The Revelation

Dictionary of Biblical Words:

That which is communicated by God to man, whether regarding Himself, as in the revelation of His will; or man, in showing his origin, state and destiny; or heaven and future events, as in the prophets and the book of the Revelation, emphatically so called because consisting almost exclusively of a fresh unfolding by God of the veil of the future. Revelation is occasionally used literally in its meaning for “showing forth” 2 Thess. 1:7⁷And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty angels, (2 Thessalonians 1:7); 1 Pet. 1:7⁷That the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth, though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honor and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ: (1 Peter 1:7) same word), 4:13; Rom. 8:19,¹⁹For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God. (Romans 8:19) “manifestation” (same word)

Boyd’s Bible Dictionary:

(veil drawn back). (1) Scripturally, revealing truth through divine agency or by supernatural means (2 Cor. 12:1-7¹It is not expedient for me doubtless to glory. I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord. ²I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven. ³And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) ⁴How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter. ⁵Of such an one will I glory: yet of myself I will not glory, but in mine infirmities. ⁶For though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I will say the truth: but now I forbear, lest any man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me. ⁷And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above measure. (2 Corinthians 12:1‑7)). (2) Book of Revelation or Apocalypse was written by the Apostle John, about A. D. 95-97. It is a record of his inspired visions while a prisoner on the island of Patmos. It reveals God’s plans, how His Son will bring all things in heaven and on earth back into proper order from its current sinful, disordered state.

Concise Bible Dictionary:

This may be said to suitably follow the Catholic Epistles. In them the last times are in view, and evil is pointed out in connection with the church: then follows this prophecy, the first part of which concerns the church viewed as a lightbearer on earth: rejection awaits it as judgment awaits the world. The Revelation was given to Jesus Christ by God as sovereign ruler. It was signified to John, and he wrote what he saw and heard. It is not known when the book was written, nor by what emperor John was banished to the Isle of Patmos. Some judge that it was Claudius (A.D. 41-54), others Nero (A.D. 54-68), and others Domitian (A.D. 81-96): it is more generally attributed to the last named, and if so, the date of the book would be after the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70.

There are fewer ancient manuscripts of the Revelation than of any other part of the New Testament, and some of those now known were not discovered till after the date of the AV; this makes the “various readings” now introduced very numerous, some of them being important.

The book evidently divides itself into three parts (Rev. 1:19¹⁹Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are, and the things which shall be hereafter; (Revelation 1:19)):

1. “Things which thou hast seen”—found in Revelation 1.

2. “Things that are”—namely, the seven specified churches as then existing in Asia (Rev. 2-3).

3. “Things which shall be after these”—contained in Revelation 4 to the end. It is evident that “after these” refers to the removal of the entire church from earth, and not simply to the disappearance of the seven particular churches named. The whole of the Revelation was addressed to the seven churches (as representing the whole church), though each assembly had also a short address especially to itself.

Revelation 1. After the introduction, Christ is seen in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks, which represent the seven churches as lightbearers. He was like unto the Son of Man, clothed, not for service, but for priestly judgment, with eyes like a flame of fire, and feet like brass glowing in a furnace: His countenance as the sun shining in its strength, and proceeding out of His mouth a sharp two-edged sword: nothing can escape His judgment. John, who, when Christ was on earth had leaned on His bosom, seeing Him now in so different an aspect, fell at His feet as dead. The Lord reassures him, telling him that He has the keys of Hades and of death. Christ has seven stars in His right hand, and the stars are the angels of the seven churches, that is, representative, as if the spirit of each church were personified.

Revelation 2-3 contains the addresses to the seven churches: the number seven is symbolical of completeness, and we may thus assume that these churches represented the whole; and, while actually existing at the time, are selected as showing the various features which become successively apparent in the church to the end: the end being made manifest by the presentation of the coming of the Lord to the last four churches. These seven addresses may be described as God’s view of the church in its various phases given prophetically.

In the varied conditions of the churches those who have ears are specially addressed, and overcomers are encouraged. An overcomer is one who has faith to surmount the special danger that exists in his day. To each address there are three parts:

1. The presentation of the Lord, which is different in each.

2. His judgment of the state of each assembly.

3. The promise to the overcomers.

1. EPHESUS. From the various mention of this church in the Acts and the Epistles, it is evident that its decline was gradual (compare Acts 20:29-30²⁹For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. ³⁰Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. (Acts 20:29‑30); 1 Cor. 15:32³²If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die. (1 Corinthians 15:32); 1 Tim. 1:3³As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine, (1 Timothy 1:3); 2 Tim. 1:15¹⁵This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes. (2 Timothy 1:15)). The mark discerned by Christ was that it had left its first love. The loss of the true spring and power of devotedness and service characterizes the first declension in the church: no one may have observed it but the Lord, yet it is spoken of as a fall, and repentance is called for, or its candlestick would be removed from its place. Historically it represents the church after the departure of the wise masterbuilder.

2. SMYRNA. Nothing is said here in the way of disapproval; the church is in a time of persecution, and is encouraged by Christ in the midst of it. Persecution may be used to make manifest what is real, and to draw the soul nearer to the Lord. The saints are exhorted to be faithful unto death, and Christ would give them the crown of life. Historically this church represents the period of persecution that set in under Nero. The “ten days” of Revelation 2:10¹⁰Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. (Revelation 2:10) may represent ten different persecutions, or refer to ten years’ duration of persecution under Diocletian. In any case it gives the idea of limitation.

3. PERGAMOS. We have here very distinct indications of the toleration of evil—first in the allowing those that held the teaching of Balaam, which led to corrupt commerce with the world, and then that there were also those that held the doctrine of the Nicolaitanes, hateful to Christ. Historically this church probably represents the period when Christianity was adopted by the world power (“where Satan’s seat is”), which led to thousands becoming nominally Christians, and to the incorporation of heathen elements and institutions into the professing church. Satan had altered his tactics, and the dangers were peculiar, but the Lord looked for overcomers.

4. THYATIRA. The evil allowed in this church was systematic and controlling, as indicated by the name of the woman, Jezebel, who called herself “prophetess.” The result was moral fornication and idolatry; and children were begotten of the system. The attitude of the Lord is severe: His “eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet like fine brass.” A “rest,” or remnant, in this church is recognized and addressed: and the formula “he that hath an ear to hear “ occurs henceforth after the promise to the overcomer, indicating that from this point only those who overcome are expected to have an ear to hear what the Spirit says unto the churches. The kingdom is brought into view in the promise to the overcomer. Historically Thyatira represents that phase of the church’s history in which the influence of Rome had become predominant in its tyranny, worldliness, and corruption. It is not difficult to identify Jezebel with the great whore of Revelation 17-18.

5. SARDIS. One very emphatic sentence gives the character of this church: “Thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead.” It was a name that should carry life, but was in Sardis identified with spiritual death. There had been escape from the corruptions of Rome, but the truth in its purifying power was lost. Yet there were a few who had not defiled their garments. The coming of the Lord “as a thief” reminds us of the character of His coming to the world as seen in 1 Thessalonians 5:2²For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. (1 Thessalonians 5:2). Historically Sardis presents Protestantism, after it had lost spiritual power and become worldly and political.

6. PHILADELPHIA. There is nothing of evil charged to this church. Christ presents Himself as “He that is holy, He that is true,” and as having the key of administration; and He says, Thou “hast a little strength and hast kept My word, and hast not denied My name.... hast kept the word of My patience.” The Lord Himself has with them the prominent place, and the church is kept out of the hour of tribulation which is coming on the whole earth. The historical development of the church may be said to close with Thyatira; and Philadelphia represents in the latter times of the church’s history on earth faithfulness to the Lord Himself, on the part of those who are seeking to stand morally in the truth of the church.

7. LAODICEA. This church is characterized, not by any definite evil either of doctrine or practice, but by pride of acquirement and by self-sufficiency, accompanied with indifference to Christ. While boasting itself in being rich and in need of nothing, it was wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked. Man in his self-satisfaction is the main feature, and Christ is not appreciated. It represents the arrogance of rationalism and higher criticism in the latter days of the church on earth: Christ is outside but still appealing, knocking for admission to the individual heart.

Revelation 4. A different section of the book commences here: namely, “the things that shall be after these,” events that will occur after the church has ceased to occupy a place on earth as in Revelation 2-3. The “rapture” of the saints has evidently taken place between Revelation 3 and Revelation 4, for henceforth they are seen in heaven. The apostle is in the Spirit, and the scene is in heaven. John saw a throne that is in relation to the earth; and One sitting on the throne like a jasper and a sardine stone: it is God, but so presented as that He could be looked upon. And on “thrones” (not “seats”) sat twenty-four elders, the perfect number of the redeemed, sitting as kingly priests, with crowns on their heads. In the midst of the throne were four living creatures, symbolical of power, firmness, intelligence, and rapidity of execution of God’s government, when the throne is once taken (compare Ezek. 1). These celebrate Jehovah Elohim Shaddai thrice holy, and the elders worship their Lord and their God as Creator of all things.

Revelation 5 brings in another element, namely, the sealed book in the right hand of Him that sat on the throne. John, in answer to his weeping, is told that the Lion of the tribe of Judah has overcome to open the book of the counsels of God as to the earth. And when he looked he saw a Lamb as it had been slain, who has the seven spirits of God, and He takes the book. The four living creatures and the elders fall down, and the new song of redemption is sung. The angels declare the worthiness of the Lamb, without mentioning redemption. Then every creature in all the universe speaks out the worthiness of Him that sits upon the throne and of the Lamb forever and ever.

Revelation 6. The “book” spoken of in Revelation 5 had seven seals, which are opened consecutively. It is a book of God’s judgments, but revealed in symbols. Six of the seals are opened, but before the opening of the seventh seal a parenthetical chapter, Revelation 7, intervenes. It is noticeable that in the first six seals no allusion is made to angels. What are prominent are horses and their riders, which come forth successively at the call of the four living creatures. The horses may represent powers or forces on earth, and the riders, those who control or turn them to account.

First seal. A white horse and its rider with a bow, to whom a crown is given—imperial conquest.

Second seal. A red horse and its rider, who takes peace from the earth, and they shall kill one another—the scourge of civil war.

Third seal. A black horse and its rider with a balance—famine in the necessaries of life with its devastations, but a restraining “voice” in the midst of it.

Fourth seal. A pale horse and its rider, who kills with God’s sore plagues those on a fourth part of the earth: this may be a continent.

Fifth seal. Under the altar are seen the souls of the martyrs—especially those slain during the first half of Daniel’s seventieth week (compare Matt. 24:9⁹Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for my name's sake. (Matthew 24:9)).

Sixth seal. In the first four seals we have seen forces at work, but controlled; now there is a great earthquake, and the sun, moon, and stars are affected, indicating probably the apostasy, and the break up of the civil governments ordained of God. There is general dismay and the call for death, in the fear that the great day of the wrath of the Lamb has come; but these are but preliminary judgments.

Revelation 7. This is parenthetic, describing the sealing of a perfect number of the twelve tribes—the spared ones of Israel; they are sealed for preservation (compare Rom. 11:26²⁶And so all Israel shall be saved: as it is written, There shall come out of Sion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob: (Romans 11:26)). A great multitude out of all nations also stand before the throne, and ascribe salvation to God and to the Lamb. John is told that they have come out of the great tribulation—not, however, the same as Jacob’s trouble (Jer. 30:7⁷Alas! for that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of Jacob's trouble; but he shall be saved out of it. (Jeremiah 30:7)). They are evidently souls converted after the present dispensation of the church, and may not ever have known Christianity.

Revelation 8. The seventh seal introduces the seven trumpets, which have in them something of the nature of a final summons. The prayers of the saints, presented by an angel distinct from those having the seven trumpets, while fragrant before God, bring, as their consequence, judgments on the earth.

First trumpet. Human prosperity in the third part of the Roman empire is burnt up.

Second trumpet. A great mountain burning with fire is cast into the sea—some great earthly power influences the masses with direful effect, and commercial intercourse is affected (compare Jer. 51:25²⁵Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the Lord, which destroyest all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a burnt mountain. (Jeremiah 51:25)): it may correspond to the fall of Babylon in Revelation 17-18.

Third trumpet. A great star falls—some great power from above—and corrupts the moral sources.

Fourth trumpet. The governmental powers are disorganized and in darkness. A great eagle (as is now read by the editors, instead of “angel”), cries, “Woe, woe, woe” on those who make the earth their home. The scene of the judgments of this chapter is the West.

Revelation 9.

The Fifth trumpet. A star—one in power—falls from heaven: moral darkness and Satanic influence follow. There is feigned righteousness, but the actors are cruel, deceptive, and bitter. This judgment is directed against the Israelites that have not the seal of God.

Sixth trumpet. Forms of wickedness, led by Satan, hitherto held in check in the East, are let loose. The third part of men are killed by plagues. What is referred to is probably moral death. And those that are not killed do not repent of their deeds. The mention of the Euphrates shows that the judgments of this chapter arise from the East.

Revelation 10-11:13 is a parenthesis, before the seventh trumpet. A mighty angel, probably Christ from the description, plants his feet upon (that is, claims) the sea and earth, and cries with a great voice to which the thunders respond. He has an open book, evidently bringing us to known prophetic ground, and declares that “There shall be no longer delay” (as Revelation 10:6⁶And sware by him that liveth for ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things that therein are, and the earth, and the things that therein are, and the sea, and the things which are therein, that there should be time no longer: (Revelation 10:6) should read). John eats the book as bidden, and while he finds it sweet to know what God has revealed, it is bitter to reflect on His judgments.

In Revelation 11 John is told to measure the temple and the altar and the worshippers, that is, all that is real. They are now taken account of; but not the court without, that is, Jewish profession—the external system. The holy city will be trodden under foot of the nations, 42 months, the latter half of Daniel’s seventieth week. God’s two witnesses prophesy 1,260 days (the same half week). It is now a question of Christ’s rights to the earth. The witnesses manifest His power, and smite the earth with plagues. The beast (the Roman power of Romans 17:8) kills the witnesses, and they lie unburied, but they are called up to heaven, and there is in the same hour a great upheaval on earth.

Revelation 11:14-18¹⁴The second woe is past; and, behold, the third woe cometh quickly. ¹⁵And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever. ¹⁶And the four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their seats, fell upon their faces, and worshipped God, ¹⁷Saying, We give thee thanks, O Lord God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to come; because thou hast taken to thee thy great power, and hast reigned. ¹⁸And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which destroy the earth. (Revelation 11:14‑18). The second woe is past, and the third woe cometh.

The Seventh trumpet. The world-kingdom of Jehovah and His Christ is come. The heavenly company give thanks to the Lord God Almighty who has taken His great power and has reigned. His wrath has come and the time of recompense. The general history of the book ends with Revelation 11:18¹⁸And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which destroy the earth. (Revelation 11:18). Certain details follow exhibiting the full ground for the final pouring out of wrath, the judgment of the great whore, and the coming of Christ to make war in righteousness. The time of judging the dead is announced here.

Revelation 12. Revelation 11:19¹⁹And the temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was seen in his temple the ark of his testament: and there were lightnings, and voices, and thunderings, and an earthquake, and great hail. (Revelation 11:19) commences another division of the book, taking us back in thought to the birth of Christ, from which this development starts. The temple of God was opened in heaven, the ark of His covenant was seen there, and there were judgments on earth. A woman (Israel) is seen as a sign in heaven, and brings forth a man child (Christ), whom Satan seeks at once to devour, but the child is caught up to God and to His throne. The woman flees into the wilderness, and is nourished by God 1,260 days—last half-week of Daniel. There is war in heaven, and the devil is cast out, which causes great exultation in heaven. The devil casts a flood (people) after the woman, but it is swallowed up by the earthly organizations of men. He is angry with the woman and sets himself to make war with the pious remnant of her seed.

Revelation 13. The Roman empire is now seen as a beast, rising out of the sea, the unorganized mass of the Gentile people. This is the second element in the trinity of evil. It embraces ten kingdoms. One of its heads had been wounded to death; that is, in one epoch of its history it had been slain, but it lived again. The dragon gives to the beast his power and throne and great authority, and it continues 42 months —the last half of Daniel’s seventieth week. It blasphemes God, and the dwellers on earth worship it. In Revelation 13:11¹¹And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon. (Revelation 13:11) another beast is seen to arise out of the earth (formed organization): it appears as a lamb, but speaks as a dragon. It deceives all the earth and assists the Roman power, working miracles in order that the image of the revived beast may be worshipped (compare 2 Thess. 2:3-10³Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; ⁴Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. ⁵Remember ye not, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these things? ⁶And now ye know what withholdeth that he might be revealed in his time. ⁷For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. ⁸And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming: ⁹Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, ¹⁰And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved. (2 Thessalonians 2:3‑10)). This is the man of sin, the Antichrist. The number of the Roman beast is 666, the significance of which will be understood in that day. We have thus the trinity of evil arrayed against God and His Christ.

Revelation 14. This gives a view of what God is doing during the above evil transactions. The Lamb is seen on mount Zion, and with Him a hundred and forty-four thousand, who learn the heavenly song. There is then a succession of angels, one of whom flies in mid heaven, having the everlasting gospel for all nations, crying, “Fear God, and give glory to him:” for the hour of judgment has come. Another announces the fall of Babylon. A third warns against worshipping the beast or receiving his mark. A voice from heaven announces a blessing on the dead from that time, which is confirmed by the Spirit. One then, like the Son of Man, on a cloud, reaps the earth, the harvest of which is ripe. The vintage of the earth is gathered by another angel, and the winepress trodden, blood coming from it reaching to sixteen hundred furlongs, the extent of Palestine.

Revelation 15-16. These form another division of the book. Revelation 15 shows the blessedness of those victorious over the beast and his image and number, and recounts their song. It presents also the coming out of the seven angels from the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony, having the seven vials, or bowls, of the wrath of God. In Revelation 16 they are bidden to go forth and pour out the vials. This is evidently different from all that has gone before.

The first vial brings grievous miseries.

Second vial. Moral death is upon the sea—the people.

Third vial. This is poured out upon the rivers and fountains—channels and sources of influence and action.

Fourth vial. Poured upon the sun—supreme authority.

Fifth vial. Poured upon the throne of the beast, his kingdom becomes chaos.

Sixth vial. Poured upon the great river Euphrates, opening up the way for the eastern hordes. A trinity of evil spirits goes forth to gather the kings of the earth to the battle of the great day of Almighty God at Harmagedon—mount of Megiddo (compare Judg. 5).

Seventh vial. This is poured on the air. There is an unprecedented break up of communities, and fall of imperial centers; and great Babylon is remembered before God for wrath. Direct final judgments fall from God out of heaven, but produce only blasphemy on the part of men.

Revelation 17-18. A vision concerning the great harlot, which may be identified with Jezebel (in the address to Thyatira) and from the description given, may be recognized as the Romish Papal system, is brought under the notice of John by one of the angels of the seven last plagues. The woman is seen riding the beast (the revived Empire), but she is drunk with the blood of saints and martyrs of Jesus. In Revelation 17:8⁸The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Revelation 17:8) the beast is described, after its period of non-existence, as reappearing in Satanic power. Seven kings, heads or forms of government, are spoken of, of which five were fallen, one existed, and one was still to come, remaining but a little while. The beast, the final form, is the eighth, but morally of the seven, and goes into destruction. See ROMAN EMPIRE. They make war with the Lamb, but He is Lord of lords and King of kings, and overcomes them. The use to which God turns the power of the last form of the Roman Empire is the destruction of the harlot. Revelation 18 gives the lamentations of various classes and orders over the fall of the great and splendid city, under the form of which the harlot is portrayed.

Revelation 19. There is joy in heaven because the judgment of the harlot is accomplished. Its day being over, the marriage of the Lamb is come and His wife is ready. In Revelation 19:11¹¹And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. (Revelation 19:11) to Revelation 20:3³And cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him, that he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand years should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season. (Revelation 20:3) is presented a vision of the Lord coming forth in warrior judgments. He is seated on a white horse, and His saints follow with Him. He comes to smite the nations. He is manifested as King of kings and Lord of lords. The Roman beast and the Antichrist are cast alive into the lake of fire.

Revelation 20. Satan is cast into the abyss (not into the lake of fire yet) for a thousand years. Thrones and judgment committed to those sitting on them and the “souls” of those martyred (compare Rev. 6:9-11⁹And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: ¹⁰And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? ¹¹And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled. (Revelation 6:9‑11)), and of those killed during the time of the beast (compare Rev. 13:7, 15-17⁷And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations. (Revelation 13:7)
¹⁵And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the image of the beast should be killed. ¹⁶And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: ¹⁷And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. (Revelation 13:15‑17)), are seen. Such are raised to life, and reign with Christ a thousand years. (See MILLENNIUM.) This is the first resurrection; but the rest of the dead—the wicked—are not raised until the thousand years are expired. After this, Satan is loosed for a little season and deceives the nations: they come up and compass the camp of the saints, but fire comes down and devours them. Satan is cast into the lake of fire. The dead stand before the great white throne to be judged according to their works. (See JUDGMENT, SESSIONAL.) Death and Hades are cast into the lake of fire. “Whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire.”

Revelation 21. Revelation 21:1-8¹And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea. ²And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. ³And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God. ⁴And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away. ⁵And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things new. And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful. ⁶And he said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely. ⁷He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son. ⁸But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death. (Revelation 21:1‑8) speaks of the eternal state, when there will be a new heaven and a new earth. The holy city, new Jerusalem, comes down from heaven as a bride adorned for her husband. The title “the Lamb,” and all dispensational names have disappeared: God is all in all. In Revelation 21:9⁹And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come hither, I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. (Revelation 21:9) the narrative returns to furnish certain details connected with the kingdom. The bride is shown to John (as had been the harlot) by one of the angels that had the seven last plagues, in the glories that distinguish her as the seat of heavenly light and rule. The holy city comes down out of heaven from God. Her security is in her high wall and gates. On the gates are the names of the twelve tribes of Israel (compare Matt. 19:28²⁸And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. (Matthew 19:28)). The work of the twelve apostles is recognized by their names in the foundation (compare Eph. 2:20²⁰And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; (Ephesians 2:20)). The city is resplendent with divine glory, and answers every requirement of righteousness. Its glory is reflected, as shown by the reference to precious stones. The Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple: the glory of God lightens the city, and the Lamb is the light-bearer. No evil can enter there: only those written in the Lamb’s book of life. The throne of God and the Lamb is there, from which issues a river of life.

Revelation 22. In Revelation 22:1-5¹And he showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb. ²In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations. ³And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him: ⁴And they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads. ⁵And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever. (Revelation 22:1‑5) the tree of life is seen in the city yielding its fruits and its leaves for the healing of the nations. The servants of the Lamb enjoy His presence, and reign forever and ever.

Revelation 22:6-21⁶And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true: and the Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to show unto his servants the things which must shortly be done. ⁷Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book. ⁸And I John saw these things, and heard them. And when I had heard and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel which showed me these things. ⁹Then saith he unto me, See thou do it not: for I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren the prophets, and of them which keep the sayings of this book: worship God. ¹⁰And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of this book: for the time is at hand. ¹¹He that is unjust, let him be unjust still: and he which is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him be righteous still: and he that is holy, let him be holy still. ¹²And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be. ¹³I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. ¹⁴Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city. ¹⁵For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and murderers, and idolaters, and whosoever loveth and maketh a lie. ¹⁶I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star. ¹⁷And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And let him that heareth say, Come. And let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely. ¹⁸For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book: ¹⁹And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book. ²⁰He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly. Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus. ²¹The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. (Revelation 22:6‑21) are a conclusion to the book. The angel declares the truth of the prophecies. Jesus adds, “Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book.” The sayings were not to be sealed, for the time was near (compare Dan. 12:4,9⁴But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased. (Daniel 12:4)
⁹And he said, Go thy way, Daniel: for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. (Daniel 12:9)). When the testimony is closed, man’s state is unalterable. Christ is coming with His rewards, to render to everyone as his work shall be. He is the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end—Jehovah. Those who have washed their robes, eat of the tree of life, and have right to enter by the gates into the city: the defiled and idolaters are outside.

The Lord closes the book, saying simply “I Jesus,” speaking personally rather than officially. The Spirit and the bride on their part say, “Come;” and he that heareth is invited also to say, Come; and there is then an appeal to him that is athirst and to whosoever will to take the water of life freely. A solemn warning is given as to maintaining the prophecy in its integrity and completeness. The last words of the Lord Himself are “Surely I come quickly.” To which John responds, “Amen, come, Lord Jesus.” The closing salutation is “The grace of the Lord Jesus be with the saints.”

Bible Handbook:

The Revelation was without doubt written by the apostle John, the writer of the Gospel and the three Epistles bearing his name. It is not known who banished John to the isle of Patmos: some suppose it was Claudius (A.D. 41-54); others Nero (A.D. 54-68), and others attribute it to Domitian (A.D. 81-96). It is generally held that all John’s writings are of a later date than any other parts of the New Testament. The Revelation is usually assigned to the date of Domitian (A.D. 95 or 96).

There are fewer Greek uncial manuscripts of this book than of any of the others, and some of these had not been discovered when the Authorized Version was made, which makes the various readings now introduced very numerous.

Outline of the Book

The book clearly divides itself under three heads: ‘things which thou hast seen’: ‘things that are’; and ‘the things which shall be after these’ (ch. 1:19 JND). The things he had seen are those found in chapter 1; ‘the things that are,’ embrace the church on earth, viewed in the seven churches which then existed (chs. 2-3), and ‘the things after these’, are contained in chapter 4 to the end.

Chapter 4 shows the saints — the four and twenty elders in heaven — and the church is not seen on earth in the following chapters.

In chapter 5 Christ is declared worthy to open the book of God’s secret counsels as to the earth. It was a roll with seven seals so placed that a portion could be unrolled between each seal.

Six of the seals are opened, and then intervenes a parenthetical chapter (7), which gives the sealing of the 144,000 of Israel, and the gathering of a great multitude of saints from the Gentiles.

The seventh seal is opened, which introduces the seven trumpets. Six trumpets are sounded, and another parenthesis occurs (chs. 10-11:13).

The seventh trumpet sounds. Christ and God reign, and this brings the prophecy to a close at the end of chapter 11:18.

Chapter 11:19 to end of chapter 14 rehearse again the prophecy from the beginning, with further detail. The birth of Christ, the resuscitation of the Roman empire; and the reign of antichrist.

Chapters 15-16. The seven vials of direct judgments.

Chapters 17 — 19:10. Papal Rome is judged, and the marriage of the Lamb follows. Christ is declared King of kings and Lord of lords.

Chapters 19:11-20:15. Christ comes in power to judge His enemies. Satan is bound for a thousand years — the millennium; then he is loosed for a season and cast into the lake of fire. The judgment of the wicked dead follows.

Chapter 21:1-8 is the eternal state. Chapters 21:9 to 22:5, the millennium, and the church in connection therewith.

Chapter 22:6-21. Conclusion.

Chapter 1

Verses 1-3 are introductory. The Revelation was of Jesus Christ given by God to show Christ’s servants future things. A blessing is pronounced on him that readeth, and they that hear and keep the things written.

John greets the seven churches which are in Asia with grace and peace from Him who is, and who was, and who is to come; and from the seven spirits which are before His throne; and from Jesus Christ the faithful Witness, the first begotten from the dead and Prince of the kings of the earth. John breaks out in praise at the mention of this name.

Verse 7 is the second advent of Christ.

Verse 8 brings before us the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and end of all the ways of God, the Jehovah of Israel, and the Almighty God, who made the promises to the patriarchs.

John in the isle of Patmos, being in the Spirit on the Lord’s day, is directed to write the vision and send it to the seven churches.

John sees seven golden lamps, and the Lord in the midst as the Son of Man, not arrayed for service, but as one ready to execute judgment (which commences on the church as responsible on earth).

John falls at His feet as dead; but is told not to fear, He is the first and the last (Jehovah); He was dead, but is alive, and has the keys of death and of hades.

John is to write (1) the things he had seen; (2) the things which are (the state of the church as described in the seven addresses); and (3) the things that should be after these (after the church is ‘caught up’).

The seven stars are the angels (administrative representatives) of the assemblies; and the lamps are the assemblies.

Chapter 2

Address to Ephesus

These things saith He that holds the seven stars in His right hand, who walks in the midst of the seven golden lamps. It should be noted that Christ bears a different character in each address; and the promises to the overcomer also differ in each. The overcomer is one who holds fast to Christ, in spite of the world, the flesh, and Satan. He knew their works and faithfulness, but they had left their first love, and this is accounted a fall, and repentance is called for or their lamp would be removed. They hated the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which He also hated. This name cannot be definitely traced; they are characterized by evil works.

To leave their first love was the first step downward. The spring of devotedness and service was thus lacking.

He that had an ear was to hear what the Spirit said unto the churches.

To the overcomer Christ would give to eat of the tree of life in the paradise of God.

Address to Smyrna

These things saith the first and the last, who became dead and lived. He knew their tribulation and poverty and the railing of those who falsely said they were Jews (claimed to be God’s hereditary people — Judaizers). The devil was about to cast them into prison and into tribulation: they are exhorted to be faithful unto death, and Christ would give them a crown of life.

He that overcame should not be hurt of the second death.

Persecution characterizes this church: historically it followed the first period. The ‘ten days’ of verse 10 may refer to the ten persecutions from Nero to Diocletian, or to the persecution of ten years’ duration under Diocletian.

Address to Pergamos

These things saith He that has the sharp two-edged sword. He knew their works and that they dwelt where Satan’s throne was (the church and the world united); they had held fast Christ’s name and had not denied His faith; but they were tolerating those who held the doctrine of Balaam (Num. 31:16¹⁶Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the Lord in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the Lord. (Numbers 31:16)) and that of the Nicolaitans.

They are called to repent, or Christ would come and fight with the sword of His mouth those who held those doctrines.

To the overcomer Christ would give of the hidden manna, and a white stone in which would be written His new name (secret communion and approval).

Historically this church is characterized by profession, when the Roman emperor Constantine professed Christianity, and when there was great conflict over creeds.

Address to Thyatira

These things saith the Son of God, who hath His eyes like a flame of fire, and His feet like fine brass (judgment).

He knew what was worthy of commendation among them, and their works are twice mentioned; but He also knew that Jezebel was permitted to seduce the saints. Judgments awaited her. Those who had not that doctrine were encouraged to hold fast what they had till Christ came (the only hope amid the apostasy).

To the overcomer power would be given to rule the nations with a rod of iron. And to him would be given the morning star. Note that in this and the three following churches the appeal to him that ‘hath an ear’ comes after the promise to the overcomer: no one now but an overcomer would have any ear to hear.

(Historically this answers to Popery. Jezebel, the mother of corruption, has children born therein; but in the midst of Jezebel’s corruption there were works recognized by Christ.)

Chapter 3

Address to Sardis

These things saith He that hath the seven Spirits of God and the seven stars. He knew their works, that they had a name to live (renown) but were dead — lifeless profession and worldliness, and the little that remained was likely to die away.

If they did not watch, Christ would come upon them as a thief (as He will come in judgment on the world: — 1 Thess. 5:2²For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night. (1 Thessalonians 5:2)).

The overcomer should be clothed in white raiment: his name should not be blotted out of the book of life (the register of profession, agreeing with a name to live), but should be confessed before the Father and His angels.

Historically it represents Protestantism.

Address to Philadelphia

These things saith He that is holy and He that is true (titles not named in chapter 1. They are what Christ is in Himself, with administrative power to shut and open).

He knew their works. He set before them an open door, for they had a little strength, and had kept His Word and had not denied His name. They are loved and owned of Christ in the face of religious assumption.

Because they had kept the word of His patience He would keep them from the hour of the world’s trial (see ch. 12:14).

Christ would come quickly: they are exhorted to hold fast what they had that no man took their crown.

The overcomer would be made a pillar in the temple of God, and would bear the name of God and of the new Jerusalem, and the new name of Christ. (Note the word ‘my’; disowned by religious pretension they are identified with Christ.)

Historically it may be taken to represent faithfulness in the last times of the church’s sojourn on earth.

Address to Laodicea

These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God (Christ’s own personal character).

He knew their works, and that they were neither cold nor hot (complete indifference); because they were lukewarm He was about to spue them out of His mouth.

They prided themselves on their supposed resources, but were in reality wretched, poor, naked, and blind.

They were counselled to obtain divine righteousness from Him with purity of character and spiritual eyesight.

Christ rebuked and disciplined those He loved, and exhorted them to be zealous and repent.

Christ is outside, knocking for admittance. If anyone opened, He would come in and sup with him, and he with Christ.

The overcomer should sit on Christ’s throne, as He had overcome and was sitting on His Father’s throne.

Historically it represents faithlessness in the last times of the church’s history.

The last four phases of the church continue till the Lord comes to fetch His saints, but Laodicea and Popery and Protestantism may continue as mere profession even later, until judgment falls upon apostate Christendom.

Though these seven addresses describe what actually existed at that time in the seven assemblies to which John was told to send them (ch. 1:11), there can be no doubt that they also set forth prophetically seven phases of the professing church on earth. The mystical number ‘seven’ confirms this. Other assemblies existed in the province of Asia, but these were selected because their state agreed with and foreshadowed what would prevail at different periods of the church’s history. We have, then, here the Lord’s judgment and mind as to the church’s course on earth. It is His outline of church history, and how valuable it is!

Chapter 4

The course of the church being now ended on earth, John is called up to heaven to see the things that will be after the matters related as to the church in chapters 2-3.

One sits on the throne in appearance like precious stones (divine glory), and a rainbow encircles the throne (showing that God is faithful to His promise in creation, — Gen. 8:20-9:17²⁰And Noah builded an altar unto the Lord; and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. ²¹And the Lord smelled a sweet savor; and the Lord said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done. ²²While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease. ¹And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth. ²And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of the air, upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea; into your hand are they delivered. ³Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given you all things. ⁴But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat. ⁵And surely your blood of your lives will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it, and at the hand of man; at the hand of every man's brother will I require the life of man. ⁶Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man. ⁷And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply; bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein. ⁸And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, ⁹And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your seed after you; ¹⁰And with every living creature that is with you, of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth with you; from all that go out of the ark, to every beast of the earth. ¹¹And I will establish my covenant with you; neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth. ¹²And God said, This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations: ¹³I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth. ¹⁴And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow shall be seen in the cloud: ¹⁵And I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh. ¹⁶And the bow shall be in the cloud; and I will look upon it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth. ¹⁷And God said unto Noah, This is the token of the covenant, which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth. (Genesis 8:20‑9:17)).

Round the throne are four and twenty thrones (not ‘seats’), and elders sitting thereon clothed in white and with crowns of gold as kings. The number 24 signifies completeness of priesthood, and they are glorified and clothed in righteousness. They symbolize all saints to the rapture as royal priests.

Tokens of judgment proceed out of the throne, and before the throne are the seven Spirits of God (to bring to light and judge what does not suit the throne).

Before the throne is a sea of glass (as the laver of the tabernacle and the sea of the temple; but now fixed, accomplished holiness), and in the midst of the throne and round it were four living creatures, emblematical of God’s power, firmness, intelligence, and rapidity of execution in creation and in providence (see Ezek. 1).

They celebrate Jehovah Elohim, Shaddai thrice holy, which was, and is, and is to come. And, when they ascribe glory, honour, and thanksgiving, the four and twenty elders worship Jesus as Jehovah and Creator.

Chapter 5

This chapter exhibits the glory of the Lamb and His victory in redemption (as in Dan. 7:13-14¹³I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before him. ¹⁴And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed. (Daniel 7:13‑14)).

None is found worthy to open the book of the counsels of God as to the earth but the mighty One of Judah (Gen. 49:9⁹Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up? (Genesis 49:9)), the Root of David (David’s Lord).

When He, as the slain Lamb, had taken the book, the living creatures and the elders, who act here as priests and present the prayers of saints, sing a new song — the song of redemption, the worthiness of the Lamb to open the book, for He has redeemed to God. (The word ‘us’ in verse 9 is omitted by most editors.)

Verses 11-12. The angels ascribe praise to the Lamb.

Verses 13-14. Every creature renders praise to Him that sits upon the throne, and to the Lamb. The living creatures add their Amen to the utterance of creation, and the elders worship.

Chapter 6

The First Seal discloses one on a white horse, to whom a crown was given (imperial conquest).

Second Seal. One on a red horse: he took peace from the earth (civil war).

Third Seal. One on a black horse. He had a pair of balances in his hand (see Lev. 26:26²⁶And when I have broken the staff of your bread, ten women shall bake your bread in one oven, and they shall deliver you your bread again by weight: and ye shall eat, and not be satisfied. (Leviticus 26:26)), famine in the necessities of life, not in the luxuries — as oil and wine.

Fourth Seal. One on a pale horse. His name was Death, and Hades followed him (affecting body and soul). He had power over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with God’s sore plagues (see Ezek. 14:21²¹For thus saith the Lord God; How much more when I send my four sore judgments upon Jerusalem, the sword, and the famine, and the noisome beast, and the pestilence, to cut off from it man and beast? (Ezekiel 14:21)).

Fifth seal. Souls of martyrs are seen under the altar (slain for the Word of God and the testimony which they held. They are specially those martyred during the first half of the seventieth week of Daniel 9), they cry for vengeance on the earth dwellers; but they must wait a little while until others are also martyred.

Sixth seal. There is a great earthquake, and the sun, moon, and stars are affected (the break-up upon earth of government as ordained from heaven). Those in authority call upon the mountains and rocks to fall on them, and hide them from the face of God, and from the wrath of the Lamb, saying in their affright that the great day of the Lamb’s wrath had come; but these are only preliminary judgments.This subversion of ‘the powers that be’ synchronizes with Satan being cast out of heaven (Rev. 12) and marks the beginning of the latter half week of Daniel, which embraces ‘the tribulation.’

Chapter 7

A parenthetical chapter before the seventh seal. Further judgments are stayed till a perfect number (144,000) of the twelve tribes of Israel are sealed. (The spared ones of all Israel, see Rom. 11:26²⁶And so all Israel shall be saved: as it is written, There shall come out of Sion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob: (Romans 11:26).)

Verses 9-17. A great multitude of all nations, peoples and tongues stand before (not ‘around’ here) the throne, and ascribe salvation to their God and unto the Lamb. They have come out of the great tribulation (not the same as ‘Jacob’s trouble,’ Jer. 30:7,⁷Alas! for that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of Jacob's trouble; but he shall be saved out of it. (Jeremiah 30:7) though it may go on at the same time): see chapter 3:10. This company is the result of the everlasting gospel which is to be preached after the present period of the church is ended. They are rewarded with the consolations of God in His temple forever.

Chapter 8

The seventh seal introduces the seven trumpets. There is silence in heaven for half an hour. Much incense is given to an angel (Christ) to offer with the prayers of all saints at the golden altar; and fire from the brazen altar is cast upon the earth; the prayers of the saints are answered in judgments. (Compare Psa. 18:6-15⁶In my distress I called upon the Lord, and cried unto my God: he heard my voice out of his temple, and my cry came before him, even into his ears. ⁷Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth. ⁸There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it. ⁹He bowed the heavens also, and came down: and darkness was under his feet. ¹⁰And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: yea, he did fly upon the wings of the wind. ¹¹He made darkness his secret place; his pavilion round about him were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. ¹²At the brightness that was before him his thick clouds passed, hail stones and coals of fire. ¹³The Lord also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice; hail stones and coals of fire. ¹⁴Yea, he sent out his arrows, and scattered them; and he shot out lightnings, and discomfited them. ¹⁵Then the channels of waters were seen, and the foundations of the world were discovered at thy rebuke, O Lord, at the blast of the breath of thy nostrils. (Psalm 18:6‑15).)

(The first four ‘trumpet’ judgments affect the western parts of the Roman empire, and cover the latter half of Daniel’s seventieth week. They refer to the state and circumstances of men: the last three trumpets affecting the persons themselves).

First trumpet. All human prosperity is burnt up.

Second trumpet. A great mountain burning with fire is cast into the sea. Compare Jeremiah 51:25²⁵Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the Lord, which destroyest all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a burnt mountain. (Jeremiah 51:25); it corresponds to the fall of Babylon as detailed in Revelation 17; 18. A great power already under the judgment of God affects the surging masses of people with deathful influence; commercial intercourse is destroyed by it.

Third trumpet. A great star falls (a power of the heavens become apostate), and corrupts the moral sources.

Fourth trumpet. The governmental powers are disorganized and are in darkness.

A great eagle cries, Woe, woe, woe, upon those who make the earth their home, because of the judgments yet to follow. (T. R. reads ‘angel’ instead of ‘eagle’ with little authority.)

Chapter 9

In the fifth and sixth trumpets the scene is in the east, the judgments are on the people themselves.

Fifth trumpet. A star fallen from heaven. Moral darkness and the influences of Satan are let loose. They are not to destroy general prosperity, but to torment for five months those that have not the seal of God in their foreheads. (See ch. 7:6-8: this shows that those affected are principally Jews.) Those tormented desire to die, but death flees from them. (Compare Jer. 8:3³And death shall be chosen rather than life by all the residue of them that remain of this evil family, which remain in all the places whither I have driven them, saith the Lord of hosts. (Jeremiah 8:3).)

The symbolic description involves imperial power, with feigned righteousness and subjection to God, but cruel, pitiless, and deceptive.

Sixth trumpet. Eastern forms of Satanic wickedness, hitherto held in check at Euphrates, the boundary of the east, are let loose. The third part of men are killed by plagues. The adverse hosts of the ‘king of the north’ (Dan. 8:23-25; 11:40-45²³And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up. ²⁴And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people. ²⁵And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand. (Daniel 8:23‑25)
⁴⁰And at the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over. ⁴¹He shall enter also into the glorious land, and many countries shall be overthrown: but these shall escape out of his hand, even Edom, and Moab, and the chief of the children of Ammon. ⁴²He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries: and the land of Egypt shall not escape. ⁴³But he shall have power over the treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians shall be at his steps. ⁴⁴But tidings out of the east and out of the north shall trouble him: therefore he shall go forth with great fury to destroy, and utterly to make away many. ⁴⁵And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him. (Daniel 11:40‑45); Isa. 10) come as a scourge from God on the Antichrist and on the Jews.

Chapter 10

Chapter 10 to end of chapter 11:13 is a parenthesis. Christ is seen coming in power to take possession of the whole earth and sea, and to judge His enemies. He has an opened, not a sealed book in His hand.

He swears that there shall be no longer delay; but in the time of the seventh trumpet the mystery of God shall be complete, as was declared to the prophets.

The sealed book had been unopened till taken by the Lamb. It revealed the judgments consequent on the connection of Christianity with the powers of the world — this could be no part of O. T. prophecy: the open book was no fresh revelation, but what had been declared to the prophets.

John is told to eat the book. It was sweet to know what God had revealed, but it was bitter to reflect on the judgments. The Christian prophet has to take up again O.T. prophecy.

Chapter 11

John is now told to measure the temple (that is, the inner shrine), the altar, and the worshippers (the faithful Jewish remnant), but not the outer court, for that was given to the Gentiles: public worship is suppressed by Gentile power. The holy city is to be trodden down 42 months (the last half-week of Daniel).

Christ’s two witnesses (that is adequate testimony by the Jewish remnant) will prophesy 1260 days (half-week) clothed in sackcloth. These are the two olive trees, and two lamps that stand before the Lord of the earth (Zech. 4:3,11,14³And two olive trees by it, one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side thereof. (Zechariah 4:3)
¹¹Then answered I, and said unto him, What are these two olive trees upon the right side of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? (Zechariah 4:11)
¹⁴Then said he, These are the two anointed ones, that stand by the Lord of the whole earth. (Zechariah 4:14)). The contest is about Christ’s rights to the earth, which Satan, the beast, and the false prophet, deny and oppose.

Their word is a word of judgment by which men are killed if they seek to hurt these witnesses. They will have power to withhold rain, to smite the waters, and the earth with all plagues. (Compare 1 Kings 17:1¹And Elijah the Tishbite, who was of the inhabitants of Gilead, said unto Ahab, As the Lord God of Israel liveth, before whom I stand, there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according to my word. (1 Kings 17:1); 2 Kings 1:10,12¹⁰And Elijah answered and said to the captain of fifty, If I be a man of God, then let fire come down from heaven, and consume thee and thy fifty. And there came down fire from heaven, and consumed him and his fifty. (2 Kings 1:10)
¹²And Elijah answered and said unto them, If I be a man of God, let fire come down from heaven, and consume thee and thy fifty. And the fire of God came down from heaven, and consumed him and his fifty. (2 Kings 1:12); Ex. 7:19¹⁹And the Lord spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone. (Exodus 7:19).)

When their testimony to Christ’s authority is completed, the beast from the bottomless pit (the Roman emperor, ch. 17:8) will cause their death; but their bodies will remain three days and a half in the street of the great city Jerusalem, now called Sodom and Egypt.

The joy of the earth-dwellers at the death of the witnesses is turned into fear when they see them alive again and ascending to heaven. At the same time a great earthquake destroys a tenth part of the city, killing seven thousand. The remnant give glory to the God of heaven, not yet to the God of the earth.

The second woe is past: the third cometh quickly.

Verses 15-18. Seventh trumpet. The world-kingdom of Jehovah and His Christ is come. Under this trumpet the Lord takes His power and administers judgment on His enemies which causes great joy and worship in heaven.

The prophetic history in general closes at verse 18, reserving the history of the beasts. Verse 19 belongs to chapter 12.

Chapter12

There is here a going back, even to the incarnation, and the Jewish nation is more distinctly in view: the principles and sources of the events of Daniel’s last half-week are portrayed.

The temple of God is opened in heaven, and in the temple is seen the ark of His covenant, that which secured everything for Israel — Christ Himself the true ark in heaven; symbols of judgment accompany the vision.

A great sign is seen in heaven: a woman (Israel) invested with authority and rule derived from heaven. She brings forth a man-child (Christ), who is to shepherd the nations with a rod of iron. A great red dragon (Satan’s power in form of the Roman empire) seeks to devour the child (as did Herod); but He is caught up to heaven (without here speaking of the redemption He wrought). The woman (now the Jewish remnant) flees into the wilderness, and is nourished by God for 1260 days (last half-week of Daniel).

There is war in heaven, and the devil and his angels are cast out.

Verse 10 celebrates the coming in of the kingdom. The fact is proclaimed in heaven, consequent on the accuser of the brethren being cast down.

There is woe on earth and the sea, because of the wrath of the devil, for his time is now short (only three and a half years).

He persecutes the woman (Israel), but she flees into the desert, where she is nourished for the whole half-week.

He casts a flood (peoples, armies) after the woman, but his efforts are nullified by the earth (organizations of men). He therefore persecutes the remnant of her seed (those left in Israel).

Chapter 13

A beast rises out of the sea (the mass of the Gentile people. It is the Roman empire comprised of ten kingdoms, but having the characteristics of the three previous empires: see Dan. 7:7-9⁷After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns. ⁸I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns plucked up by the roots: and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things. ⁹I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. (Daniel 7:7‑9)).

Satan gives him his power and his throne and great authority (the ‘powers that be’ will then be, not as now ordained of God, but of Satan — political apostasy).

One of his heads (imperial form of government) was slain, but was healed (a resurrection-beast), and the whole earth wondered after the beast, and worshipped the dragon and the beast, extolling his power. Authority was given him for forty-two months (three-and-a-half years, half-week of Daniel).

He blasphemes God, and His tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven (embracing all the saved) and makes war with the saints (on earth), and has authority over all nations. All the dwellers on earth (those who had been professing Christians) worship him.

Another beast comes out of the earth (the sphere of God’s ordered dealings). He does not manifest his true character until he speaks: then it is seen to be Satanic by those who have discernment: it is the false Christ, the Antichrist, king of Judaea.

He causes the dwellers on earth to worship the Satanic Roman empire, and deludes them by working miracles and signs, so that he brings down fire from heaven; and orders all in his dominion (Jews) on pain of death to worship an image of the first beast, to which he has given power to speak (others yield this power voluntarily: see verses 3,8). None are allowed to buy and sell but those who are marked with the name of the beast or the number (666) of his name.

Chapter 14

While the above evil things are being enacted, the prophecy turns to what God is doing.

The Lamb is seen on mount Zion, and with Him 144,000, having His name and His Father’s name on their foreheads (open confession).

A song is sung in heaven (by the martyred portion of the Jewish remnant): only the 144,000 on earth could learn it. Purity had characterized them when surrounded with evil. They have a special place of association with the Lamb before the establishment of the glory.

Verse 6 — The everlasting gospel is announced, not grace as now, but warning to all the earth to fear God, for the hour of his judgment is come.

Another angel declares that Babylon is fallen.

A third angel declares that if any worship the beast he shall come under the wrath of God, and be tormented forever. The patience of the saints is manifest in refusing to worship the beast.

A fourth angel says, Blessed are the dead that die in the Lord from that time (for the coming of the Lord to reign is the very next thing: see their blessedness in Rev. 20:4⁴And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not worshipped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. (Revelation 20:4)).

Christ then as Son of Man reaps the earth, which is ripe for judgment (on the Gentiles). The vine of the earth, which should have produced fruit, is cast into the wine-press of God’s wrath (judgment of apostate Jews). And the blood reached 1600 furlongs (200 miles, that is, the extent of the land of Israel, which shall become an Aceldama, a field of blood).

Chapter 15

Chapters 15 and 16 are the wrath of God in public government. Seven angels appear in heaven, with the seven last plagues, which complete the wrath of God (not of the Lamb here).

Those that had obtained the victory over the beast stand on a sea of glass mingled with fire (fixed purity reached through tribulation).

They sing the song of Moses (triumph by judgment), and of the Lamb (exaltation of the rejected One), celebrating the works and the ways of God as the King of nations. (T. R. reads ‘king of saints’ in verse 3 with but little authority.)

Verse 5. The temple of the tabernacle of witness is opened in heaven and seven angels come forth with seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God. No intercession can be made therein till these plagues are fulfilled.

Chapter 16

The portion of the worshippers of the beast. The first bowl being poured out, causes grievous misery upon those who had the mark of the beast and on those who worshipped the image.

The second bowl is poured out upon the sea (the peoples), bringing moral death upon them.

The third bowl is poured out upon the rivers and fountains (sources of influence and action) and they become blood.

God is praised, who thus judges those who had poured out the blood of the saints and prophets.

The fourth bowl is poured out upon the sun (supreme authority), and it has power to greatly oppress men as by fire; but they repent not to give God glory.

The fifth bowl is poured out upon the throne of the beast, and his kingdom becomes full of confusion and misery without any resource.

The sixth bowl is poured out upon the great river Euphrates, and its waters are dried up, and a way made for the kings from the east (led by the king of the north, the ‘Assyrian’ of the last days).

A trinity of evil spirits go forth to influence the kings of the whole earth, to gather them to the battle of the great day of Almighty God at Armageddon (that is, the ‘mountain of Megiddo,’ with reference perhaps to the defeat of the Gentile kings in Judges 5).

The seventh bowl is poured out on the air, with thunders and lightnings, and a great earthquake. The great city is divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fall, and great Babylon comes into remembrance for judgment. There is a general break up of commonwealths, and direct final judgments from God, introducing the reign of Christ.

Chapter 17

A detailed vision concerning papal Rome, and her connection with the beast. Judgment on the great harlot that influences many peoples (verse 15). A woman is seen sitting upon a scarlet coloured beast (imperial power which supports her, and which she controls) full of the names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns.

She is greatly adorned (in contrast to the white raiment of the church); her idolatry is the source of ecclesiastical and moral wickedness. She is seen drunk with the blood of saints and of martyrs.

In verse 8 the Roman empire, which was, but is not now in existence, is seen to re-appear from a diabolical source.

‘The seven heads are seven mountains,’ on which the woman sits. It is Rome’s well-known situation.

And there are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is and the other is not yet come. (Six forms of Roman government: (1) Kings, B.C. 753; (2) Consuls, 509; (3) Dictators, 498; (4) Decemvirs, 451; (5) Military Tribunes, 444; (6) Imperial, B.C. 31, the one existing when John wrote; the seventh is still future.) It is also an eighth, but is of the seven, and goeth into perdition. (It is seventh numerically, but eighth as being a new kind and resurrection number.)

Verse 12. It will be a federal empire, to the head of which ten kings will give their power and strength.

They will make war with the Lamb, but He will overcome them, being Lord of lords and King of kings.

The kings will be used of God to punish and make desolate papal Rome, which reigneth over the kings of the earth.

Chapter 18

The fall and destruction of Babylon as a city is dwelt upon, and the mourning of those who have been enriched by her.

Verse 4 is a call to the saints then on the earth to come out of her and not to be partakers of her sins, that they may not receive of her plagues. There is a call for recompense and torment for her.

This is the end of Christendom, first, as a corrupt and corrupting religious system (the woman); secondly, as a center of worldly wealth and civilization (the city): Christianity had ceased before this. Ecclesiastical corruption being no longer necessary to Satan, he openly rebels against God; the civil powers will become his great agents. It is God who judges Babylon, whoever may be the instruments employed.

Chapter 19

Verses 1-5. The judgment of the great harlot causes joy and praise in heaven. Her smoke rises up forever and ever.

Verses 6-10. The harlot’s day being over, the marriage of the Lamb and the bride is celebrated. She hath made herself ready, and is arrayed in fine linen, which is the righteousnesses of the saints. Blessed are they that are called to the marriage supper.

The spirit of prophecy is the testimony of Jesus.

A detailed vision of the appearing of the Lord is now given. Verse 11 to chapter 20:3 are warrior judgments.

Verse 11. John sees one called Faithful and True on a white horse. His eyes bespeak judgment, and on His head are many diadems. He had a name which none knew but Himself (His divine glory). He wears a raiment dipped in blood, and is called the Word of God.

He comes, with armies of heavenly saints following Him, to (1) smite the nations; (2) to rule them with a rod of iron; and (3) to tread the winepress of the righteous vengeance of God the Almighty. He is visibly manifested to be King of kings and Lord of lords (see Rev. 17:14¹⁴These shall make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome them: for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings: and they that are with him are called, and chosen, and faithful. (Revelation 17:14)).

The beast (the Roman emperor) and the kings of the earth (European powers) are overcome by Him, and their armies slain, and the beast and the antichrist are cast alive into the lake of fire.

Chapter 20

The dragon, the ancient serpent, which is the devil and Satan, is bound and cast into the abyss (not the lake of fire yet) for a thousand years.

The souls of those martyred (see ch. 6:9-11) and of those killed under the beast (ch. 13:7,15-17) are raised to life again, and reign with Christ a thousand years.

This is the first resurrection; but the rest of the dead are not raised until after the thousand years. Over those that have part in the first resurrection the second death (see verse 14) has no right: they shall be priests of God and of the Christ and reign with Him a thousand years (the details of the reign on earth are found in the Old Testament; the Revelation gives more the heavenly part of the kingdom).

When the thousand years are expired, Satan is loosed and deceives the nations in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog (symbolic of the opposing nations, as in the prophecy of Ezekiel), to gather them to battle (a final test of man in the flesh, is seen in the millennium; at its close the nations at once follow Satan).

They compass the camp of the saints and the beloved city: and fire comes down from God, and devours them.

The devil is cast into the lake of fire where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night to the ages of ages.

Verses 11-15. The heavens and the earth pass away, and the wicked dead stand before the great white throne to be judged according to their works.

And death and hades pass away forever: as the powers of Satan, seen in the wicked dead, they are cast into the lake of fire, which is the second death.

Whosoever is not found in the book of life is cast into the lake of fire.

Chapter 21

Verses 1-8. The eternal state. There is a new heaven and a new earth and the sea exists no more (Heb. 1:11-12¹¹They shall perish; but thou remainest; and they all shall wax old as doth a garment; ¹²And as a vesture shalt thou fold them up, and they shall be changed: but thou art the same, and thy years shall not fail. (Hebrews 1:11‑12)).

The new Jerusalem comes down from heaven adorned as a bride. God will tabernacle with men, and they shall be His people. He will remove every trace of sorrow, and all things are made new. Two things belong to this eternal state: thirst is quenched from the fountain of the water of life, and the overcomer inherits all things. The Lamb and all dispensational names now cease. God is all in all.

Verses 9-27 go back to the millennium. A vision of the church in the kingdom is given, just as there was a vision of Babylon, the false church. The symbols are similar to those describing the earthly Jerusalem in Isaiah 60. The church’s place in the millennium is to reign with Christ over the earth.

The holy city is heavenly in character, and comes from heaven: it shines in divine glory as transparent jasper. It has security in its high wall, and angelic administration is connected with its twelve gates on which are written the names of the twelve tribes (see Matt. 19:28²⁸And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. (Matthew 19:28)). The twelve apostles of the Lamb (see Eph. 2:20²⁰And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; (Ephesians 2:20)) were in their work the foundation of the heavenly city.

Its measurements are vast and perfect: it is a cube, finite perfection. The wall of jasper is divine glory; and the city is pure gold like glass, divine righteousness and holiness. The foundations of the wall are adorned with varied rays of divine glory.

The Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple; the glory of God lightens the city, and the Lamb is the light-bearer.

The nations shall walk by its light, and the kings of the earth bring their glory to it. Its gates shall not be shut by day, for night shall not be there.

No evil can enter the holy city: only those written in the Lamb’s hook of life can have entrance there.

Chapter 22

Verses 1-5. The millennium continued. The river of God refreshes the city, and the tree of life constantly yields its fruit; its leaves are for the healing of the nations (blessings to the earth).

The throne of God and of the Lamb is the source of blessing: there is no more curse. His servants shall serve Him, and enjoy His constant presence, and bear His name: they shall reign forever and ever.

Verses 6-21 are a summing up of the whole hook.

The angel declares the truth of the prophecies, and that God had revealed them unto His servants. Then there is a personal word from Christ, Behold I come quickly. Blessed is he that keepeth the words of this prophecy.

The sayings were not to be sealed, for the time was near (see Dan. 12:4,9⁴But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased. (Daniel 12:4)
⁹And he said, Go thy way, Daniel: for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. (Daniel 12:9)). When its testimony is closed, man’s state will be unalterable either for judgment or blessing. Christ is coming with His rewards to render to every one as his work shall be.

He announces Himself as the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end: Jehovah.

The redeemed cleansed ones can enter the city and feed upon the tree of life. The defiled and idolaters are without.

In closing the book, addresses are given to the overcomers in the churches. The Lord is divested of His judicial aspects, and says simply, ‘I Jesus,’ the One who has title to earthly glory, and who is also the heavenly hope of the church. The Spirit and the bride respond ‘Come.’ He that heareth is also invited to say, ‘Come,’ and there is the gospel for the poor world during the interval. A solemn warning is added as to maintaining this prophecy in its entireness.

The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with all saints, is the closing salutation, leaving, as the last words of Jesus for the heart, His assurance that He will come quickly: the true saint heartily responds, Amen, Come, Lord Jesus.

The Revelation

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