for throughout it complete rest from all work was enjoined; first, because on it, as stated in Ex. 205And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: (Exodus 21:5), Jehovah rested; and also in remembrance, as stated in Deut. 531But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give them to possess it. (Deuteronomy 5:31), of Israel's time and condition of servitude in Egypt. On the chief days of their appointed feasts rest from all servile work only was enjoined; and, though the first day of the seventh month, and the first and last days of the feast of tabernacles were called days of rest, shabbathon, to no day was the term Sabbath applied except to the seventh day of the week, and to the tenth day of the seventh month. Classed then as the seventh day was with the moadim (lit. appointed times), it also differed materially from them, and that appears from verses 4 and 37, 38 of this chapter of Leviticus. In verses 37, 38, it is mentioned as distinct from them. In verse 4 we recommence the subject, as it were, of which the lawgiver was to treat, viz., the directions concerning the set feasts, moadim, of Jehovah. But its introduction at the outset of this chapter was surely calculated to impress on the minds of the people, that no stated time of rejoicing, nor of any holy convocation, was to override the perpetual ordinance concerning the sabbath day, and its proper observance. For it was a sign between Jehovah and Israel (Ex. 31:13, 1713Speak thou also unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it is a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that ye may know that I am the Lord that doth sanctify you. (Exodus 31:13)
17It is a sign between me and the children of Israel for ever: for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day he rested, and was refreshed. (Exodus 31:17); Ezek. 20:12, 2012Moreover also I gave them my sabbaths, to be a sign between me and them, that they might know that I am the Lord that sanctify them. (Ezekiel 20:12)
20And hallow my sabbaths; and they shall be a sign between me and you, that ye may know that I am the Lord your God. (Ezekiel 20:20)).
The set feasts moadim, varied with the year, since the Jewish year had an intercalary month, i.e., an additional month inserted next to Adar, called Veadar, as often as was required, for their months had to correspond with the seasons.
In Nisan or Abib, the first month, the barley harvest began to be ripe; by the middle of Tisri, the seventh month, all harvest and vintage operations had ceased. Hence the term med would especially apply to these times, whereas the sabbath came round regularly each week. Further, it may be observed, that the feasts of the new moons are not included in the appointed times treated of in this chapter.
In all the four last books of the Pentateuch, the chief festivals are specially mentioned. First spoken of in the covenant made between the Lord and Israel at Sinai (Ex. 23:14-1614Three times thou shalt keep a feast unto me in the year. 15Thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread: (thou shalt eat unleavened bread seven days, as I commanded thee, in the time appointed of the month Abib; for in it thou camest out from Egypt: and none shall appear before me empty:) 16And the feast of harvest, the firstfruits of thy labors, which thou hast sown in the field: and the feast of ingathering, which is in the end of the year, when thou hast gathered in thy labors out of the field. (Exodus 23:14‑16)), again mentioned in that unconditional covenant made by the Lord in favor of Israel after they had broken the first covenant (Ex. 34:18-2218The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt. 19All that openeth the matrix is mine; and every firstling among thy cattle, whether ox or sheep, that is male. 20But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before me empty. 21Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest: in earing time and in harvest thou shalt rest. 22And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of ingathering at the year's end. (Exodus 34:18‑22)), we have them treated of somewhat at length in Lev. 2318And ye shall offer with the bread seven lambs without blemish of the first year, and one young bullock, and two rams: they shall be for a burnt offering unto the Lord, with their meat offering, and their drink offerings, even an offering made by fire, of sweet savor unto the Lord. 19Then ye shall sacrifice one kid of the goats for a sin offering, and two lambs of the first year for a sacrifice of peace offerings. 20And the priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits for a wave offering before the Lord, with the two lambs: they shall be holy to the Lord for the priest. 21And ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an holy convocation unto you: ye shall do no servile work therein: it shall be a statute for ever in all your dwellings throughout your generations. 22And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of the corners of thy field when thou reapest, neither shalt thou gather any gleaning of thy harvest: thou shalt leave them unto the poor, and to the stranger: I am the Lord your God. (Leviticus 23:18‑22); Num. 2818In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein: 19But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the Lord; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish: 20And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram; 21A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs: 22And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you. (Numbers 28:18‑22); 29, and Deut. 1618Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the Lord thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment. 19Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous. 20That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. 21Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the Lord thy God, which thou shalt make thee. 22Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the Lord thy God hateth. (Deuteronomy 16:18‑22) In Num. 28: 29., the lawgiver lays down regulations regarding the number, variety, and character of the offerings at each of the feasts. In
Deut. 16 we learn the conditions of soul in which Israel were to keep the three great festivals of the year. Here in Lev. 23 we have what may be called a kind of ecclesiastical calendar, which is really the history of God's ways in grace with the nation from the day that He took them up to bring them out of Egypt, till the day that He will bring them into full and abiding earthly rest under the reign of the Lord Jesus Christ; just as the blessings, wherewith Jacob blessed his sons, describe in prophetic outline the eventful history of the people in connection with their responsibility, till they finally overcome their enemies.
The appointed feasts began with the passover, to be observed in the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, “between the two evenings;" a term which Deut. 16:66But at the place which the Lord thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt. (Deuteronomy 16:6) helps us to understand, and Ex. 29:3939The one lamb thou shalt offer in the morning; and the other lamb thou shalt offer at even: (Exodus 29:39) will confirm. The passover was to be sacrificed in the evening, at the going down of the sun, and the daily evening sacrifice was offered up " between the evenings." Clearly, then, this phrase cannot mean, as it has been sometimes stated, the period of time between the evening of one day and the evening of the next, speaking after the manner of our computation of time. “Between the two evenings" was a certain time on the fourteenth day of Nisan, and Deut. 16:66But at the place which the Lord thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt. (Deuteronomy 16:6) defines it as the going down of the sun.
With this brief notice of the passover on this occasion the lawgiver passed on to the feast of unleavened bread, for the people had been fully instructed how to keep it in the wilderness in Ex. 128And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it. (Exodus 12:8); though the condition of soul in which they were annually to commemorate it, when in the land, is not set forth till we come to Deut. 168Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the Lord thy God: thou shalt do no work therein. (Deuteronomy 16:8) So here in the wilderness it is but briefly noticed as the opening festival of their ecclesiastical year. After that, the feast of unleavened bread, which commenced on the following day, is brought prominently before Israel, and in this there is a significance to which Christians as well as Israel should take heed. For if shelter from divine judgment by the blood of the Lamb is known by the soul, leaven, here the type of evil, should be put away, the old leaven to be purged out, and the leaven of malice and wickedness kept out, according to 1 Cor. 5:7,87Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us: 8Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness; but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. (1 Corinthians 5:7‑8), and the feast kept with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth. Hence, on the fifteenth day of Nisan, this feast began, and lasted a whole week, i.e., a complete period of time. During its continuance they were to eat unleavened bread, and on each day of the feast special offerings were prescribed, of which -we read in Num. 288And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savor unto the Lord. (Numbers 28:8) But though the same offerings were appointed for each day that the feast lasted, the first day and the seventh day were to be observed as days of holy convocation, on which na servile work was to be done. In this manner their ecclesiastical year began. A. people sheltered by blood from divine vengeance, proclaiming by the paschal supper what they owed to the sovereign power of their God, redeemed by the arm of His power from Egypt, they were keeping a festival unto Him, and eating of unleavened bread, betokening by that what becomes those who are in truth the people of God.
After this comes a new revelation, not that the feast of unleavened bread was regarded as ended, for ere it closed a special service was enjoined, viz., the waving of the sheaf, the first fruits of their reaping. This new revelation, which here commences, embraces also the directions about the offering of the first fruits at Pentecost (9-22), the time for the observance of which was reckoned from the day that they waved this sheaf. And here for the first time do we meet with any notice about this sheaf. In Ex. 13, which treats of the institution of the feast of unleavened bread, there is not a word about it. In the wilderness this ceremony was not to be performed. It was only to be observed after that they entered the land, and in no other part of the sacred volume have we any direction about it, but Luke 6:11And it came to pass on the second sabbath after the first, that he went through the corn fields; and his disciples plucked the ears of corn, and did eat, rubbing them in their hands. (Luke 6:1), as has been pointed out, most probably refers to it. For the " second first deuteroproton sabbath " as the word really is, implies the sabbath next succeeding that one which fell in the week of the feast of unleavened bread; the first sabbath therefore after the waving of the sheaf, by which the people were allowed to partake of the harvest. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that, whereas the Pharisees found fault with the disciples for eating of the ears of corns on the sabbath, they did not charge them with the offense, which it would have been, had they plucked and eaten of them before the sheaf had been waved. Hence Luke marked the time exactly of that occurrence which he relates. The ripe grain was still uncut, but the wave sheaf had been offered, which left the people free as regards the prohibition of Lev. 23:1414And ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn, nor green ears, until the selfsame day that ye have brought an offering unto your God: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings. (Leviticus 23:14), to partake of the fruits of the new harvest: