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Concise Bible Dictionary
:
This word is often used in reference to ancient kingdoms, when the term simply signifies any memorial or inscription, embracing those found on
bricks
or tiles, equally with those found on tombs, or stately columns, or papyrus rolls.
“49. Monumental Stones” From
Manners and Customs of the Bible
:
Genesis 28:18
18
And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put for his pillows, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon the top of it. (Genesis 28:18)
.
Jacob
rose
up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had
put
for his pillows, and set it up for a
pillar
, and poured
oil
upon the top of it.
1. This stone was set up as a monument of
God
’s wonderful revelation to him, and of his vow (vs. 20). Thirty years later he repeated this solemn act in the same place (
Gen. 35:14
14
And Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he talked with him, even a pillar of stone: and he poured a drink offering thereon, and he poured oil thereon. (Genesis 35:14)
).
Moses
likewise built
twelve
pillars at
Sinai
as a sign of God’s
covenant
(
Ex. 24:4
4
And Moses wrote all the words of the Lord, and rose up early in the morning, and builded an altar under the hill, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel. (Exodus 24:4)
). So
Joshua
set up a monument of
stones
in commemoration of the
passage
of the
Jordan
(
Josh. 4:3-9
3
And command ye them, saying, Take you hence out of the midst of Jordan, out of the place where the priests' feet stood firm, twelve stones, and ye shall carry them over with you, and leave them in the lodging place, where ye shall lodge this night.
4
Then Joshua called the twelve men, whom he had prepared of the children of Israel, out of every tribe a man:
5
And Joshua said unto them, Pass over before the ark of the Lord your God into the midst of Jordan, and take ye up every man of you a stone upon his shoulder, according unto the number of the tribes of the children of Israel:
6
That this may be a sign among you, that when your children ask their fathers in time to come, saying, What mean ye by these stones?
7
Then ye shall answer them, That the waters of Jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the Lord; when it passed over Jordan, the waters of Jordan were cut off: and these stones shall be for a memorial unto the children of Israel for ever.
8
And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones out of the midst of Jordan, as the Lord spake unto Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel, and carried them over with them unto the place where they lodged, and laid them down there.
9
And Joshua set up twelve stones in the midst of Jordan, in the place where the feet of the priests which bare the ark of the covenant stood: and they are there unto this day. (Joshua 4:3‑9)
). At
Shechem
also he set up a atone under an
oak
as a memorial of the covenant between God and his people(
Josh. 24:26
26
And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God, and took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the sanctuary of the Lord. (Joshua 24:26)
). In like manner
Samuel
erected a stone between
Mizpeh
and
Shen
to commemorate his victory over the
Philistines
(
1 Sam. 7:12
12
Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and called the name of it Eben-ezer, saying, Hitherto hath the Lord helped us. (1 Samuel 7:12)
). As these stone pillars were all erected as testimonies of some great events, it has been suggested that
Paul
in
1 Tim. 3:15
15
But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth. (1 Timothy 3:15)
designs to represent the
Church
as a pillar of
testimony
for the
truth
, God having founded and reared the Church as a monument for that purpose.
There existed in
heathen
countries a practice similar to the one referred to in the text. Morier gives a good illustration of our text in a little incident he saw while traveling in
Persia
. He says: “I remarked that our old guide, every here and there, placed a stone on a conspicuous bit of
rock
, or two stones one upon the other, at the same
time
uttering some words, which I learned were a
prayer
for our safe return” (
Second
Journey through Persia, p. 85). He had frequently seen similar stones without knowing their design.
2. The
anointing
of the stone by Jacob was doubtless designed as a solemn act of
consecration
of this stone to its monumental purposes; just as subsequently Moses, by command of God, anointed
the tabernacle
and its furniture (
Num. 7:1
1
And it came to pass on the day that Moses had fully set up the tabernacle, and had anointed it, and sanctified it, and all the instruments thereof, both the altar and all the vessels thereof, and had anointed them, and sanctified them; (Numbers 7:1)
). This act of the
patriarch
is not to be confounded with the idolatrous practice, common among heathens, of pouring oil upon stones and worshiping them. See note on
Isaiah 52:6
6
Therefore my people shall know my name: therefore they shall know in that day that I am he that doth speak: behold, it is I. (Isaiah 52:6)
(#527).
“211. Plastered Monuments” From
Manners and Customs of the Bible
:
Deuteronomy 27: 2, 3. Thou shalt set thee up great
stones
, and
plaster
them with plaster: and thou shalt write upon them all the words of this
law
.
Michælis supposed that the letters were first cut in the stone and then covered entirely with plaster, so that in the coming ages, when the cement should crumble off, the law might be found in all its integrity. In this he has been followed by some commentators. The probability, however, is, that the
lime
was first spread over the stories, and the words of the law then cut into the plaster or painted on it. Such stones thus prepared, two thousand years ago or longer, are still in existence in
Palestine
. The
Egyptians
are said to have spread a kind of stucco over sandstone, and even over granite, before the paintings were made. Prokesch found in the tombs in the pyramids of Dashoor a stone on which red
mortar
had first been laid, arid then the hieroglyphics and a
figure
of Apis impressed on the coating.
“414. Books Tablets Monuments” From
Manners and Customs of the Bible
:
Job
19: 23-24. O that my words were now written Oh that they were printed in a
book
! that they were graven with an
iron
pen
and
lead
in the
rock
forever
!I See also
Jeremiah
17: 1.
Three
different substances for the preservation of record’s are usually supposed to be referred to here: 1. Books. These were anciently made of
linen
or cotton
cloth
, skins, or the leaves of the papyrus. From the last word comes our English word,
paper
. The inner bark of trees was also
sometimes
used. The
Latin
word for bark being liber, this word at length came to signify a book; it is still found in the English word library. When made of cloth or skins the book was made up in the form of a
roll
. See note on
Isaiah 34:4
4
And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll: and all their host shall fall down, as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as a falling fig from the fig tree. (Isaiah 34:4)
(#511).
2. Leaden
tablets
. These are of high antiquity. In 1699 Montfaucon bought at
Rome
a very old book entirely made of lead. It was about four inches long and three wide, and had a cover and
six
leaves or sheets. The hinges and nails were also made of lead. The volume contained Egyptian gnostic figures and inscriptions in
Greek
and Etruscan characters.
In a temple in the Carian city of
Cnidus
, erected in honor of
Hades
and Persephone, about the fourth century before Christ, the women were in the habit of depositing thin sheets of lead on which were written the
names
of persons they hated, together With their misdeeds. They also inscribed on the lead tablets imprecations against those who had thus injured them. Many of these tablets were discovered in 1858 when excavations were made in the ruins of
the temple
. They are now in the British Museum.
It is not, however, certain that Job in the text refers to leaden tablets or leaves on which inscriptions were made. He may have alluded to the
custom
of first cutting letters in stone and then filling them up with molten lead. There are indications that some of the incised letters in
Assyrian
monuments
were filled with metal. M. Botta states that the letters on the
pavement
slabs of Khorsabad give evidence of having been filled with
copper
. See Layard's
Nineveh
and Its Remains
, vol. 2, p. 188.
3. Stone monuments. The
law
was originally written on tables of stone “with the finger of
God
” (
Ex. 31:18
18
And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God. (Exodus 31:18)
). The second set of tables were written by
Moses
by
Divine
command (
Ex. 34:4,28
4
And he hewed two tables of stone like unto the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up unto mount Sinai, as the Lord had commanded him, and took in his hand the two tables of stone. (Exodus 34:4)
28
And he was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments. (Exodus 34:28)
).
Joshua
copied the law on the stone
altar
at
Mount
Ebal
(
Josh. 8:32
32
And he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses, which he wrote in the presence of the children of Israel. (Joshua 8:32)
). This mode of recording important truths or events was very common in ancient
times
. Job desires that his sentiments should be thus engraved, that generations to come might read the record.
The some records of ancient Oriental nations, which modern discoveries have brought to
light
, are all illustrations of the custom which Job evidently had in mind. Many of these
bear
on
Scripture
facts and history, confirming and supplementing the sacred record. The most remarkable, in some respects, of any of these ancient monuments is the famous Moabite stone, the discovery of which in the
year
1868 created such intense excitement among biblical scholars and antiquarians. This is the very oldest Semitic inscription of importance as yet discovered, and is the only one thus far found which reaches back to the
age
of the Jewish monarchy. It gives the Moabitish account of the conflict described in the 2 Kings 3.
Related Books and Articles:
211. Plastered Monuments
From:
Manners and Customs of the Bible
By:
James M. Freeman
414. Books Tablets Monuments
From:
Manners and Customs of the Bible
By:
James M. Freeman
49. Monumental Stones
From:
Manners and Customs of the Bible
By:
James M. Freeman
Call: 1-630-543-1441
“Study to show thyself approved unto God, … rightly dividing the word of truth” (2 Timothy 2:15).
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